Montana Digital v. Trinity Church

2020 MT 250, 473 P.3d 1009, 401 Mont. 482

Opinion

10/06/2020

DA 20-0023 Case Number: DA 20-0023

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 2020 MT 250

MONTANA DIGITAL, LLC,

Plaintiff and Appellee,

v.

TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District, In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV-19-165A Honorable Amy Eddy, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Thane P. Johnson, Preston Rammell, Johnson, Berg & Saxby, PLLP, Kalispell, Montana

For Appellee:

Sean S. Frampton, Connor C. Walker, Frampton Purdy Law Firm, Whitefish, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 26, 2020

Decided: October 6, 2020

Filed:

cir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Trinity Lutheran Church (Trinity Lutheran) appeals from the judgment entered by

the Eleventh Judicial District Court, Flathead County, following the entry of a verdict in

favor of Appellee Montana Digital, LLC (Montana Digital). Trinity Lutheran challenges

the legal basis of the judgment holding it liable under a theory of unjust enrichment. We

reverse.

¶2 Trinity Lutheran raises three issues, stated as follows:

1. Did the District Court err as a matter of law in determining Trinity Lutheran was unjustly enriched?

2. Was there substantial evidence to support a damage award against Trinity Lutheran in the amount of $47,977.29?

3. Did the District Court err by dismissing with prejudice Trinity Lutheran’s cause of action for negligence?

Because we reverse on the first issue, we do not reach the second and third issues.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 In 2016, Montana Digital contracted with Trinity Lutheran to provide unlimited

telephone and internet services to Trinity Lutheran pursuant to the terms of a “Total System

Quote” provided by Montana Digital. At the time that the services were obtained, Trinity

Lutheran requested that Montana Digital install an access code to control long-distance

calling, but Montana Digital advised that an access restriction was unnecessary because

long-distance calling was part of the unlimited telephone service. International

long-distance calls were not expressly discussed at that time. In its post-trial Findings of

Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order (Order), the District Court found that the parties’

2 “contract is silent as to domestic versus international calling, and Montana Digital testified

that it no longer draws such a distinction and both domestic and international calling are

part of its unlimited telephone service.”

¶4 Prior to entering the contract with Montana Digital, Trinity Lutheran received a

telephone system as a donation. While newer telephone systems required password

protection for voicemails, the system donated to Trinity Lutheran lacked such a security

measure, which is different than an access restriction for long-distance calling. The parties

initially operated under their contractual arrangement without incident, but in 2018 Trinity

Lutheran began to experience calls resulting in immediate hang-ups, as well as its third

telephone line being frequently busy. Unaware that these were potential signs of hacking,

Trinity Lutheran made no further inquiry and did not report these observations. However,

Trinity Lutheran’s system had been hacked and was used by a thief over a one-month

period between May 25 and June 30 to make international telephone calls to Africa, at a

service cost of $47,977.29 for relaying the calls. Within hours of receiving notice of the

charge, Montana Digital blocked international calls for Trinity Lutheran’s account.

¶5 Inteliquent, a wholesale telecommunications provider, invoiced Montana Digital for

the cost of the calls. Skylink Digital, an affiliated company of Montana Digital, was unable

to obtain a reduction in the invoice, and paid the full amount to Inteliquent. Montana

Digital then paid Skylink Digital for the full amount of the invoice. These third-party

communications and arrangements were unknown to Trinity Lutheran prior to Inteliquent

receiving payment from Montana Digital through Skylink Digital.

3 ¶6 Trinity Lutheran was unaware of the international calls originating from their

telephone system until Montana Digital informed Trinity Lutheran of the charges and

invoiced them for the full amount. Trinity Lutheran also then learned of the payment made

to Inteliquent but objected to the charges because the international calls were not made by

Trinity Lutheran or any affiliated individual or entity, and, thus, it had not received the

benefit of the calls. Montana Digital then initiated this action, asserting three claims:

(i) breach of contract, (ii) negligence, and (iii) unjust enrichment. Trinity Lutheran

counterclaimed in negligence and raised affirmative defenses.

¶7 Prior to trial, Montana Digital withdrew its negligence claim, and the District Court

dismissed it from the action. Correspondingly, the District Court ruled that Trinity

Lutheran’s negligence counterclaim stated only a contributory negligence defense and

dismissed it as well. The parties stipulated to the measure of damages as $47,977.29,

exclusive of attorney fees and interest. The case proceeded to jury trial on Montana

Digital’s contract and unjust enrichment claims.

