The Opinion of the Court was delivered by
Caton, J.
The subject of implied warranties on the sale of chattels has perplexed the Common Law Courts for a long time, and has been a source of many apparently contradictory decisions. The universal doctrine of the Civil Law is, that there is an implied warranty of the vendor, that the article sold is what it appears to be, and is sold for sound and of a merchantable quality;—in other words, the seller takes the risk of all defects which are not disclosed at the time of the sale.
In the case of Stuart v. Wilkins, Douglas, 20, Lord Mansfield held that the vendor of a horse was not responsible for any defects, unless he was guilty of a fraud or had made an express warranty. Before that time it is said by Grose, J., in Parkinson v. Lee, 2 East, 314, it was a current opinion, that a sound price given for á horse was tantamount to a warranty of soundness. The rule laid down by Lord Mansfield in 1778, has since been followed with great uniformity, not only by the Courts in England, but in most of the United States, where the Common Law prevails, although it appears occasionally to have been departed from in the case of a sale of slaves; and, in South Carolina, was applied for a time to sales of other property.
It may now safely be asserted as the well established rule of the Common Law, that the purchaser takes the property at his own risk, unless he exacts a special warranty, where there has been no fraud on the part of the seller. 2 Black. Com. 451; Seixis v. Woods, 2 Caines, 48; Swett v. Colgate, 1 Wend. 185; Conner v. Henderson, 15 Mass. 319; Hart v. Wright, 17 Wend. 267; Holden v. Dakin, 4 Johns. 421; Davis v. Meeker, 5 do. 354; Cunningham v. Speer, 13 do. 392; Thompson v. Ashton, 14 do. 316; Hoyt v. Boyle, 5 Gill & Johns. 110.
To these decisions many might be added from different States, but it is unnecessary. The law seems to be so well settled that we do not feel ourselves at liberty to inquire whether the rule of the Civil Law, or of the Common Law is the best adapted to promote the ends of justice and the good order of society. It is probably more important that the rule which is to govern!, should be definitely settled, and well known, than that either particular one should be adopted.
Like most other general rules, this has its exceptions, which appear to be pretty well settled, and are sustained by good reason.
The Common Law has always held, that there is an implied warranty on the part of the vendor that he is conveying a good title to the vendee in the sale of personal property. Where a quantity is sold by sample, the law implies a warranty that the bulk is of as good a quality as the sample. Sands & Camp v. Taylor, 5 Johns. 395; Andrew v. Kneelan, 6 Cowen, 354; Bradford v. Manly, 13 Mass. 139; Gallagher v. Waring, 9 Wend. 20; Oneida Manufacturing Society v. Lawrence, 4 Cowen, 440.
So, also, in the case of executory contracts for the sale of personal property, the law implies as a part of the contract, in the absence of any express stipulation to that effect, that the property shall be of a fair merchantable quality and condition, (Long v.Fidgeon, 1 Eng. Com. L. R. 327,) and it seems to be the same'where the purchase is made without sample, or an opportunity of inspection, although, if there is no specific agreement as tó the quality, no warranty is implied as to the fineness or particular degree of quality of the article sold. Gallagher v. Waring, 9 Wend. 28. In such cases it would seem manifestly unjust to say caveat emptor, when the purchaser has no opportunity of looking out for himself. If there is no fraud, and he takes the article on inspection, or with an opportunity to inspect it, he ought not to complain. In speaking of the general rule on the subject of warranties in the sale of chattels, Mr. Justice Cowen, in the case of’ Hart v. Wright, 17 Wend. 272, after stating the general rule of caveat emptor, says: “There are certainly exceptions but they depend on peculiar circumstances. One is the sale of provisions to be used as food for mankind. This rests on a regard to the public health, ( Von Brocklin v. Fonda, 12 Johns. 468,) and I am not aware of any other case in this State, wherein a warranty of quality is engrafted on a sound price alone.” I am aware that Mr. Senator Tracy, in the review of this very case, in 18 Wend,» 458, in the Court of Errors, has opposed with all the force of his luminous mind this proposition, but he produces but two authoities against it, (Dyer, 75, and Emerson v. Brighton, 10 Mass. 197,) and finds himself under the necessity of joining Lord Redesdale in discrediting Blackstone, as authority generally, who has laid down the same principle. 3 Black. Com. 166. Notwithstanding the apprehensions which Mr. Tracy entertained from the progressive principle of the present age, we think the exception is founded in reason, supported by authority and required by considerations of public policy.
