The opinion of the court was delivered by
Porter, J.:
Three assignments of error are urged: (1) Overruling the demurrer to plaintiff’s evidence; (2) error in instructions; (3) denying the motion for a new trial. The first error, the overruling of the de-. murrer to the evidence, is based wholly upon the contention that the written contracts, which were made parts of the petition, contained certain provisions which under the admitted facts and evidence prevented a recovery by plaintiff. The contracts are what are known as “special live-stock contracts,” and contain the following provision:
“The shipper further expressly agrees that as a condition precedent to his right to recover any damages for any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from carrier’s negligence as aforesaid, including delays, he will give notice in writing to the conductor in charge of the train or the nearest station- or freight-agent of the carrier on whose line the injuries occur before said cars leave that carrier’s line or before the cattle are mingled with other cattle or removed from pens at destination. In his notice he shall state place and nature of the injuries, to the end that they may be fully and fairly investigated, and said shipper shall, within thirty days after the happening of the injuries complained of, 'file with some freight- or station-agent of the carrier on whose line the injuries occurred his claim therefor, giving the amount. Shipper’s failure to comply with the requirements of this section shall absolutely defeat and bar any cause of action for any injuries resulting to said cattle as aforesaid.” .
Another provision is as follows:
“No agent of this company has any authority to waive, modify or amend any of the provisions of this contract, or to agree to ship said cars by any particular train, or to reach any particular market ... on any particular day, which the carrier hereby expressly declines to do.”
[550]*550The second provision quoted may be disposed of in a few words. There was evidence that the delay in transporting the cattle was caused by the negligence of defendant. That the railway company could not by the terms of this provision limit its liability for damages caused by its own negligence is so obvious as not to need the citation of authorities.
It was admitted that no written notice of loss was given under the first provision quoted, and defendant contends that the giving of this notice was a condition precedent to the right to maintain the action. Indeed, this is the main contention here. Aside from a claim of error in certain instructions, which will be consid-. ered hereafter, it is upon this that a reversal is sought. This question has been settled adversely to the contention of defendant, and is no longer an open one. (Railway Co. v. Poole, 73 Kan. 466, 87 Pac. 465; Cornelius v. Railway Co., post.)
The only apparent material difference in the contract in those cases and the one here is that this contains the words “including delays,” so that it reads “for any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from carrier’s negligence as aforesaid, including delays, he will give notice,” etc., and the further difference that in the two cases supra the stipulation for a notice of a claim for damages was for any loss or injury to said stock “during the transportation thereof,” while the one under consideration, instead of the words in italics, reads, “any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from, carrier’s negligence as aforesaid.” It is, however, so apparent from the whole contract that when loss or injury is mentioned reference is had to the physical condition of the cattle as affected by something which might occur during transportation that the absence of the phrase is of no consequence. It is not clear just what is meant by the. words “including delays,” unless they are used in reference to the physical condition of the stock as affected by delays. The purpose cannot be said with reason to be to provide for notice of a’ loss re-[551]*551suiting from a decline in the market, for it would be manifestly unreasonable to require the shipper to give notice of something which might or might not happen, depending upon a variety of circumstances and conditions which he could npt judge of until after his interests might require the removal of the stock from the pens at destination. He might see fit, before the market of the next day, to ship his stock back home or to - some other market and yet not lose his right to maintain an action for any damage resulting from a decline in the market and caused by the company’s negligent delay.
The contract provides that the notice shall state the place and nature of the injuries, “to the end that they, may be fully and fairly investigated.” The reasons for such notice are obvious when applied to injuries received by cattle in transportation, as was held in Sprague v. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co., 34 Kan. 347, 8 Pac. 465, and Goggin v. K. P. Rly. Co., 12 Kan. 416, but are absolutely wanting when applied to a- loss resulting from a decline in the market price. It was said in the Poole case, supra, that “such contracts and the notices required by them must be reasonable. Agreements of this character are viewed with some strictness by the law, and unless the exemption from liability is cleárly expressed it should not be allowed.” (Page 468.)
No possible inconvenience could be suffered by the railway company through failure to receive such notice. It already knew as well as the shipper that the transportation and delivery had been delayed, the exact time of the delay, and that the market for that day was over. Whether thé market the next day would show a rise or decline — a benefit or loss to the shipper —was a matter of pure speculation, upon which the railway company was perhaps as competent to make a guess as the shipper. Suppose the market in fact should decline and the shipper suffer a loss: the railway company could not reasonably claim that the removal of the cattle from the pens at destination be[552]*552fore notice of such loss deprived the company of. any advantage or protection, or of full opportunity to investigate the facts. In principle, therefore, nothing in this contract distinguishes it from the one in the Poole case or that of the Cornelius case. The demurrer to the evidence was properly overruled.
