IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2003-IA-01149-SCT
MS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY AND MS CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY
v.
JAMES BAKER, JR., ET AL.
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/07/2003 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JANNIE M. LEWIS COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HUMPHREYS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: WALTER D. WILLSON ROY H. LIDDELL CHARLES E. GRIFFIN ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: CHRISTOPHER WAYNE COFER HARRY MERRITT McCUMBER NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - INSURANCE DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 01/13/2005 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., GRAVES AND RANDOLPH, JJ.
WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. James A. Baker, Jr., joined forty-four other plaintiffs in filing suit in Humphreys
County Circuit Court against Mississippi Life Insurance Company, Mississippi Casualty
Company, and fifty John Does (hereinafter referred to as Mississippi Life). Generally, the
plaintiffs claim that Mississippi Life illegally required credit insurance as part of an offered
loan package and fraudulently inflated the cost of insurance premiums. Mississippi Life moved to sever plaintiffs' claims. The trial court denied the motion as well as Mississippi
Life's subsequent Motion for Interlocutory Appeal. We then granted the Motion for
Interlocutory Appeal. See M.R.A.P. 5.
FACTS
¶2. Over a nine-year period, the forty-five plaintiffs in this action obtained loans from the
Belzoni office of Peoples Financial Services of the Delta. The plaintiffs signed both the loan
agreement and an agreement to purchase credit life, credit disability, and/or credit property
insurance from Mississippi Life Insurance Company or Mississippi Casualty Insurance
Company. With the exception of eight plaintiff-couples, each of the plaintiffs signed the
documents in question separately and independently of their co-plaintiffs.
¶3. The relationship between Mississippi Life and Peoples Financial Services developed
after Mississippi Life executed an agency agreement for Peoples Financial Services to sell
credit insurance when offering loans to customers. In return, Peoples Financial Services
received a commission for each sale of insurance. The record contains the deposition of
James J. Jernigan, a General Agent for Mississippi Life who originally worked for Central
Insurance Services.1 He testified that Mississippi Life provided no formal training for Peoples
Financial Services' employees. He stated that John Mitchell, President of Peoples Financial
Services, provided training for its employees.
1 Central Insurance Services was subsumed into Mississippi Life in 1992.
2 ¶4. In the six plaintiffs' depositions available, very little specific information is provided
about the transactions with Mississippi Life.2 However, four out of the six were consistent in
their testimonies to the extent that they alleged nothing was explained to them about the
transactions. One of the other two plaintiffs was not even aware she was suing Mississippi Life
and could provide almost no details about her experience. The other plaintiff testified that he
was not aware that he had credit disability insurance; and although he was pleased when, by
chance, he discovered he had such insurance, he felt aggrieved that his credit history had been
damaged in the meantime.
¶5. Mississippi Life moved to sever the joined plaintiffs, citing the differences in the
property secured for each loan, the eleven-year period during which the loans were given, the
various combinations of insurance purchased, and the different employees who processed the
loans. In response to Mississippi Life's Motion to Sever, the plaintiffs alleged that: (1) Proof
of a conspiracy between Mississippi Life and Mississippi Casualty was evidenced by the
deposition of James Jernigan of Central Insurance Services who testified that Mississippi Life
paid an override commission of 10% to Central Insurance Services, "which [Central Insurance
Services] has admitted, through its corporate deposition, that it does not perform any of the
services, nor does it assume any of the responsibilities required under" Mississippi law; and
(2) Proof of a profit sharing scheme between Mississippi Life and Peoples was evidenced by
Jernigan's testimony "that the forms and disclosures were provided by [Mississippi] Life and
2 The record also contains a Notice of Depositions of several other plaintiffs by means of video; however, if those videotapes or the transcripts of these depositions exist, they have not been included in the record.
3 [Mississippi] Casualty with no input by Peoples [Financial Services]."3 The trial court denied
Mississippi Life's Motion to Sever, simply stating that upon considering the motion it found
joinder to be "proper under MS Rules [sic] Civil Procedure 20 and [t]he Mississippi Supreme
Court decision of American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida v. Alexander, [818 So.
