Modulus Global Incorporated v. Quintzy FZE LLC

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: March 19, 2025
• Docket: 2:22-cv-01457
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Modulus Global Incorporated, No. CV-22-01457-PHX-GMS

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Quintzy FZE LLC, et al.,

13 Defendants. 14 15 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Attorney Fees (Doc. 102). The 16 Court previously granted Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment Against 17 Defendants Quintzy FZE LLC, Bloxeo Technology Inc., Efficacious Solutions PVT Ltd., 18 Ankit Singhal, Rajeev Sharma, Techroo, Inc., Ethan Kang, and Chan Yang Choi. (Doc. 19 100 at 11). The Court awarded Plaintiff reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs to be proven 20 in a separate motion. (Id.). For the reasons stated herein, the Motion is granted in the 21 amount of $193,953.73. 22 I. Entitlement to Attorney Fees 23 a. Lanham Act Claims 24 Defendants assert that Plaintiff is not eligible to recover attorney fees because 25 Plaintiff elected to seek statutory damages under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c). 26 (Doc. 110 at 2). Plaintiff, however, is both eligible and entitled to recover attorney fees. 27 “Pursuit of [statutory] damages under § 1117(c) precludes a party only from recovering 28 ‘actual damages and profits’ under § 1117(a), not attorney’s fees.” Kaloud, Inc. v. Shisha 1 Land Wholesale, Inc., 741 F’Appx. 393, 397 n.2 (9th Cir. 2018). 2 i. Exceptional Case Under § 1117(a) 3 Defendants next assert that Plaintiff is not eligible to recover attorney fees because 4 this case does not qualify as exceptional under § 1117(a). (Doc. 110 at 3). Indeed, 5 § 1117(a) provides that “[t]he court in exceptional [trademark] cases may award reasonable 6 attorney fees to the prevailing party.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). The Ninth Circuit held that 7 “district courts analyzing a request for fees under the Lanham Act should examine the 8 ‘totality of the circumstances’ to determine if the case was exceptional, exercising equitable 9 discretion in light of the nonexclusive factors identified in Octane Fitness and Fogerty, and 10 using a preponderance of the evidence standard.” SunEarth, Inc. v. Sun Earth Solar Power 11 Co., Ltd., 839 F.3d 1179, 1181 (9th Cir. 2016) (internally citing Octane Fitness, LLC v. 12 ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 553-54 (2014)) (citing Fogerty v. Fantasy, 13 Inc., 510 U.S. 517 (1994)). “An ‘exceptional’ case is simply one that stands out from 14 others with respect to the substantive strength of a party’s litigating position (considering 15 both the governing law and the facts of the case) or the unreasonable manner in which the 16 case was litigated.” Id. at 1180. The nonexclusive factors to consider in determining if a 17 case is “exceptional” includes “frivolousness, motivation, objective unreasonableness 18 (both in the factual and legal components of the case) and the need in particular 19 circumstances to advance considerations of compensation and deterrence.” Id. at 1181. 20 “Courts applying the Octane Fitness analysis commonly find that willful 21 infringement, in conjunction with non-participation in litigation, makes a case 22 ‘exceptional.’” ADG Concerns, Inc. v. Tsalevich LLC, No. 18-cv-00818, 2018 WL 23 4241967, at *13 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 2018) (collecting cases); see also Syntex Healthcare 24 Products Co., Ltd. v. McCreless Enter., LLC, No. EDCV 21-593, 2023 WL 4503528, at 25 *12 (“Courts often find that a case may be deemed ‘exceptional’ within the meaning of the 26 Lanham Act by virtue of a Defendant’s decision to ignore legal proceedings, necessitating 27 a default judgment.”). 28 As this Court previously held, Plaintiff diligently prosecuted this matter since its 1 inception, while Defendants, who received proper service, failed to comply with the 2 Court’s Orders and otherwise failed to defend this action. (Doc. 100 at 9). Further, the 3 Court awarded statutory damages under the Lanham Act in the amount of $300,000 per 4 violation, (Id.), consistent with a determination that the use of the counterfeit mark was 5 willful. See 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c) (“[A]n award of statutory damages . . . not less than 6 $1,000 or more than $200,000 per counterfeit mark . . . or, if the court finds that the use of 7 the counterfeit mark was willful, not more than $2,000,000 per counterfeit mark.”). By the 8 preponderance of the evidence, see SunEarth, Inc., 839 F.3d at 1181, the Court finds that 9 Defendants willfully infringed Plaintiff’s trademarks and engaged in litigation-related 10 misconduct by not defending this case despite being on notice. As such, the case is 11 exceptional, and attorney fees are warranted. 