Opinion by
Linn, J.,
The alleged trespass took place July 3, 1919. The plaintiff Mitsios and defendant Morios had been partners about four months before. Thereafter, Mitsios alone conducted a restaurant called the Rainbow in premises leased by him on King Street, Lancaster, and [592] described by Mm as a “real up to date place.” About June 30,1919, he departed from Lancaster in search of a cook and left Stephen Manuel in charge of the Rainbow alleging that Manuels “duty was to operate the restaurant and attend to the wants of the customers until the plaintiff returned.” In his statement of claim he also alleged that during that absence “defendant with force and arms, broke and entered into plaintiff’s place of business, and by force and duress obtained the key or keys to the plaintiff’s premises as aforesaid, from the said Stephen Manuel, plaintiff’s employee, and closed the place, so that no business could be conducted at the said place, and the plaintiff’s business was broken up and destroyed by reason thereof. This was between June 30, 1919, and July 4, 1919. Also during the time aforesaid, in the county aforesaid, in the said restaurant, the defendant, with force and arms, seized and took, or caused to be seized and taken or wantonly destroyed, or caused or suffered to be destroyed, divers goods and chattels, belonging to the plaintiff, to wit: one steam table, two coffee urns, lot of milk, cream, meat, butter, vegetables, fruits, bread, pies, cakes, etc., used in operating a restaurant being of the value of four hundred dollars ($400) and carried away and converted or disposed of the same to his own use, or damage or destroyed the said goods and chattels, so as to render them useless, the same being due to wantonness on the part of the defendant.”
Defendant Morios testified that Mitsios owed him $300 and that on July 3, 1919, accompanied by a real estate agent he went to the Rainbow to collect the debt. On arrival, they found Mitsios absent and Manuel there. He also testified they were told by Manuel that he didn’t know when his employer would return and that he Manuel was “going to quit” that night. We quote defendant’s reply to Manuel as defendant states it. “I said ‘What are you going to do with the keys?’ He says, ‘I don’t know.’ So Mr. G-antert [the real estate agent] says [593] to him, ‘You band tbe keys oyer to us, because be owes money to us.’ ‘Well/ tbe fellow says ‘I will tbink about it.’ And then be says, ‘I made my mind up to go,’ and be opened tbe cash register, and took thirteen dollars and about forty-five cents, and be paid bimself out eleven dollars for four-five days and a half, around there, — I don’t know bow long be was there — whenever be was down there. He banded me tbe keys and two dollars, and says When Ernest Mitsios comes back, you give it to him.’ So, tbe next morning, I bad a ’phone call from Charley Baker, and be says, ‘Have you got tbe keys for tbe Rainbow Restaurant?’ I says ‘Yes.’ He says ‘Will you give it to Ernest Mitsios?’ I says ‘Yes, if be is in town.’ He says ‘He is in town.’” Baker called for Morios and tbe two went to tbe Rainbow and unlocked tbe door. Morios gave Mitsios tbe key and testified “I banded him tbe two dollars over. He didn’t want to take tbe two dollars. He said ‘No, you keep it.’ I said ‘I don’t want it; it is your own money.’ I put it on tbe counter. He threw it out tbe door. So, as be threw it out tbe door I thought I might as well pick it up.” Referring to tbe time when be received tbe keys from Manuel, defendant testified that “all three together, we locked tbe place.” This occurred about 4:30 or 5 o’clock in tbe afternoon. We need not now refer to tbe alleged damage described in tbe evidence, but two matters we must consider: 1, that a trespass was committed by defendant entitling plaintiff to some damage — even if only nominal, and, 2 that tbe learned court erred in refusing to permit plaintiff to put in evidence tbe deposition of Stephen Manuel taken as a going witness and filed.