2d 1073 (Miss. 2001)].
ANALYSIS
¶6. Mississippi Life raises two issues in its appeal. First, whether severance was proper
under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 20(a). And second, whether allowing joinder
in this action will result in a waste of judicial resources and a violation of Mississippi Life's
due process rights. Finding the first issue dispositive, we decline to address the second.
A. Rule 20(a)
¶7. Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 20 gives trial courts broad discretion in
determining when and how to try claims. First Investors Corp. v. Rayner, 738 So. 2d 228, 238
(Miss. 1999). Therefore, we review trial court decisions regarding venue and joinder for abuse
of discretion. Janssen Pharmaceutica Group, Inc. v. Bailey, 878 So. 2d 31, 45 (Miss. 2004);
Janssen Pharmaceutica Group, Inc. v. Armond, 866 So. 2d 1092, 1095 (Miss. 2004). We
also note that "a trial court . . . abuses its discretion by joining parties in cases failing to satisfy
the two requirements of Rule 20." Armond, 866 So. 2d at 1097. Like federal courts, we
3 Further generalized allegations in the plaintiffs’ Response to the Motion to Sever included, but were not limited to the following: Mississippi Life misrepresented the credit insurance as being a necessary part of the loan package "with all or some [of] these insurance products being misrepresented by the agents as a necessary prerequisite for the extension of credit and receipt of a loan; and " Mississippi Life "failed to properly refund unearned insurance premiums pursuant to the 'Certificates of Insurance' issued to the [p]laintiffs."
4 review cases involving a question of the propriety of Rule 20(a) joinder on a case-by-case
basis. See Mosley v. General Motors Corp., 497 F.2d 1330, 1333 (8th Cir. 1974).
¶8. Under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a), joinder is only proper if both (1) the
different plaintiffs' causes of action arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series
of transactions or occurrences; and (2) some question of law or fact common to all the
plaintiffs will arise in the action. Bailey, 878 So. 2d at 46 (citing Miss. R. Civ. P. 20(a)
(2004)). The purpose of Rule 20(a) is to establish a "procedure under which several parties'
demands arising out of the same litigable event may be tried together, thereby avoiding the
unnecessary loss of time and money to the court and the parties that the duplicate presentation
of the evidence relating to facts common to more than one demand for relief would entail."
Miss. R. Civ. P. 20(a) cmt. (2004).
¶9. We recently amended the comment to Rule 20(a) significantly, clarifying that before
an alleged "transaction or occurrence" will pass muster under Rule 20(a), the court must find
a "distinct litigable event linking the parties." Bailey, 878 So. 2d at 46 (citing Miss. R. Civ. P.
20(a) cmt. (as amended 2004)). The amendment to the rule resulted in the deletion of some
of the language of the comment, including the statement that the "general philosophy of the
joinder provisions of these rules is to allow virtually unlimited joinder at the pleading stage[.]"
Miss. R. Civ. P. 20(a) cmt. (prior to 2004 amendment). Our language requiring that joined
plaintiffs demonstrate the existence of a "distinct litigable event" semantically distinguishes
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a) from the requirement under Federal Rule 20(a) that
the claims between the different plaintiffs be "logically related." See Mosley, 497 F.2d at
1333; Jamison v. Purdue Pharma Co., 251 F. Supp. 2d 1315, 1322 (S.D. Miss. 2003); Hanley
5 v. First Investors Corp., 151 F.R.D. 76, 78-79 (E.D. Tex. 1993); see also 6 Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1410 (2d ed.
1990).
B. Recent Cases Interpreting Pre-amendment Rule 20(a)
¶10. In American Bankers Insurance Co. v. Alexander, 818 So. 2d 1073, 1075 (Miss.
