IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
MINNIE THOMAS and LAWRENCE WILLIAMS, No. 81718-3-I
Appellants, DIVISION ONE
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REDMOND POLICE DEPARTMENT,
Respondent.
MANN, C.J. — Minnie Thomas and Lawrence Williams appeal the dismissal of
their personal injury action against Redmond Police Department (RPD), as well as the
trial court’s order striking their motion for a default judgment and denying the motion on
its merits. Because Thomas and Williams fail to demonstrate error, we affirm.
FACTS
On November 1, 2019, Minnie Thomas and Lawrence Williams filed a pro se
complaint against RPD. Thomas and Williams alleged that on November 4, 2016, a
team of police officers violated their civil rights during an “unwarranted welfare
check/illegal raid” at their residence in Redmond. They also brought claims against
RPD for invasion of privacy, conspiracy, assault, “unlawful commitment,” “false report
and entrapment,” intentional infliction of emotional distress, “defamation of
Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material. No. 81718-3-I/2
character/slander/libel,” and “retaliation, property damage, aid and abetting.” The
complaint sought $3,000,000 in damages.
On January 30, 2020, the King County Sheriff’s Department filed a non-service
notice indicating that its attempt to serve the summons and complaint was
unsuccessful. Specifically, the notice stated that “Janet Masud, Legislative Records
Manager, declined to accept on behalf of Redmond Police Department.” Around the
same time, an unidentified individual delivered a copy of the summons and complaint to
RPD’s office.
On February 21, 2020, counsel for RPD entered a notice of appearance on
behalf of RPD and mailed a copy to Thomas and Williams in accordance with CR
4(a)(3). However, due a typographical error in the address, Thomas and Williams
apparently did not receive it.
On March 19, 2020, Thomas and Williams filed a motion for order of default
judgment directly into the court file without separately filing a notice of court date as
required by KCLCR 7(b)(5)(A). Thomas and Williams asserted that they were entitled to
a default judgment because RPD failed to appear within 20 days after service.
Thomas and Williams acknowledged that they did not serve RPD with a copy of the
motion on the ground that they did not know the name or address of RPD’s counsel.
On April 10, 2020, counsel for RPD discovered the typographical error in Thomas
and Williams’ address. Counsel mailed a copy of the notice of appearance to the
correct address the following day.
On April 24, 2020, RPD filed a motion to strike Thomas and Williams’ motion for
a default judgment. RPD argued that the motion should be stricken because Thomas
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and Williams failed to separately file a notice of hearing as required by KCLCR 7 and
failed to provide notice to RPD five days prior to the hearing date as required by CR
55(a)(3). On the same day, RPD also filed a motion to dismiss Thomas and Williams’
complaint in accordance with CR 12(b)(2) and CR 12(b)(5). RPD argued that dismissal
with prejudice was warranted because Thomas and Williams failed to achieve service of
process before the statute of limitations expired for all claims asserted in the complaint.
RPD requested that the motion to strike be heard on May 8 and the motion to dismiss
be heard on May 26.
Thomas and Williams sent several letters to the trial court and the bailiff, but did
not timely file a response to RPD’s motion to strike. After RPD filed its reply, Thomas
and Williams filed three untimely documents, including a joint declaration, a motion to
dismiss RPD’s motion to strike, and a “second reply” to RPD’s motion to strike.
On May 8, 2020, the trial court struck and denied Thomas and Williams’ motion
for a default judgment. The court ruled that the motion was procedurally defective
because the plaintiffs failed to provide the required notice to the court or defendants.
The court further ruled that the motion failed on its merits because the plaintiffs did not
provide proof of proper service and because they submitted no competent evidence in
support of the proposed judgment. The court also noted that on March 27, 2020, the
presiding judge of the King County Superior Court issued Emergency Order No. 15,
indicating that no default motion would be considered during the period set forth in the
order, and that the order was reaffirmed in Emergency Order No. 17, which extended
the period until June 5, 2020. Accordingly, the court stated that it would not consider
any renewed default motion unless brought after the Emergency Order is lifted. Lastly,
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the court denied Thomas and Williams’ motion to dismiss RPD’s motion to strike
because it was untimely and lacked merit.
Meanwhile, Thomas and Williams failed to file a response to RPD’s motion to
dismiss. Instead, on May 15, 2020, they filed a motion for a month-long continuance of
the hearing date on the motion. RPD opposed the motion, arguing that it was untimely
and failed to offer any valid reason for a continuance. On May 20, 2020, Thomas and
Williams filed a motion seeking to have the trial court lift Emergency Order No. 15 on
the ground that it prevented them from filing a motion for reconsideration regarding the
order striking and dismissing their motion for default. On May 21, 2020, RPD filed a
reply in support of its motion to dismiss, noting that its motion was unopposed and that
dismissal was proper for lack of proof of service.
On May 26, 2020, the trial court denied Thomas and Williams’ untimely motion to
continue and struck without prejudice their motion to lift Emergency Order No. 15. On
May 27, 2020, the court granted RPD’s motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice
on the ground that Thomas and Williams failed to properly serve RPD before the
statutes of limitation expired on their claims.