Most of the alleged errors in the instructions are disposed of by what has been said with respect to the terms of this contract. The instructions generally seem to have been prepared, carefully and to state the law applicable to the facts with admirable clearness. We find, however, that, possibly owing to the wrong theory upon which plaintiff tried his case, two of the •instructions were erroneous. One authorized the jury to allow as an item of damages the additional freight paid on the shipment of the forty-four head of cattle to Chicago. Plaintiff admitted that no demand had been made that defendant company should forward these cattle to Chicago, under contract or otherwise. When the railway company delivered all the cattle to the commission company at Kansas City its contract was certainly ended so far as concerned the three car-loads consigned to Kansas City, and equally so with reference to the two car-loads consigned to Chicago, unless notified , within a reasonable time of plaintiff’s election' to have them carried by it to Chicago.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Porter, J.:
Three assignments of error are urged: (1) Overruling the demurrer to plaintiff’s evidence; (2) error in instructions; (3) denying the motion for a new trial. The first error, the overruling of the de-. murrer to the evidence, is based wholly upon the contention that the written contracts, which were made parts of the petition, contained certain provisions which under the admitted facts and evidence prevented a recovery by plaintiff. The contracts are what are known as “special live-stock contracts,” and contain the following provision:
“The shipper further expressly agrees that as a condition precedent to his right to recover any damages for any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from carrier’s negligence as aforesaid, including delays, he will give notice in writing to the conductor in charge of the train or the nearest station- or freight-agent of the carrier on whose line the injuries occur before said cars leave that carrier’s line or before the cattle are mingled with other cattle or removed from pens at destination. In his notice he shall state place and nature of the injuries, to the end that they may be fully and fairly investigated, and said shipper shall, within thirty days after the happening of the injuries complained of, 'file with some freight- or station-agent of the carrier on whose line the injuries occurred his claim therefor, giving the amount. Shipper’s failure to comply with the requirements of this section shall absolutely defeat and bar any cause of action for any injuries resulting to said cattle as aforesaid.” .
Another provision is as follows:
“No agent of this company has any authority to waive, modify or amend any of the provisions of this contract, or to agree to ship said cars by any particular train, or to reach any particular market ... on any particular day, which the carrier hereby expressly declines to do.”
[550]*550The second provision quoted may be disposed of in a few words. There was evidence that the delay in transporting the cattle was caused by the negligence of defendant. That the railway company could not by the terms of this provision limit its liability for damages caused by its own negligence is so obvious as not to need the citation of authorities.
It was admitted that no written notice of loss was given under the first provision quoted, and defendant contends that the giving of this notice was a condition precedent to the right to maintain the action. Indeed, this is the main contention here. Aside from a claim of error in certain instructions, which will be consid-. ered hereafter, it is upon this that a reversal is sought. This question has been settled adversely to the contention of defendant, and is no longer an open one. (Railway Co. v. Poole, 73 Kan. 466, 87 Pac. 465; Cornelius v. Railway Co., post.)
The only apparent material difference in the contract in those cases and the one here is that this contains the words “including delays,” so that it reads “for any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from carrier’s negligence as aforesaid, including delays, he will give notice,” etc., and the further difference that in the two cases supra the stipulation for a notice of a claim for damages was for any loss or injury to said stock “during the transportation thereof,” while the one under consideration, instead of the words in italics, reads, “any loss or injury to said cattle resulting from, carrier’s negligence as aforesaid.” It is, however, so apparent from the whole contract that when loss or injury is mentioned reference is had to the physical condition of the cattle as affected by something which might occur during transportation that the absence of the phrase is of no consequence. It is not clear just what is meant by the. words “including delays,” unless they are used in reference to the physical condition of the stock as affected by delays. The purpose cannot be said with reason to be to provide for notice of a’ loss re-[551]*551suiting from a decline in the market, for it would be manifestly unreasonable to require the shipper to give notice of something which might or might not happen, depending upon a variety of circumstances and conditions which he could npt judge of until after his interests might require the removal of the stock from the pens at destination. He might see fit, before the market of the next day, to ship his stock back home or to - some other market and yet not lose his right to maintain an action for any damage resulting from a decline in the market and caused by the company’s negligent delay.