2001), overruled on other grounds, Capital City Insurance Co. v. G.B. "Boots" Smith Corp.,
2004 WL 2403939, *11 (Miss. 2004), we dealt with a case of approximately 1371 borrower-
plaintiffs who sued a lender, arguing that the lender had used an intricate kickback scheme to
force-place the plaintiffs into a collateral protection insurance policy without their permission
and without regard for their individual need of insurance. Citing, for the first time in a
Mississippi case, the now-stricken language of Rule 20(a) indicating that we "allow virtually
unlimited joinder at the pleading stage," the majority held that allowing joinder for the 1371
plaintiffs was not an abuse of discretion. Id. at 1075-79. The Court reasoned that joinder was
appropriate since all of the plaintiffs' claims arose "out of the same pattern of conduct, the
same type of insurance, and involv[ed] interpretation of the same master policy." Id.
¶11. We only decided two cases after American Bankers in which we substantively
addressed the application of Rule 20(a) prior to the amendment to the rule. First, in Prestage
Farms, Inc. v. Norman, 813 So. 2d 732, 734-35 (Miss. 2002), we dealt with a case in which
all of the joined plaintiffs sued a corporation after its contract with local pig farmers allegedly
resulted in a nuisance to those living nearby. Finding the issues presented in Norman to be
analogous to American Bankers, we held joinder of the plaintiffs to be proper. Id. at 736.
6 Next, in Illinois Central R.R. v. Travis, 808 So. 2d 928, 935-36 (Miss. 2002), overruled on
other grounds, Capital City Insurance Co. v. G.B. "Boots" Smith Corp., 2004 WL 2403939,
*11 (Miss. 2004), we dealt with a case in which the plaintiffs' claims stemmed from a
company policy of not warning or protecting its workers from the hazards of asbestos
exposure and from the company's alleged breach of its duty to provide a reasonably safe place
to work. Finding that the causes of action arose out of the same transaction or occurrence and
that they also involved common questions of law or fact, we held joinder to be proper. Id. at
935-36.4
¶12. However, our jurisprudence took on a decidedly more temperate approach to the issue
of joinder when we handed down Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. v. Armond, 866 So. 2d 1092
(Miss. 2004), the same month the amendment to Rule 20(a) was announced.5 Armond dealt
with a case of fifty-six plaintiffs who brought claims against their doctors and the manufacturer
of the drug Propulsid. Id. at 1095. Even under the now-stricken "virtually unlimited" language
of Rule 20(a), we found that joinder was improper in light of the fact that the claimants had
different medical histories; alleg[ed] different injuries at different times; ingested different amounts of Propulsid over different periods of time; received different advice from [forty-two] different doctors who, in turn, received different information about the risks associated with the medication via six different warning labels utilized during the time covered by this lawsuit, and who each had his or her own reasons to prescribe Propulsid for the patients.
4 We note that Norman and Travis are the only two Mississippi cases other than American Bankers which have used, among other authority, the now-stricken "virtually unlimited" language of Rule 20(a) as a justification for allowing joinder. 5 Because the amendment to Rule 20(a) went into effect the day after we handed down Armond, the case was decided under the previous version of the rule.
7 Id. at 1096. Although the pre-amendment holding appeared to abrogate the American Bankers
decision, we distinguished the facts and holdings of the two cases, rather than altogether
overruling precedent. We stated that the distinguishing factor in the two decisions was that in
American Bankers, "[t]here was no decision to be made on a case-by-case basis, and there was
nothing unique or individual about the defendants' treatment of any of the plaintiffs." Id. at
1097; see also Bailey, 878 So. 2d at 46-47 (dictum) (discussing lack of uniqueness of
American Bankers plaintiffs in comparison to Propulsid plaintiffs of Armond and Bailey).
C. Same Transaction or Occurrence Requirement
¶13. Almost all post-Armond cases discussing Rule 20(a) to any degree have dealt with
analogous fact scenarios to Armond and reaffirmed its holding. See Purdue Pharma, L.P. v.
Estate of Heffner, 2004 WL 2249488 (Miss. 2004); Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. v.
Jackson, 883 So. 2d 91 (Miss. 2004); Culbert v. Johnson & Johnson, 883 So. 2d 550 (Miss.