12 b. Non-Lanham Act Claims 13 Defendants argue that Plaintiff is entitled to only the attorney fees associated with 14 the two trademark claims. (Doc. 110 at 3). Plaintiff brought twelve claims against 15 Defendants. (Doc. 1 at 24-45). The Court denied Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 16 32) as to ten out of the twelve counts and granted as to Counts IV and XI only, with leave 17 to amend Count XI—false advertising. (Doc. 45 at 6-7). Plaintiff filed an Amended 18 Complaint, which included the ten counts that survived the Motion to Dismiss, as well as 19 an amended Count XI for false advertising. (Doc. 50). After the Clerk of Court entered 20 default against all Defendants, the Court granted Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default 21 Judgment against Defendants on all remaining counts. (Doc. 100 at 11). The Court also 22 awarded Plaintiff their reasonable attorney fees. (Id.). 23 As an initial matter, Plaintiff is entitled to attorney fees on the four non-Lanham Act 24 claims that provide independent bases for recovery of attorney fees. See Love v. Mail on 25 Sunday, No. CV05-7798, 2007 WL 2709975, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2007) (awarding 26 attorney fees to the prevailing party for Lanham Act claims and non-Lanham Act claims 27 that provided an independent statutory or contractual basis for the award of attorney fees). 28 Here, Counts I and II for breach of contract, (Doc. 50 at 26, 28), provide an independent 1 basis for reasonable attorney fees under A.R.S. § 12-341.01. See A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A) 2 (“In any contested action arising out of a contract . . . the court may award the successful 3 party reasonable attorney fees.”). Additionally, Counts III and IV for misappropriation of 4 trade secrets, (Id. at 32, 34), provide an independent basis for reasonable attorney fees if 5 the misappropriation was made in bad faith or the trade secret was willfully and maliciously 6 misappropriated. See 18. U.S.C. § 1836(b)(3)(D); see also A.R.S. § 44-404. Because 7 Plaintiff obtained a default judgment against Defendants and these claims provide a basis 8 for attorney fees, Plaintiff is entitled to an award. See Million v. Pindernation Holdings 9 LLC, No. CV-23-00072, 2023 WL 3585237, at *1 (D. Ariz. May 22, 2023) (awarding 10 attorney fees to a plaintiff who obtained a default judgment on two causes of action that 11 allow the award of reasonable attorney fees); see also Castro-Vega v. Waible, No. 07-675, 12 2008 WL 2704457, (D. Or. July 1, 2008) (“Based on the Default Judgment, plaintiff is the 13 prevailing party and, therefore, is entitled to an award of reasonable attorney fees and 14 costs.”). 15 Plaintiff is also entitled to attorney fees on the remaining non-Lanham Act claims. 16 Where, as here, a party prevails on Lanham Act claims and non-Lanham Act claims, 17 recovery under § 1117(a) is limited to work related to the Lanham Act claims. Gracie v. 18 Gracie, 217 F.3d 1060, 1069 (9th Cir. 2000). However, where a plaintiff’s claims “involve 19 a ‘common core of facts’ or are based on ‘related legal theories,’ it is ‘difficult to divide 20 the hours expended on a claim-by-claim basis.’” Cairns v. Franklin Mint Co., 292 F.3d 21 1139, 1157 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 435 (1983)). As 22 such, where “Lanham Act claims and non-Lanham Act claims are so intertwined that it is 23 impossible to differentiate between work done on claims,” a party may recover on all 24 claims. Gracie, 217 F.3d at 1069. Despite the “impossibility of making an exact 25 apportionment,” a district court still retains its duty to “make some attempt to adjust the 26 fee award in an effort to reflect an apportionment . . . [unless] even an estimated adjustment 27 would be meaningless.” Id. at 1070. 28 Here, five counts remain that are neither Lanham Act claims nor have an 1 independent basis for attorney fees: (1) Count V, breach of duty of loyalty; (2) Count VI, 2 breach of fiduciary duty; (3) Count VII, trespass to chattels; (4) Count VIII intentional 3 interference with a business expectancy; and (5) Count XI, unfair competition and 4 trademark infringement. (Doc. 50 at 37-40, 46). All of Plaintiff’s claims involve a core 5 set of facts: Defendant Singhal used the underlying source code that he developed for 6 Modulus in his development of the Quintzy Spot Exchange Software and/or Quintzy 7 Derivatives Exchange that offers crypto exchange products in direct competition with 8 Modulus at a cheaper cost. (Doc. 45 at 2). The facts underlying the five remaining claims 9 are “so intertwined” that it is impossible to differentiate between work done on these claims 10 and the Lanham Act claims. See Cairns, 292 F.3d at 1157. For example, underlying 11 Counts V and VI are assertions about Defendant Singhal’s