1. Passing tbe evidence of damage, it is clear by de< fendant’s own testimony that be committed a trespass and tbe court should have so instructed tbe jury. He bad no right to lock up plaintiff’s place of business. While plaintiff could not complain of defendant’s call at tbe Rainbow to collect tbe debt, be was not bound to approve defendant’s conduct in obtaining tbe keys from [594] Manuel and closing it. He kept it closed from that afternoon until sometime next morning. Defendant took control of plaintiff’s property from bis servant, who was obviously without authority to deliver it. “You hand the keys over to us because he owes money to us,” was defendant’s demand and the servant complied with it. Defendant’s conduct was an invasion of plaintiff’s rights to which he was not bound to submit.
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Opinion by
Linn, J.,
The alleged trespass took place July 3, 1919. The plaintiff Mitsios and defendant Morios had been partners about four months before. Thereafter, Mitsios alone conducted a restaurant called the Rainbow in premises leased by him on King Street, Lancaster, and [592] described by Mm as a “real up to date place.” About June 30,1919, he departed from Lancaster in search of a cook and left Stephen Manuel in charge of the Rainbow alleging that Manuels “duty was to operate the restaurant and attend to the wants of the customers until the plaintiff returned.” In his statement of claim he also alleged that during that absence “defendant with force and arms, broke and entered into plaintiff’s place of business, and by force and duress obtained the key or keys to the plaintiff’s premises as aforesaid, from the said Stephen Manuel, plaintiff’s employee, and closed the place, so that no business could be conducted at the said place, and the plaintiff’s business was broken up and destroyed by reason thereof. This was between June 30, 1919, and July 4, 1919. Also during the time aforesaid, in the county aforesaid, in the said restaurant, the defendant, with force and arms, seized and took, or caused to be seized and taken or wantonly destroyed, or caused or suffered to be destroyed, divers goods and chattels, belonging to the plaintiff, to wit: one steam table, two coffee urns, lot of milk, cream, meat, butter, vegetables, fruits, bread, pies, cakes, etc., used in operating a restaurant being of the value of four hundred dollars ($400) and carried away and converted or disposed of the same to his own use, or damage or destroyed the said goods and chattels, so as to render them useless, the same being due to wantonness on the part of the defendant.”
Defendant Morios testified that Mitsios owed him $300 and that on July 3, 1919, accompanied by a real estate agent he went to the Rainbow to collect the debt. On arrival, they found Mitsios absent and Manuel there. He also testified they were told by Manuel that he didn’t know when his employer would return and that he Manuel was “going to quit” that night. We quote defendant’s reply to Manuel as defendant states it. “I said ‘What are you going to do with the keys?’ He says, ‘I don’t know.’ So Mr. G-antert [the real estate agent] says [593] to him, ‘You band tbe keys oyer to us, because be owes money to us.’ ‘Well/ tbe fellow says ‘I will tbink about it.’ And then be says, ‘I made my mind up to go,’ and be opened tbe cash register, and took thirteen dollars and about forty-five cents, and be paid bimself out eleven dollars for four-five days and a half, around there, — I don’t know bow long be was there — whenever be was down there. He banded me tbe keys and two dollars, and says When Ernest Mitsios comes back, you give it to him.’ So, tbe next morning, I bad a ’phone call from Charley Baker, and be says, ‘Have you got tbe keys for tbe Rainbow Restaurant?’ I says ‘Yes.’ He says ‘Will you give it to Ernest Mitsios?’ I says ‘Yes, if be is in town.’ He says ‘He is in town.’” Baker called for Morios and tbe two went to tbe Rainbow and unlocked tbe door. Morios gave Mitsios tbe key and testified “I banded him tbe two dollars over. He didn’t want to take tbe two dollars. He said ‘No, you keep it.’ I said ‘I don’t want it; it is your own money.’ I put it on tbe counter. He threw it out tbe door. So, as be threw it out tbe door I thought I might as well pick it up.” Referring to tbe time when be received tbe keys from Manuel, defendant testified that “all three together, we locked tbe place.” This occurred about 4:30 or 5 o’clock in tbe afternoon. We need not now refer to tbe alleged damage described in tbe evidence, but two matters we must consider: 1, that a trespass was committed by defendant entitling plaintiff to some damage — even if only nominal, and, 2 that tbe learned court erred in refusing to permit plaintiff to put in evidence tbe deposition of Stephen Manuel taken as a going witness and filed.
1. Passing tbe evidence of damage, it is clear by de< fendant’s own testimony that be committed a trespass and tbe court should have so instructed tbe jury. He bad no right to lock up plaintiff’s place of business. While plaintiff could not complain of defendant’s call at tbe Rainbow to collect tbe debt, be was not bound to approve defendant’s conduct in obtaining tbe keys from [594] Manuel and closing it. He kept it closed from that afternoon until sometime next morning. Defendant took control of plaintiff’s property from bis servant, who was obviously without authority to deliver it. “You hand the keys over to us because he owes money to us,” was defendant’s demand and the servant complied with it. Defendant’s conduct was an invasion of plaintiff’s rights to which he was not bound to submit.
2. We are also constrained to hold that the learned court erred in excluding Manuel’s deposition. It was taken pursuant to the rules of court February 13, 1920, and filed February 21, 1920. Defendant’s counsel attended the examination and cross-examined the witness. It contained relevant testimony supporting plaintiff’s allegation. The learned trial judge excluded the deposition because, he said, he was not “satisfied [1] that the witness, at the time the deposition was taken, was about to leave the jurisdiction, and [2] was absent at the time of the trial and [3] could not be secured. The facts, in our judgment, did not sufficiently support that claim, and, therefore, it was not improper to exclude the deposition.” The rule of court provided “No depositions shall be allowed to be read in evidence unless the party offering the same shall satisfy the court that the witness, if a resident of the state, is either aged, infirm or a way-going witness, and could not, after reasonable pains taken for that purpose, be secured to testify at the time of the trial.” While in such inquiry we accept the finding of fact made below, we must examine the evidence to see whether it supports the finding. “A deposition is, unquestionably, but secondary evidence, and admissible on proof of its having been taken under a competent authority, on due notice, and in a proper manner; and also, on proof that the contingency, for which it was intended to provide, has actually happened:.” Pipher v. Lodge, 16 S. & R. 214, 220. The fact found by the court below was that the contingency in which the deposition should become admissible had not actually happened. [595] Whether the evidence supports that conclusion is a question of law. That evidence was as follows: In the excluded deposition Manuel testified he was going to Akron, Ohio. After the trial and in support of the motion for a new trial, his deposition was again taken and he then testified that after making the first deposition he went to Akron, Ohio, and had since been at various places and had not been in Lancaster until June 3,1920; that when the case was tried he was in Chester, Pa. When the deposition was offered, a witness, Hartofeles, testified that Manuel went to Ohio on the day the deposition was taken and that he knew people who had received letters from him, and that he had seen such a letter. He also said he had heard Manuel was then in Chester, Pa. Mitsios himself testified that he made a search for Manuel for the purpose of having him at the trial and was advised that he was not in Lancaster; that he had heard Manuel was in Akron, Ohio, and that on the morning of the trial, he had heard he was then in Chester. B. F. Davis, Jr., attorney for plaintiff, testified that he aided Mitsios to serve the subpoena; that Manuel’s name was on it, and that he searched for him for the purpose of serving the subpoena but couldn’t find him. One, Pepas, testified that Manuel was in Chester and produced a letter from him postmarked Chester, February 25, 1920. Against all that testimony there is only the evidence of Howard J. Lowell, attorney for defendant, who testified that on February 27,1920, at 7:30 p. m., he saw Manuel with three other Greeks standing on the street in Lancaster. The case was tried March 9, 1920. Assuming that the witness was in Lancaster on February 27th as Mr. Lowell testified, that fact is not inconsistent with his journey to Akron, Ohio, or to some other place, and with his absence from Lancaster when the subpoena server searched for him and also when the case was tried ten days after Mr. Lowell says he saw him. There is no evidence but Mr. Lowell’s supporting the exclusion of the deposition. Considering all the evi[596] dence on the subject Mr. Lowell’s testimony is not sufficient to sustain the conclusion of the court. The first, fourth, eighth and ninth assignments of error are sustained and the judgment is reversed with a venire.