2004); Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. v. Keys, 879 So. 2d 446 (Miss. 2004); Janssen
Pharmaceutica, Inc. v. Scott, 876 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 2004); Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. v.
Grant, 873 So. 2d 100 (Miss. 2004); Bailey, 878 So. 2d at 46-49. This case presents us with
another post-amendment opportunity to clarify our joinder jurisprudence in a different context
in which claims of mass fraud and misrepresentation arise.
¶14. In both Armond and Bailey, we discussed the case of Insolia v. Philip Morris, Inc., 186
F.R.D. 547 (W.D. Wis. 1999).6 Insolia dealt with a case of three former smokers and their
6 Although the Insolia court stated that "[u]nder Rule 20, joinder of claims, parties and remedies is strongly encouraged," Insolia, 186 F.R.D. at 548, we note that Insolia is indeed a federal case, and "the federal rule interpretation must be considered in light of the class
8 spouses who alleged they were subject to an industry-wide conspiracy to mislead consumers
regarding the negative effects of smoking. Id. at 548. In discussing the general consensus
which has emerged from federal courts dealing with Rule 20(a) in the context of securities
fraud lawsuits, the court rightly noted that the rule "demands more than the bare allegation that
all plaintiffs are victims of a fraudulent scheme perpetrated by one or more defendants[.]" Id.
at 549. The court added that "there must be some indication that each plaintiff has been
induced to act by the same misrepresentation." Id. (citing Nor-Tex Agencies, Inc. v. Jones,
482 F.2d 1093, 1100 (5th Cir. 1973); McLernon v. Source Int'l, Inc., 701 F. Supp. 1422 (E.D.
Wis. 1988); Papagiannis v. Pontikis, 108 F.R.D. 177, 179 (N.D. Ill. 1985)).
¶15. Jones dealt with a securities fraud claim against a defendant who made a series of false
statements in regard to the viability of oil production on certain pieces of land. Jones, 482
F.2d at 1095-96. The defendant, Jones, originally made the statements to Riley, an individual
investor; but upon relying on the same statements, Riley opted, as president of Nor-Tex, to
invest corporate funds in the project. Id. Nor-Tex sued Jones, alleging securities fraud and
subsequently joined Riley as plaintiff. Id. at 1099. The Fifth Circuit found joinder of the two
plaintiffs appropriate since both Nor-Tex’s and Riley’s claims “were based on a series of false
statements made by Jones . . . [and] the facts concerning Nor-Tex were inextricably woven
together with the facts concerning . . . Riley.” Id. at 1100.
action mechanism available though [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23], which has no counterpart in the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure." American Bankers, 818 So. 2d at 1088 (Waller, J., dissenting). This is particularly true in light of the recent amendment to Rule 20.
9 ¶16. The trial court in McLernon dealt with a case similar to the one before us today. In that
case, over three hundred plaintiffs alleged that they had been fraudulently induced into buying
unregistered securities. McLernon, 701 F. Supp at 1424. In ruling that the plaintiffs were
improperly joined under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a), the court observed
It is vaguely suggested that all plaintiffs relied upon certain misrepresentations and omissions in newspaper advertisements, brochures, television appearances and personal correspondence. But it is not clear that these misrepresentations are part of all plaintiffs' claims. Indeed, other portions of the amended complaint indicate that some plaintiffs' claims arise out of oral misrepresentations not made to other plaintiffs.
Id. In spite of the plaintiffs' initial failure to properly join, the district court allowed the
plaintiffs to amend their complaint in the interest of judicial economy. Id. at 1426.
¶17. Both Jones and McLernon provide valuable sources of persuasive authority in the case
at hand. Though the forty-five plaintiffs in this case have lodged multifarious complaints of
deception by Mississippi Life in their pleadings, motions, and briefs, they have failed to
present any evidence which specifically identifies any common misrepresentation to all
plaintiffs by Mississippi Life, either written or oral. At best, four of the plaintiffs consistently
testify, without identifying any deception on the part of Mississippi Life, that Mississippi Life
explained nothing to them when it convinced them to purchase the insurance policies. Beyond
that, the record reveals nothing more than bare allegations devoid of any evidence that each
plaintiff has been induced to act by a common misrepresentation.