¶8 Following Montana Digital’s case-in-chief, Trinity Lutheran moved for a directed

verdict on both claims. The District Court directed a verdict on the contract claim in favor

of Trinity Lutheran, reasoning the parties’ contract was limited to the signed Total System

Quote, and not the service agreement and terms and conditions posted on Montana

Digital’s website. Montana Digital then voluntarily dismissed the contract claim and

elected to solely pursue its claim of unjust enrichment. Because unjust enrichment is a

claim in equity, the District Court proposed having the jury proceed to verdict and the

parties agreeing to be bound thereby. Montana Digital objected. Thus, the District Court 4 submitted the matter to the jury as an advisory jury, which returned a recommendation that

Trinity Lutheran had been unjustly enriched. The District Court entered its Order,

awarding Montana Digital the sum of $47,977.29, the damages stipulated by the parties.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 The standard of review governing proceedings in equity is codified at § 3-2-204(5),

MCA, which directs that we review “all questions of fact arising upon the evidence

presented in the record . . . as well as questions of law.” Section 3-2-204(5), MCA; Volk

v. Goeser, 2016 MT 61, ¶ 19, 382 Mont. 382, 367 P.3d 378 (citing Gitto v. Gitto, 239 Mont.

47, 50, 778 P.2d 906, 908 (1989)). We review the District Court’s finding of fact to

determine if the court’s findings are clearly erroneous, and we review the District Court’s

conclusions of law for correctness. Kauffman-Harmon v. Kauffman, 2001 MT 238, ¶ 11,

307 Mont. 45, 36 P.3d 408 (citing Hansen v. 75 Ranch Co., 1998 MT 77, ¶ 20, 288 Mont.

310, 957 P.2d 32, 36); see Bitterrooters for Planning, Inc. v. Mont. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality,

2017 MT 222, ¶ 15, 388 Mont. 453, 401 P.3d 712 (the standard of review is “de novo for

correctness”) (citation omitted). We apply de novo review to mixed questions of law and

fact and, thus, while the District Court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error,

“‘whether those facts satisfy the legal standard is reviewed de novo.’” Mlekush v. Farmers

Ins. Exch., 2015 MT 302, ¶ 8, 381 Mont. 292, 358 P.3d 913 (quoting BNSF Ry. Co. v.

Cringle, 2012 MT 143, ¶ 16, 365 Mont. 304, 281 P.3d 203).

DISCUSSION

¶10 “Unjust enrichment is an equitable claim for restitution to prevent or remedy

inequitable gain by another.” Associated Mgmt. Servs. v. Ruff, 2018 MT 182, ¶ 64, 392 5 Mont. 139, 424 P.3d 571 (citing N. Cheyenne Tribe v. Roman Catholic Church, 2013 MT

24, ¶¶ 36-39, 368 Mont. 330, 296 P.3d 450); see also Restatement (Third) of the Law 3d,

Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, § 1 (Am. Law Inst. 2011) (one who is unjustly enriched

“at the expense of another” is subject to liability in restitution). Courts may construct

equitable remedies, particularly restitution or a constructive trust, to prevent the recipient

from unjustifiably gaining or retaining something of value, regardless of whether the

claimant suffered a corresponding loss. N. Cheyenne Tribe, ¶ 38 (under circumstances that

call for a court to remedy unjust enrichment, restitution is measured according to the

recipient’s gain and the claimant “need not necessarily have been deprived of something

in order to recover”). Unjust enrichment does not necessarily require demonstrating

misconduct or bad faith on behalf of the recipient. Mt. Water Co. v. Mont. Dep’t of

Revenue, 2020 MT 194, ¶ 15, 400 Mont. 484 (citing Ruff, ¶ 65; Volk, ¶¶ 45 and 50; N.

Cheyenne Tribe, ¶¶ 37-39; Lawrence v. Clepper, 263 Mont. 45, 53, 865 P.2d 1150, 1156

(1993)) (“[t]he creation of a constructive trust need not be limited to the person who

obtained property by fraud or deception of another”). To prevail on a claim of unjust

enrichment, the aggrieved party must establish that (1) a benefit was conferred upon the

recipient by the claimant; (2) the recipient knew about or appreciated the benefit; and

(3) the recipient accepted or retained the benefit under circumstances rendering it

inequitable for the recipient to do so. Ruff, ¶ 64 (citing N. Cheyenne Tribe, ¶¶ 33 and 36).