duties and related obligations 12 as an agent for Modulus, as well as assertions that Singhal breached those duties and 13 obligations by forming Quintzy and repurposing underlying source code to compete with 14 Modulus. (Doc. 50 at 37-39). Similarly, underlying Count VII and VIII are assertions 15 about Defendants using Modulus source code and business relationships without 16 permission and to compete with Modulus. (Id. at 39-41). Finally, Count XI is a trademark 17 infringement claim under Arizona state law, rather than the federal Lanham Act, but is 18 otherwise the same claim based on the same factual allegations. (Id. at 46). The factual 19 circumstances do not differ from the circumstances underlying the Lanham Act claims. As 20 such, it is impossible to differentiate between the work on specific claims and thus 21 impossible for the Court to apportion the fees between the Lanham Act and non-Lanham 22 Act claims. 23 II. Calculation of Fees 24 The Ninth Circuit set forth the steps a district court should follow to determine the 25 amount of an attorney fee award under the Lanham Act: 26 When it sets a fee, the district court must first determine the presumptive lodestar 27 figure by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation by 28 the reasonable hourly rate . . . Next, in appropriate cases, the district court may judge 1 the ‘presumptively reasonable’ lodestar figure based upon the factors listed in Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 69070 (9th Cir. 1975), that have not been 2 subsumed in the lodestar calculation. 3

4 Intel Corp. v. Terabyte Intern., Inc., 6 F.3d 614, 622 (9th Cir. 1993) (cleaned up). The 5 Kerr factors include the following: “(1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and 6 difficulty of the questions involved, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service 7 properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the 8 case, (5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations 9 imposed by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount involved and the results 10 obtained, (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the 11 ‘undesirability’ of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with 12 the client, and (12) awards in similar cases.” Kerr, 526 F.2d at 70. “[I]t is well established 13 a court has discretion to adjust the lodestar upward or downward.” Whitaker v. SMB Grp., 14 No. 22-55668, 2023 WL 5842311, at *1 (9th Cir. 2023). 15 Plaintiff seeks $209,194.75 in attorney fees: $56,784.50 paid to the Jaburg Wilk law 16 firm (“Jaburg Wilk”) and $152,410.25 paid to the Allen Dyer Doppelt + Gilchrist law firm 17 (“Allen Dyer”). (Doc. 102 at 1). Defendants challenge the reasonableness of Plaintiff’s 18 billing practices and argue that Plaintiff engaged in impermissible block billing, 19 unnecessary travel expenses, higher billing increments, excessive time allocation, and 20 duplicative work. (Doc. 110 at 5-7). Each objection is addressed in turn below. 21 a. Block Billing 22 Defendants argue that both firms representing Plaintiff engaged in block billing. 23 (Id. at 5-6). “Block billing is the time-keeping method by which each lawyer and legal 24 assistant enters the total daily time spent working on a case, rather than itemizing the time 25 expended on specific tasks.” Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945 n.2 (9th Cir. 26 2007). District courts have “authority to reduce hours that are billed in block format,” as 27 the practice makes it difficult for courts to determine how much time was spent on 28 particular work. Id. at 948. As evidence of Plaintiff’s alleged block billing, Defendants 1 point to a “Bill History” report produced by Allen Dyer, which is a one-page summary of 2 the monthly fees and costs charged to Modulus during the representation—not block 3 billing. (See Doc. 110 at 6) (citing Doc. 102-2 at 14). Defendants fail to identify any other 4 instance of block billing. Although certain entries on the attorneys’ logs include multiple 5 tasks, those entries were only one of several made in a day and often included notes in the 6 descriptions about how much time was spent on each sub-task. (See Doc. 102-2 at 16) 7 (“07/07/22; 0.50; $237.5; Online research into Bloxeo Technologies Inc and imaging of 8 key documents (0.3); memo to associate M. Dangond to obtain corporate info from British 9 Columbia (0.2)”). To the extent Defendants consider entries with multiple tasks “block 10 billing,” it does not warrant a reduction in attorney fees. 11 b. Unnecessary Travel Expenses 12 Defendants next seek a reduction in attorney fees for travel time billed by Allen 13 Dyer. (Doc. 110 at 6). The Ninth Circuit permits recovery for travel expenses. Rio Props., 14 Inc. v. Rio Intern. Interlink, 284 F.3d 1007, 1023 (9th Cir. 2002). “It is customary and 15 routine for commercial attorneys working on an hourly rate basis, including insurance 16 attorneys, to charge their clients for their time necessarily traveling on the matter, whether 17 or not other legal work is done on the airplane.” 