¶18. Unlike Jones, no plaintiff has alleged fraudulent statements which are “inextricably
woven together with the facts concerning” a statement made to any other plaintiff. Instead,
10 more like the plaintiffs in McLernon, these plaintiffs have “vaguely suggested that all plaintiffs
relied upon certain misrepresentations and omissions” on the part of Mississippi Life.
¶19. We quote the language of McLernon to provide future courts and plaintiffs with
specific guidance as to the evidentiary burden of proof borne by joined plaintiffs who wish to
meet the demands of Rule 20(a) in regard to their allegations of fraud or misrepresentation:
In order to satisfy Rule 20(a), [plaintiffs] must allege that their claims arise from one or more uniform misrepresentations. To do so, they must specifically identify which representations and/or omissions, if any, were made to all plaintiffs. If the representation was written, the writing in which the representation appeared and the date of publication must be set forth. That plaintiffs' claims may be premised on oral misrepresentations does not preclude joinder, provided plaintiffs allege that the substance of the oral representations was standardized . . . Those plaintiffs whose claims arise out of representations not made to other plaintiffs must be specifically identified and will be subject to severance.
Id. at 1425-26 (emphasis in original).
¶20. Because the plaintiffs in the case at hand have exclusively relied upon general
allegations as the basis for their claim of joinder under Rule 20(a), rather than supplementing
their allegations with substantive evidence, they consequently do not meet the prerequisite that
the claims be based upon the "same transaction or occurrence."7 Neither has Mississippi Life
presented sufficient evidence to show that the plaintiffs have not met the “same transaction and
occurrence” requirement of Rule 20. Instead, Mississippi Life merely relies on the
7 This holding also applies to the couple-plaintiffs in this action. Nowhere in the record does any one couple allege an action arising out of the same misrepresentation, and we will not imply one absent evidence on the record that such a misrepresentation was made to one or more plaintiffs. We also note that since plaintiffs’ claims must meet both prongs of the test in order to establish a joinable claim under Rule 20(a), their failure to satisfy the first prong is dispositive of the case.
11 multiplicity of loan transactions, the time span during which the loans were made, and the
different employees with whom each plaintiff dealt as a basis for arguing that the causes of
action do not arise from the same transaction or occurrence.8
¶21. Since the plaintiffs did not satisfy the first prong of Rule 20(a), they consequently did
not present a joinable claim under the rule. See Miss. R. Civ. P. 20(a) cmt. (2004) (“Both of
these requirements must be satisfied in order to sustain party joinder under Rule 20(a)”). We
reverse the trial court’s decision denying Mississippi Life’s Motion to Sever and remand to
the trial court for the purpose of requiring that both the plaintiffs and Mississippi Life present
substantive evidence demonstrating the propriety or impropriety of joinder. We further add
that trial courts, in deciding whether to grant a motion to sever, must specifically state on the
record the reasons for granting or denying the motion under Rule 20(a).
CONCLUSION
¶22. We find that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on Mississippi Life's Motion
to Sever with such scant proof offered for, or in opposition to, joinder. We reverse the trial
court’s decision denying Mississippi Life’s Motion to Sever and remand to the trial court to
require both the plaintiffs and Mississippi Life to present substantive evidence demonstrating
that propriety or impropriety of joinder, and then to rule on the motion.
¶23. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
8 Though Mississippi Life may argue that the plaintiffs’ dealings with separate loan officers serves as sufficient evidence for severance, analogous to the doctors in Armond, nothing in the record supports this contention. The only evidence even hinting that different employees handled the various loans are the loan documents which contain the signatures of different employees. We will not take this sparse evidence and automatically presume this means the facts of the transactions or occurrences on which each plaintiff’s claim are based are so distinctive as to warrant severance.
12 SMITH, C.J., COBB, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.