Again, generally, where a manufacturer sells his goods or wares, and nothing is said about, the quality, he is held to warrant them to be of a fair ordinary quality, according to their appearance; as, if a manufacturer sell an axe and upon trial, it prove to be so hard as to be unfit for use, there the vendor is responsible for the defect. To this there may be qualifications, as where the article is of such a character that ordinary skill cannot ordinarily produce a good article, but success depends in a great manner upon chance.
Sometimes, also, the law will imply a warranty even of an extraordinary quality in the article sold, as where an article is furnished for a given, specific purpose, and not for the ordinary and general use to which such articles are applied.
In Jones v. Bright, 15 Eng. Com. Law R. 529, the bargain was this: A third person, who introduced the plaintiff to the defendants, said: “Mr. Jones is in want of copper for sheathing a vessel;” and one of the defendants answered: “We will supply him well.” The Court says: “As there was no subsequent communication, that constituted a contract, and amounted to a warranty.” And the Court in that case lays down this rule: “If a man sells generally, he undertakes that the article sold, is fit for some purpose; if he sells it for a particular purpose, he undertakes that it is fit for that particular purpose.” In this case, the defendants were the manufacturers of the copper, which was selected by the plaintiff’s shipwright. The declaration averred a warranty of the copper which proved to he defective, and the plaintiff recovered.
In Brown v. Eglington, 40 Eng. Com. Law R. 371, the plaintiff had applied to the defendant for a crane rope to raise pipes of wine. The defendant sent his foreman to examine the crane, and take an admeasurement for the rope, and then procured one Dunn to manufacture it, which proving defective, the plaintiff was allowed to recover on the ground of an implied warranty. In this case, the Court say that the defendant should be considered the manufacturer of the rope, although he employed another to make it. In Gray v. Cox, 10 Eng. Com. Law R. 283, the defendants were copper merchants, not manufacturers, and the Court was divided in opinion whether the law would imply a warranty from a sound price. The circumstances of this case were in all respects like those in the case of Jones v. Bright, except that the vendors were not the manufacturers of the copper.
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The Opinion of the Court was delivered by
Caton, J.
The subject of implied warranties on the sale of chattels has perplexed the Common Law Courts for a long time, and has been a source of many apparently contradictory decisions. The universal doctrine of the Civil Law is, that there is an implied warranty of the vendor, that the article sold is what it appears to be, and is sold for sound and of a merchantable quality;—in other words, the seller takes the risk of all defects which are not disclosed at the time of the sale.
In the case of Stuart v. Wilkins, Douglas, 20, Lord Mansfield held that the vendor of a horse was not responsible for any defects, unless he was guilty of a fraud or had made an express warranty. Before that time it is said by Grose, J., in Parkinson v. Lee, 2 East, 314, it was a current opinion, that a sound price given for á horse was tantamount to a warranty of soundness. The rule laid down by Lord Mansfield in 1778, has since been followed with great uniformity, not only by the Courts in England, but in most of the United States, where the Common Law prevails, although it appears occasionally to have been departed from in the case of a sale of slaves; and, in South Carolina, was applied for a time to sales of other property.
It may now safely be asserted as the well established rule of the Common Law, that the purchaser takes the property at his own risk, unless he exacts a special warranty, where there has been no fraud on the part of the seller. 2 Black. Com. 451; Seixis v. Woods, 2 Caines, 48; Swett v. Colgate, 1 Wend. 185; Conner v. Henderson, 15 Mass. 319; Hart v. Wright, 17 Wend. 267; Holden v. Dakin, 4 Johns. 421; Davis v. Meeker, 5 do. 354; Cunningham v. Speer, 13 do. 392; Thompson v. Ashton, 14 do. 316; Hoyt v. Boyle, 5 Gill & Johns. 110.
To these decisions many might be added from different States, but it is unnecessary. The law seems to be so well settled that we do not feel ourselves at liberty to inquire whether the rule of the Civil Law, or of the Common Law is the best adapted to promote the ends of justice and the good order of society. It is probably more important that the rule which is to govern!, should be definitely settled, and well known, than that either particular one should be adopted.
Like most other general rules, this has its exceptions, which appear to be pretty well settled, and are sustained by good reason.