The contract provides that the notice shall state the place and nature of the injuries, “to the end that they, may be fully and fairly investigated.” The reasons for such notice are obvious when applied to injuries received by cattle in transportation, as was held in Sprague v. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co., 34 Kan. 347, 8 Pac. 465, and Goggin v. K. P. Rly. Co., 12 Kan. 416, but are absolutely wanting when applied to a- loss resulting from a decline in the market price. It was said in the Poole case, supra, that “such contracts and the notices required by them must be reasonable. Agreements of this character are viewed with some strictness by the law, and unless the exemption from liability is cleárly expressed it should not be allowed.” (Page 468.)
No possible inconvenience could be suffered by the railway company through failure to receive such notice. It already knew as well as the shipper that the transportation and delivery had been delayed, the exact time of the delay, and that the market for that day was over. Whether thé market the next day would show a rise or decline — a benefit or loss to the shipper —was a matter of pure speculation, upon which the railway company was perhaps as competent to make a guess as the shipper. Suppose the market in fact should decline and the shipper suffer a loss: the railway company could not reasonably claim that the removal of the cattle from the pens at destination be[552]*552fore notice of such loss deprived the company of. any advantage or protection, or of full opportunity to investigate the facts. In principle, therefore, nothing in this contract distinguishes it from the one in the Poole case or that of the Cornelius case. The demurrer to the evidence was properly overruled.
Most of the alleged errors in the instructions are disposed of by what has been said with respect to the terms of this contract. The instructions generally seem to have been prepared, carefully and to state the law applicable to the facts with admirable clearness. We find, however, that, possibly owing to the wrong theory upon which plaintiff tried his case, two of the •instructions were erroneous. One authorized the jury to allow as an item of damages the additional freight paid on the shipment of the forty-four head of cattle to Chicago. Plaintiff admitted that no demand had been made that defendant company should forward these cattle to Chicago, under contract or otherwise. When the railway company delivered all the cattle to the commission company at Kansas City its contract was certainly ended so far as concerned the three car-loads consigned to Kansas City, and equally so with reference to the two car-loads consigned to Chicago, unless notified , within a reasonable time of plaintiff’s election' to have them carried by it to Chicago. It was still liable for any damage resulting from its negligent delay, but its contract for delivery was ended, subject to this liability. Plaintiff, after the cattle had been delivered, and without any notice to the company or demand that it should forward the cattle, saw fit to reship all of them to Chicago over another road. This gave him no right whatever to recover the additional freight paid on the forty-four head of cattle. This error itself would not call for a reversal, because the amount allowed for this item of damages was stipulated between, the parties and only the question whether plaintiff actually paid it was submitted to the jury. The slight [553]*553excess of $12.32 in the judgment could be easily remedied, if that were all.
Another and a more serious error occurred in the instructions. The jury were instructed that the measure of plaintiff’s damages was the loss suffered by the-decline in the Chicago market. Plaintiff admitted that he did not know whether or not he lost more by shipping to Chicago than he would have lost by staying in Kansas City for the next day’s market. He testified as follows:
“Ques. Then, from what we have learned concerning the market in Kansas City the day before [the 28th]-, you could have done better in Kansas City? Ans. Well, that is something I don’t know. I shipped to Chicago to better my condition, on the advice of my commission men.
“Q. You took your chances on getting a better market? A. Certainly; I have took my chances every time I shipped.
“Q. You don’t want the railroad company to take your chances on your getting a better market in Chicago? A. No, of course; but I simply shipped through because I was delayed and was too late for the market in Kansas City and the prospect was it would be still worse the next day, and my commission men advised me to ship on to Chicago that I might strike a better market Friday, the day I would naturally be on the market.”
He might, if his commission company had so advised, have shipped these cattle to Liverpool and with equal propriety have claimed that the measure of his damages was the loss occasioned by a later decline there. The measure of his damages was clearly the loss occasioned by the decline in the market at Kansas City resulting from the negligent delay in arriving there. It is impossible to ascertain from the verdict or the special findings which market price was considered in determining that the loss by the decline amounted to twenty-five cents per hundred. But plaintiff introduced in evidence the returns of the sale at Chicago, and, while evidence was given of a decline at both mar[554]*554kets, the basis necessarily involved in determining the loss was the amount the cattle sold for at the wrong market on the wrong day. The court instructed the jury that if they found plaintiff entitled to recover “he would be entitled to recover the difference between the market value of the. steers at the usual time they were to be delivered in Chicago, 111., and Kansas City, Mo., and the market value of the steers on the day they were actually, sold.” This was error, for which the cause is reversed and remanded for another trial.
All the Justices concurring.