11333, Inc. v. Certain Underwriters at 18 Lloyd’s, London, No. CV-14-02001, 2018 WL 2322783, at *2 (D. Ariz. May 22, 2018); 19 see also Graves v. Penzone, No. CV-77-00479, 2020 WL 1984022, at *9 (D. Ariz. Apr. 20 27, 2020) (finding $21,858.30 in Plaintiffs’ counsel’s air travel time fees reasonably 21 necessary to class counsel’s representation). Here, Defendants object to the eleven hours 22 Allen Dyer billed for its attorney’s round-trip travel from Miami to Phoenix for a hearing 23 on a motion to dismiss. (Doc. 110 at 6) (citing Doc. 102-2 at 34). Defendants argue that 24 Plaintiff’s local counsel should have appeared for the hearing. (Id.). In Plaintiff’s Reply, 25 Plaintiff notes that the time it would have taken to prepare local counsel to handle the 26 motion would have “easily overshadowed the amount of travel expenses incurred by virtue 27 of Florida counsel handling the argument.” (Doc. 115 at 7). Since the travel was limited 28 in nature and reasonably necessary to Plaintiff’s counsel, the objection is overruled. 1 c. Higher Billing Increments 2 Defendants argue that because Allen Dyer bills in quarter-hour increments, the short 3 communications which would traditionally be billed at a rate of a tenth of an hour are 4 excessive. (Doc. 110 at 8). Indeed, where a district court determines billing by the quarter- 5 hour resulted in a request for compensation for hours not reasonably expended on the 6 litigation, the district court may impose an across-the-board reduction on hours requested. 7 See Welch, 480 F.3d at 949 (affirming a reduction on hours requested where the district 8 court “found the hours were inflated because counsel billed a minimum of 15 minutes for 9 numerous phone calls and e-mails that likely took a fraction of the time”); see also 10 Robinson v. Plourde, 717 F.Supp.2d 1092, 1100-01 (D. Haw. 2010) (reducing an attorney’s 11 hours by 20 percent to offset the excessive hours resulting from the practice of billing in 12 quarter-hour increments). Plaintiffs respond that the firm “expressly contracted with 13 Modulus to bill in quarter-hour increments” and that it “simply creates a slightly greater 14 variation in the actual (non-incremental) effective rate compared to one-tenth-hour 15 increments.” (Doc. 115 at 8). 16 Expressly contracting for a quarter-hour rate does not preclude the inflation of 17 hours. It appears Allen Dyer attorneys did not always bill in quarter-hour increments. (See 18 Doc. 102-2 at 22-25). It also appears Allen Dyer attorneys attempt to prevent inflated hours 19 by including details regarding sub-increments of time in the descriptions for time billed at 20 the quarter-hour increment. (See id. at 25-26, 57-58, 77-78). However, this practice is not 21 consistent, and therefore, fails to mitigate inflated billing. For example, there are several 22 time entries for the review or preparation of an email that allegedly took 0.25 hours. (See 23 id. at 26, 36, 36, 39, 58, 79). In contrast, Jaburg Wilk attorneys frequently billed 0.10 to 24 0.20 hours for emails. (See Doc. 102-1 at 27, 51, 58, 64). Assuming attorneys from both 25 firms spend similar amounts of time drafting emails, on average, the practice of billing in 26 quarter-hour increments resulted in an inflated claim for attorney fees. To offset the 27 excessive hours, while also taking into consideration the fact that Allen Dyer did not 28 exclusively bill in quarter-hour increments, the Court imposes an across-the-board 1 || reduction of 10 percent on hours billed by Allen Dyer attorneys. 2 d. Excessive Time Allocation and Duplicative Work 3 Defendants argue that Plaintiff's counsel spent an excessive amount of time drafting the Complaint and the Response to the Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 110 at 4-5). Defendants || also argue that Plaintiffs billing reflects duplicative work. (/d. at 7). Upon review, 6|| Plaintiff's counsel spent neither an excessive amount of time on its briefing nor engaged 7 || in unreasonably duplicative work. As such, the Court declines to reduce Plaintiffs hours 8 || billed on these grounds. 9 Accordingly, 10 IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Attorney Fees (Doc 102) is granted in part. Plaintiff is hereby awarded attorney fees in the amount of $193,953.73 ($56,784.50 paid to the Jaburg Wilk law firm and $137,169.23 paid to the Allen Dyer 13} Deppelt + Gilchrist law firm). The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly. 15 Dated this 18th day of March, 2025. 16 ML Wh 9 *)

18 Senior United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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