The Common Law has always held, that there is an implied warranty on the part of the vendor that he is conveying a good title to the vendee in the sale of personal property. Where a quantity is sold by sample, the law implies a warranty that the bulk is of as good a quality as the sample. Sands & Camp v. Taylor, 5 Johns. 395; Andrew v. Kneelan, 6 Cowen, 354; Bradford v. Manly, 13 Mass. 139; Gallagher v. Waring, 9 Wend. 20; Oneida Manufacturing Society v. Lawrence, 4 Cowen, 440.
So, also, in the case of executory contracts for the sale of personal property, the law implies as a part of the contract, in the absence of any express stipulation to that effect, that the property shall be of a fair merchantable quality and condition, (Long v.Fidgeon, 1 Eng. Com. L. R. 327,) and it seems to be the same'where the purchase is made without sample, or an opportunity of inspection, although, if there is no specific agreement as tó the quality, no warranty is implied as to the fineness or particular degree of quality of the article sold. Gallagher v. Waring, 9 Wend. 28. In such cases it would seem manifestly unjust to say caveat emptor, when the purchaser has no opportunity of looking out for himself. If there is no fraud, and he takes the article on inspection, or with an opportunity to inspect it, he ought not to complain. In speaking of the general rule on the subject of warranties in the sale of chattels, Mr. Justice Cowen, in the case of’ Hart v. Wright, 17 Wend. 272, after stating the general rule of caveat emptor, says: “There are certainly exceptions but they depend on peculiar circumstances. One is the sale of provisions to be used as food for mankind. This rests on a regard to the public health, ( Von Brocklin v. Fonda, 12 Johns. 468,) and I am not aware of any other case in this State, wherein a warranty of quality is engrafted on a sound price alone.” I am aware that Mr. Senator Tracy, in the review of this very case, in 18 Wend,» 458, in the Court of Errors, has opposed with all the force of his luminous mind this proposition, but he produces but two authoities against it, (Dyer, 75, and Emerson v. Brighton, 10 Mass. 197,) and finds himself under the necessity of joining Lord Redesdale in discrediting Blackstone, as authority generally, who has laid down the same principle. 3 Black. Com. 166. Notwithstanding the apprehensions which Mr. Tracy entertained from the progressive principle of the present age, we think the exception is founded in reason, supported by authority and required by considerations of public policy.
Again, generally, where a manufacturer sells his goods or wares, and nothing is said about, the quality, he is held to warrant them to be of a fair ordinary quality, according to their appearance; as, if a manufacturer sell an axe and upon trial, it prove to be so hard as to be unfit for use, there the vendor is responsible for the defect. To this there may be qualifications, as where the article is of such a character that ordinary skill cannot ordinarily produce a good article, but success depends in a great manner upon chance.
Sometimes, also, the law will imply a warranty even of an extraordinary quality in the article sold, as where an article is furnished for a given, specific purpose, and not for the ordinary and general use to which such articles are applied.
In Jones v. Bright, 15 Eng. Com. Law R. 529, the bargain was this: A third person, who introduced the plaintiff to the defendants, said: “Mr. Jones is in want of copper for sheathing a vessel;” and one of the defendants answered: “We will supply him well.” The Court says: “As there was no subsequent communication, that constituted a contract, and amounted to a warranty.” And the Court in that case lays down this rule: “If a man sells generally, he undertakes that the article sold, is fit for some purpose; if he sells it for a particular purpose, he undertakes that it is fit for that particular purpose.” In this case, the defendants were the manufacturers of the copper, which was selected by the plaintiff’s shipwright. The declaration averred a warranty of the copper which proved to he defective, and the plaintiff recovered.
In Brown v. Eglington, 40 Eng. Com. Law R. 371, the plaintiff had applied to the defendant for a crane rope to raise pipes of wine. The defendant sent his foreman to examine the crane, and take an admeasurement for the rope, and then procured one Dunn to manufacture it, which proving defective, the plaintiff was allowed to recover on the ground of an implied warranty. In this case, the Court say that the defendant should be considered the manufacturer of the rope, although he employed another to make it. In Gray v. Cox, 10 Eng. Com. Law R. 283, the defendants were copper merchants, not manufacturers, and the Court was divided in opinion whether the law would imply a warranty from a sound price. The circumstances of this case were in all respects like those in the case of Jones v. Bright, except that the vendors were not the manufacturers of the copper.
I remember a case, which is not now before me, where the plaintiff applied to the defendant, who was a shipwright, to purchase a vessel for the purpose of transporting a particular kind of goods which required an unusually tight vessel, and the defendant sold him a barge, which was then nearly finished laying at his wharf, for that particular trade. I think the defendant had previously furnished the plaintiff with vessels for the same trade. On the first voyage the barge leaked so much as to damage the cargo, and the defendant was made to answer in damages on an implied warranty, that the vessel was fit for that particular trade. There the defendant was the builder of the barge.
To apply these principles to these pleas. They aver that the note, for which the suit is brought, was given for the balance of the price of a threshing machine, bought by D. Misner of the appellee, of which the following is the agreement or note of the sale:
<£ Chicago, July 12, 1843.
Mr. De Marquis Misner bought of E. Granger one threshing machine, at one hundred and eighty dollars, for which he has paid forty four $44. The remaining $136 he is to give his and his brother Fletcher Misner’s note. The said note is to be delivered at the time of the delivery of the machine, say about the 22d inst. The machine is to be in readiness for use at that time.
(signed) Elihu Granger.”
One of the pleas avers that Granger was a machinist, and carrying on said business in Chicago; and the second and third special pleas aver that he was a machinist and carrying on a foundry in Chicago. They all aver that the machine was received and the note given before it was tested, and that, upon trial, it would not answer the purpose for which it was intended and purchased. Some of the pleas set out particularly the parts that failed. One of the pleas concludes with a failure of the consideration of the note, and the others set out special damages and offer to set them off, &.c.
A special demurrer was filed to these pleas assigning, 1st, no averment of express or implied warranty or fraud; 2d, no proper breach; 3d, It is not averred that Granger manufactured the machine, and the pleas are argumentative.
The demurrer was sustained to these three pleas, which presents the only question that we think it necessary to examine.
It is insisted that these pleas show an implied warranty of this threshing machine by Granger, 1st, because it is a manufactured article; 2d, because Granger was the manufacturer of the machine; and 3d, that it was furnished for a particular, special purpose.
The first proposition is true in fact, but I find no satisfactory authority showing that the conclusion drawn from it is law. In order to make out the implied xyarranty, it requires also that the second of the above propositions, that is, that Granger was the manufacturer of the machine, should be shown. This neither of the pleas avers. One of the pleas says that he was a “machinist and carried on said business in Chicago.” This is far from being an averment that his business was making threshing machines, or that he made this machine. The truth probably is, that there are but very few machinists who make threshing machines. In order to make out Granger a manufacturer of threshing machines, we should have to reverse the rule of presumptions and intendments and raise them in favor instead of against the pleading. The same maybe said of the other two pleas in this respect. They are alike, and say, “the said plaintiff being a machinist and carrying on a foundry in Chicago.” We understand that there is only a portion of a threshing machine that is cast at a foundry.
Admitting that the general vendor, who is not the manufacturer of an article which he sells for a particular purpose, impliedly warrants it to answer that purpose—which we are not now prepared to say is the law—these pleas do not show such a case. They do not show that this machine was sold for any other purpose than that to which threshing machines are ordinarily and generally applied. It is not like the case of the rope which was sold for the express purpose of raising pipes of wine; or of the vessel which was sold for the purpose of transporting a particular kind of goods, where warranties were implied that they were fit for those particular uses.
For aught that appears from these pleas, Granger was a mere dealer in and not a manufacturer of the article; entirely ignorant of the defects complained of, and that it was received by Misner after an inspection of it, when he had as good a chance to judge of its quality as Granger had. In such case the Common Law says, “look out for youself.”
But these pleas are defective in form. Instead of pleading the evidence in the case from which the party supposed the law would imply a warranty, he should have averred the warranty at once, or at least that the party undertook and promised that the article was of the given quality, and not have contented himself with setting forth the evidence by which he intended to prove the warranty. Mr. Gould, in his work on Pleading, page 59, § 19, says: “There is indeed no such thing as an implied promise in pleading; or rather, the fact of its being implied appears only in evidence, and never upon the record.” Were it otherwise, pleadings would soon become as voluminous as depositions. As well might a plaintiff declare on an account for goods sold, See. and omit the averment of a promise to pay by the defendant. Ordinarily that is hut an implied promise, and yet it would hardly be contended that a declaration would be good without averring a promise to pay. In all of the cases of implied warranty which I have examined, the pleadings show directly, either that the party warranted, or that he undertook and promised that the article was of the particular quality.
The demurrer was properly sustained, and the judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed with costs.
Judgment affirmed.