¶11 Unjust enrichment is generally available when an adequate legal remedy does not

exist. See N. Cheyenne Tribe, ¶ 39 (unjust enrichment “should be limited to situations in

which no other remedy exists,” citing Rawlings v. Rawlings, 2010 UT 52, ¶ 29, 240 P.3d 6 754 (“[u]njust enrichment law developed to remedy injustice when other areas of the law

could not”) (internal citation omitted)); see also Mt. Water Co., ¶ 17 (unjust enrichment is

“often available to ameliorate the harsh effects of law and to provide a remedy where a

legal remedy is non-existent or inadequate.”). We explained in Ruff that “[a] valid contract

defines the obligations of the parties as to matters within its scope, displacing to that extent

any inquiry into unjust enrichment,” and that, “[c]onsequently, unjust enrichment applies

in the contract context only when a party renders ‘a valuable performance’ or confers a

benefit upon another under a contract that is invalid, voidable, ‘or otherwise ineffective to

regulate the parties’ obligations.’” Ruff, ¶ 67 (quoting Restatement (Third) of the Law 3d,

Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, § 2(2) cmt. c.) (internal quotations omitted). The

Restatement further explains that, if a claimant neglects an opportunity to contract and

voluntarily bestows a valuable performance onto another, any claim based on unjust

enrichment will be denied. Restatement (Third) of Law 3d, Restitution and Unjust

Enrichment, 2(2) cmt. d.

¶12 These general principles form an awkward framework for the claim here. See Mt.

Water Co., ¶ 17 (“equity is not formless or boundless—it generally applies only in

accordance with its own fixed precedents and principles”) (internal citation omitted).

Generally, a commercial service provider, such as Montana Digital, would enjoy an ample

legal remedy in contract to collect a bill that a customer has failed to pay. However,

Montana Digital’s contract claim was dismissed after its case-in-chief, following which

Montana Digital voluntarily withdrew the claim, and has not challenged the District

Court’s ruling on appeal. Thus, the contract remedy failed, but not as a matter of law; 7 rather, by the failure of Montana Digital to carry its burden of proof in what should have

been a straightforward claim. Such a failure in proving a claim at law makes application

of an equitable remedy to backfill the gap within a commercial transaction between

provider and customer questionable.

¶13 Even if an unjust enrichment remedy is available here, we cannot conclude the

elements of the remedy are satisfied under these circumstances, particularly regarding

conferral of a benefit upon Trinity Lutheran.1 Montana Digital contends the conferred

benefit was the wholesale bill paid to Inteliquent for the services provided. However,

contractually, that was Montana Digital’s and/or Skylink Digital’s bill, not Trinity

Lutheran’s. Trinity Lutheran had no prior dealings with or obligations to Skylink Digital

or Inteliquent. Further, the benefit of the international call service was not received by

Trinity Lutheran; it made none of the calls. Rather, the benefit was enjoyed by the thief,

and Montana Digital did not prove that this occurred as a result of negligence by Trinity

Lutheran. Then, even if Inteliquent’s paid bill could be considered a benefit to Trinity,

Trinity did not “know about or appreciate” this benefit under the second element of unjust

enrichment. Although the District Court found that “Trinity Lutheran was aware Montana

Digital had paid $47,977.29 to Inteliquent for international calling initiated through Trinity

Lutheran’s system,” Trinity Lutheran clearly did not know about the payment at the time

it was made, because it was not then aware a wholesale billing had been made to Montana

1 Black’s Law Dictionary defines both a “legal benefit” and a “benefit” as “[t]he advantage or privilege something gives; the helpful or useful effect something has[.]” Benefit, Black’s Law Dictionary, 193 (Bryan Garner, 11th ed. 2019).

8 Digital. Montana Digital made the unilateral decision to pay the bill following discussions

among third parties that did not include Trinity Lutheran, and, thus, Trinity Lutheran could

not have “accepted” a benefit without being aware of it. An “essential prerequisite to unjust

enrichment liability” is acceptance of the benefit by the recipient. 66 Am Jur. 2d

Restitution and Implied Contracts § 14 (1973). Finally, in a case of equity involving a

commercial transaction, it cannot be overlooked that, had Trinity Lutheran’s initial request

for a restriction upon access to long distance service been honored by Montana Digital, the

theft may well have not occurred, even from Trinity Lutheran’s older phone system.

¶14 Consequently, we conclude that, under these circumstances, a claim of unjust

enrichment was not established against Trinity Lutheran as a matter of law.

¶15 Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment in favor of Trinity Lutheran.

/S/ JIM RICE

We concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON /S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR