Wood, J.
Appellee is a road improvement district created by Special Act 674 of the General Assembly of 1919, volume 2 (Road), p. 2643. After prescribing the boundaries of the district, and naming the commissioners, the act, inter alia, provides that the commissioners “shall proceed to assess the lands within the district,” embracing not merely the lands but all railroads, etc, ’ ’ on the real estate that will be benefited by the improving of the roads. The commissioners are required “to assess the value of the benefits to each tract according to the improvements and to enter in a book such assessment opposite the description, together with an estimate of the probable cost to the land owner. The assessment is to be filed with the county clerk of Izard County, and the secretary of the board shall thereupon give notice of the filing by publication for two weeks in a newspaper having a bona fide circulation in the county. The form of the notice is prescribed, and it specifies that “all persons wishing to be heard on said assessment will be heard by the county court of Izard County on a certain day named in the notice. It is made the duty of the county court to meet on that day and to hear all complaints, and to equalize and adjust the same, and its determination is final, unless an appeal is taken and perfected within thirty days. The county court at the time the assessment of benefits is filed, or at any subsequent time, shall enter upon its records an order, which shall have all the force of a judgment, providing that there shall be assessed upon the real property of the district a tax sufficient to pay the estimated cost of the improvement. The taxes so assessed are a lien upon all the property in the district.
The commissioners in this case filed their assessments with the county clerk as provided in the act, and gave notice, by publication as provided in the act. On the day set for hearing before the county court appellant appeared, and, before any action whatever was taken in the matter by the county court, filed its petition and bond in the usual form to remove said cause to the United States District Court. The county court approved the bond and also the petition as to form, but refused to remove the cause to the Federal court for the reason that it was not such a cause as was removable. The appellant excepted to the ruling of the county court. The county court approved the assessment of the commissioners, and the appellant appealed to the circuit court. In the circuit court at the close of the testimony the appellant asked the court to make certain declarations of law which the court declined to do, and to which ruling appellant excepted.
The circuit court heard the cause and found the facts to be that the commissioners of said road district had made reasonable assessments of all the real estate situated in said district and of the benefits accruing to the same by reason of the construction of the proposed road; that the real property of the Missouri Pacific Eailroad Company situated within the incorporate limits of the town of Calico Rock would be benefited by tbe construction of said road as much or more than tbe property of any private land owner, and all tbe real estate witbin said town would be benefited 30 per cent, of its valuation as found by tbe board of commissioners, that all other real estate witbin tbe second mile or zone would be benefited 27% per cent., and that in the third mile or zone would be benefited 25 per cent., and that under their assessment of benefits against said railroad company’s real property the commissioners of said district bad only made an assessment of 20 per cent, of tbe valuation of said real property as found by tbe commissioners; that tbe assessment against said property would only equal 30 per cent, in tbe first zone, 20 per cent, in the second zone, and 10 per cent, in tbe third zone, and that said assessment of benefits would not be excessive or unequal to tbe other assessments made by the commissioners of the other property of tbe district; that tbe assessment of benefits made by tbe commissioners for defendant district relative to tbe real property of tbe plaintiff witbin said district is fair, equitable, just and according to law in every particular.
Tbe court thereupon overruled tbe exceptions that bad been filed by tbe appellant to tbe assessment of benefits made by tbe .commissioners and entered a final order approving the assessment and affirming tbe order of tbe county court to that effect. Tbe appellant excepted to tbe rulings of tbe court and duly prosecutes this appeal.
Section 28 of tbe Federal Code, as amended, provides : “In any suit of a civil nature at law or in equity at which the District Courts of tbe United States are given jurisdiction by this title and which are now pending or which may hereafter be brought in any State court, may be removed into tbe District Court of tbe United States for tbe proper district by tbe defendant or defendants therein being nonresidents of that State.”
Appellant contends that under tbe above section tbe cause should have been removed to tbe Federal court. This contention can not be sustained for tbe reason that assessments for local improvements by tbe Legislature or its duly appointed agents — the commissioners and tbe county courts — are not in any sense judicial proceedings within tbe jurisdiction of tbe county court, when exercising tbe strictly judicial functions conferred upon it by tbe Constitution. Tbe assessment for local improvements is not a tax in the ordinary sense of that term as used in tbe Constitution and in statutes generally. Cribbs v. Benedict, 64 Ark. 555-62; Paving District of Fort Smith v. Sisters of Mercy, 86 Ark. 109. Nevertheless, assessment for local improvements is a function of tbe State’s sovereign power more nearly akin to that of taxation than any other and is referable to that power. Ahern v. Board of Imp. Dist. No. 3 of Texarkana, 69 Ark. 68-75; Carson v. St. Francis Levee Dist., 59 Ark. 513-31. The power is purely legislative, not judicial.
Tbe idea is well expressed by tbe Federal district judge In re City of Chicago, 64 Fed. 897-99, where be says: “Tbe power of taxation is legislative, not judicial. Its exercise is not a judicial act in any ordinary sense ‘and it can not be exercised otherwise than under tbe authority of tbe Legislature.’ Tbe assessment of benefits is governed by tbe same rule, and is entirely legislative, both as to power and exercise. Some agency must be employed for tbe apportionment. It may be left to tbe judgment of assessors or other officers to fix upon view, or be fixed by a definite standard prescribed by tbe Legislature, as to frontage and location. Tbe district within which tbe tax shall be laid may be left to tbe judgment of tbe agency employed for assessment, or may be fixed by tbe Legislature; and, where there is a delegation to tbe agency, it possesses tbe legislative power for tbe purpose, and its act is legislative.”
Tbe above case is well reasoned and is a comprehensive review of tbe authorities on tbe subject, ineluding tbe decisions of tbe Supreme Court of the United States.
It will be observed that the power, conferred by our statute upon tbe county court is not to determine whether there should be any assessment, but to equalize and adjust the assessment that has been made by the commissioners. There is nothing in the nature of an adversary proceeding, inter partes, in the assessment made by the commissioners and equalized and adjusted by the county court under the authority of the statute.
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Wood, J.
Appellee is a road improvement district created by Special Act 674 of the General Assembly of 1919, volume 2 (Road), p. 2643. After prescribing the boundaries of the district, and naming the commissioners, the act, inter alia, provides that the commissioners “shall proceed to assess the lands within the district,” embracing not merely the lands but all railroads, etc, ’ ’ on the real estate that will be benefited by the improving of the roads. The commissioners are required “to assess the value of the benefits to each tract according to the improvements and to enter in a book such assessment opposite the description, together with an estimate of the probable cost to the land owner. The assessment is to be filed with the county clerk of Izard County, and the secretary of the board shall thereupon give notice of the filing by publication for two weeks in a newspaper having a bona fide circulation in the county. The form of the notice is prescribed, and it specifies that “all persons wishing to be heard on said assessment will be heard by the county court of Izard County on a certain day named in the notice. It is made the duty of the county court to meet on that day and to hear all complaints, and to equalize and adjust the same, and its determination is final, unless an appeal is taken and perfected within thirty days. The county court at the time the assessment of benefits is filed, or at any subsequent time, shall enter upon its records an order, which shall have all the force of a judgment, providing that there shall be assessed upon the real property of the district a tax sufficient to pay the estimated cost of the improvement. The taxes so assessed are a lien upon all the property in the district.
The commissioners in this case filed their assessments with the county clerk as provided in the act, and gave notice, by publication as provided in the act. On the day set for hearing before the county court appellant appeared, and, before any action whatever was taken in the matter by the county court, filed its petition and bond in the usual form to remove said cause to the United States District Court. The county court approved the bond and also the petition as to form, but refused to remove the cause to the Federal court for the reason that it was not such a cause as was removable. The appellant excepted to the ruling of the county court. The county court approved the assessment of the commissioners, and the appellant appealed to the circuit court. In the circuit court at the close of the testimony the appellant asked the court to make certain declarations of law which the court declined to do, and to which ruling appellant excepted.
The circuit court heard the cause and found the facts to be that the commissioners of said road district had made reasonable assessments of all the real estate situated in said district and of the benefits accruing to the same by reason of the construction of the proposed road; that the real property of the Missouri Pacific Eailroad Company situated within the incorporate limits of the town of Calico Rock would be benefited by tbe construction of said road as much or more than tbe property of any private land owner, and all tbe real estate witbin said town would be benefited 30 per cent, of its valuation as found by tbe board of commissioners, that all other real estate witbin tbe second mile or zone would be benefited 27% per cent., and that in the third mile or zone would be benefited 25 per cent., and that under their assessment of benefits against said railroad company’s real property the commissioners of said district bad only made an assessment of 20 per cent, of tbe valuation of said real property as found by tbe commissioners; that tbe assessment against said property would only equal 30 per cent, in tbe first zone, 20 per cent, in the second zone, and 10 per cent, in tbe third zone, and that said assessment of benefits would not be excessive or unequal to tbe other assessments made by the commissioners of the other property of tbe district; that tbe assessment of benefits made by tbe commissioners for defendant district relative to tbe real property of tbe plaintiff witbin said district is fair, equitable, just and according to law in every particular.
Tbe court thereupon overruled tbe exceptions that bad been filed by tbe appellant to tbe assessment of benefits made by tbe .commissioners and entered a final order approving the assessment and affirming tbe order of tbe county court to that effect. Tbe appellant excepted to tbe rulings of tbe court and duly prosecutes this appeal.
Section 28 of tbe Federal Code, as amended, provides : “In any suit of a civil nature at law or in equity at which the District Courts of tbe United States are given jurisdiction by this title and which are now pending or which may hereafter be brought in any State court, may be removed into tbe District Court of tbe United States for tbe proper district by tbe defendant or defendants therein being nonresidents of that State.”
Appellant contends that under tbe above section tbe cause should have been removed to tbe Federal court. This contention can not be sustained for tbe reason that assessments for local improvements by tbe Legislature or its duly appointed agents — the commissioners and tbe county courts — are not in any sense judicial proceedings within tbe jurisdiction of tbe county court, when exercising tbe strictly judicial functions conferred upon it by tbe Constitution. Tbe assessment for local improvements is not a tax in the ordinary sense of that term as used in tbe Constitution and in statutes generally. Cribbs v. Benedict, 64 Ark. 555-62; Paving District of Fort Smith v. Sisters of Mercy, 86 Ark. 109. Nevertheless, assessment for local improvements is a function of tbe State’s sovereign power more nearly akin to that of taxation than any other and is referable to that power. Ahern v. Board of Imp. Dist. No. 3 of Texarkana, 69 Ark. 68-75; Carson v. St. Francis Levee Dist., 59 Ark. 513-31. The power is purely legislative, not judicial.
Tbe idea is well expressed by tbe Federal district judge In re City of Chicago, 64 Fed. 897-99, where be says: “Tbe power of taxation is legislative, not judicial. Its exercise is not a judicial act in any ordinary sense ‘and it can not be exercised otherwise than under tbe authority of tbe Legislature.’ Tbe assessment of benefits is governed by tbe same rule, and is entirely legislative, both as to power and exercise. Some agency must be employed for tbe apportionment. It may be left to tbe judgment of assessors or other officers to fix upon view, or be fixed by a definite standard prescribed by tbe Legislature, as to frontage and location. Tbe district within which tbe tax shall be laid may be left to tbe judgment of tbe agency employed for assessment, or may be fixed by tbe Legislature; and, where there is a delegation to tbe agency, it possesses tbe legislative power for tbe purpose, and its act is legislative.”
Tbe above case is well reasoned and is a comprehensive review of tbe authorities on tbe subject, ineluding tbe decisions of tbe Supreme Court of the United States.
It will be observed that the power, conferred by our statute upon tbe county court is not to determine whether there should be any assessment, but to equalize and adjust the assessment that has been made by the commissioners. There is nothing in the nature of an adversary proceeding, inter partes, in the assessment made by the commissioners and equalized and adjusted by the county court under the authority of the statute. The duties which this statute devolves upon the county court, as already stated, are administrative and not judicial, although the line of demarcation is very close.'
The Supreme Court of the United States in Upshur County v. Rich, 135 U. S. 467-70, passing upon a statute of West Virginia, which, in essential particulars for the purpose of this discussion, is similar to our statute, says: “But is an appeal from an assessment of property for taxation a suit within the'meaning of the law? In ordinary cases it certainly is not. By the laws of all or most of the States, taxpayers are allowed to appeal from the assessment of their property by the assessor to some tribunal constituted for that purpose, sometimes called a board of commissioners of appeal; sometimes one thing and sometimes another. But whatever called, it is not usually a court, nor is the proceeding a suit between parties; it is a matter of administration, and the duties of the tribunal are administrative, and not judicial in the ordinary sense of that term, though often embraced in the Removal Act. ’ ’
The jurisdiction of the county court under the Constitution of West Virginia, when the above decision was rendered, was substantially the same as that conferred upon the county court under our Constitution, so far as roads and the internal affairs of the county are involved. We conclude, therefore, that the assessment of the commissioners and the proceedings thereafter in the county court were in no sense a suit in law or equity within the purview of the Federal Code, supra.
The appellant asked the trial court to make certain declarations of law, which the court refused and to which appellant excepted. Appellant insists that the court erred in refusing to declare the law as requested. But it follows, from what we have already said, that the trial court was not called upon to make declarations of law. The only issue before the county court, and the circtdt court on appeal, was whether or not the commissioners had made a correct assessment of the benefits. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Rd. Imp. Dist. No. 1 of Prairie County, 137 Ark. 587. If not, then it was the duty of these courts, first of the county court, then the circuit court, on appeal, to equalize and adjust such assessment after hearing the evidence relating to same. See Kirst v. Street Imp. Dist. No. 120, 86 Ark. 1-19.
In performing the functions conferred upon them, to be sure, it was the duty of these courts to be guided by the well settled principles of law applicable to such cases; and if they ignored these, their judgments were erroneous, and the cause should be remanded for a rehearing, and a correction of the judgment.
In Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Imp. Dist., 137 Ark. 569-573, we said: “An estimate of benefits resulting from a local improvement to a given piece of property is largely a matter of opinion, and generally there is a wide difference of opinion upon such questions. Under these circumstances a great amount of deference is due to the judgment of the board of assessors who are constituted as' a special tribunal for the purpose of determining that question, and the court reviewing the proceedings of the assessors should not substitute the judgment of the judges for that of the assessors unless the evidence clearly shows that the assessments are erroneous.”
In C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Road Imp. Dist. No. 1, Prairie County, supra, we said: “We have decided that this class of cases, that is to say, where there is an appeal under the statute from a trial in the circuit court on the question of the amount of benefits assessed in an improvement district, falls within the rule that this court on appeal will be bound by the findings of the trial court where the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain the findings.” St. L. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Fort Smith & Van Buren Bridge Dist., 113 Ark. 493; Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Conway County Bridge Dist., 134 Ark. 292.
Since the above case was decided, to the same effect see” Patterson v. Road Imp. Dist. No. 3 of Northern Dist. Woodruff County, ante p. 44; Kansas City So. Ry. Co. v. Road Imp. Dist. No. 6 of Little River County, 139 Ark. 424; Wilkinson v. St. Francis Road Imp. Dist. No. 1, 141 Ark. 164.
Applying the doctrine of the above cases to the facts of this record, we are convinced that the testimony is legally sufficient to sustain the findings of the circuit court. Giving the testimony its strongest probative value in favor of the appellee, it tended to prove that the commissioners as a board, a number of times canvassed the assessment of benefits. They were thoroughly familiar with the lands in the district. Two of the commissioners testified. Their testimony is voluminous, and it could serve no useful purpose to set it forth in detail. They were permitted, without objection, to state that the assessment of benefits against the real property of appellant in the district as compared with the other real property was “fair, just and equitable,” and they gave in detail their reasons for the 'Conclusion at which they arrived. These reasons do not show that they adopted an illegal and erroneous basis or standard of value in arriving at the amount of benefits to the lands of appellant as compared with the other lands in the district. Branson v. Bush, 251 U. S. 182. Therefore, we find no error in the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.