On June 5, 2020, Thomas and Williams moved for an emergency order
extending the time to file a motion for reconsideration of the trial court’s order striking
and denying their motion for a default judgment. RPD opposed the motion. The court
denied the motion and also ruled that, to the extent Thomas and Williams sought
reconsideration, such relief was denied.
Thomas and Williams appeal.
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ANALYSIS
We hold pro se litigants to the same rules of procedure and substantive law as
an attorney. In re Marriage of Olson, 69 Wn. App. 621, 626, 850 P.2d 527 (1993). With
this in mind, we proceed to analyze the issues presented in this case.
A. Motion to Dismiss
Thomas and Williams argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their complaint
with prejudice. RPD contends that dismissal was proper because Thomas and Williams
failed to serve RPD before the statutes of limitation expired on their claims. We agree
with RPD.
A civil action is deemed commenced when the complaint is filed or when the
summons and complaint are served on the defendant. CR 3(a). For purposes of tolling
the statute of limitations, if the complaint is filed before the summons is served, the
plaintiff must serve the defendant within 90 days of filing the complaint. RCW 4.16.170.
If the plaintiff does not serve the defendant within 90 days of filing, the action will be
treated as if it had not been commenced. RCW 4.17.170; Wothers v. Farmers Ins. Co.
of Wash., 101 Wn. App. 75, 79, 5 P.3d 719 (2000). “When a defendant challenges
service of process, the plaintiff has the initial burden of proof to establish a prima facie
case of proper service.” Northwick v. Long, 192 Wn. App. 256, 261, 364 P.3d 1067
(2015). Whether service of process was proper is a question of law reviewed de novo.
Scanlan v. Townsend, 178 Wn. App. 609, 617, 315 P.3d 594 (2013).
Thomas and Williams never produced proof of service or a declaration from a
person purporting to have effectuated service. The only evidence in the court file
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regarding service was a non-service notice from the King County Sheriff’s Department.
Thus, Thomas and Williams failed to establish proof of proper service. 1
Thomas and Williams repeatedly assert that service was proper because a copy
of the summons and complaint was delivered to RPD’s office. But service of a
summons on a city can only be accomplished by delivering a copy to “the mayor, city
manager, or, during normal office hours, to the mayor's or city manager’s designated
agent or the city clerk thereof.” RCW 4.28.080(2); CR 4(d)(2). 2 Thomas and Williams
did not cause a copy of the summons and complaint to be delivered to any of the
entities set forth in RCW 4.28.080(2). They further assert that RPD’s notice of
appearance constitutes an acknowledgement of proper service. But filing a notice of
appearance does not waive the defense of insufficient service of process. See CR
4(d)(5) (voluntary appearance of a defendant does not preclude challenge to
jurisdiction, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process pursuant to
CR 12(b)).
Because Thomas and Williams failed to serve RPD within 90 days of filing their
complaint, they failed to commence their lawsuit. “An action must commence before the
statute of limitation has run.” Unisys Corp. v. Senn, 99 Wn. App. 391, 397-98, 994 P.2d
244 (2000). “The purpose of statutes of limitations is to shield defendants and the
judicial system from stale claims.” Crisman v. Crisman, 85 Wn. App. 15, 19, 931 P.2d
163 (1997). The statute of limitations period begins to run when the plaintiff's cause of
1 We also note that RPD is not a legal entity capable of being sued. Jurisdiction over RPD is
properly achieved by suing the City of Redmond. See Nolan v. Snohomish County, 59 Wn. App. 876, 883, 802 P.2d 792 (1990). 2 CR 4(d)(2) provides: “Personal in State. Personal service of summons and other process shall
be as provided in RCW 4.28.080–.090, 23B.05.040, 23B.15.100, 46.64.040, and 48.05.200 and .210, and other statutes which provide for personal service.”
6 No. 81718-3-I/7
action accrues. Crisman, 85 Wn. App. at 20. This generally occurs when the plaintiff
suffers some form of injury or damage. In re Estates of Hibbard, 118 Wn.2d 737, 744,
826 P.2d 690 (1992).
Thomas and Williams allege that the “unwarranted welfare check/illegal raid” took
place on November 4, 2016, more than three years and five months prior to RPD’s
motion to dismiss. The statute of limitations for libel, slander, assault, assault and
battery, false imprisonment, and invasion of privacy is two years. RCW 4.16.100(1);
Eastwood v. Cascade Broad. Co., 106 Wn.2d 466, 469, 722 P.2d 1295 (1986). A civil
rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 has a three-year statute of limitations, as does a
claim for civil conspiracy. Southwick v. Seattle Police Officer John Doe #s 1-5, 145 Wn.
App. 292, 297, 186 P.3d 1089 (2008). The statute of limitations for intentional infliction
of emotional distress is also three years. RCW 4.16.080(2). Thomas and Williams’
claims for “false report and entrapment” and “retaliation, property damage, and aid and
abetting” are not recognized civil claims under Washington law. To the extent they are
construed as claims for civil rights violations or injury to property, the statute of
limitations is three years.
Because the statute of limitations had run on all of the claims in the complaint,
the trial court properly dismissed it with prejudice.
B. Motion for Default Judgment
Thomas and Williams argue that the trial court erred in striking and dismissing
their motion for a default judgment. They contend that they are plainly entitled to a
default judgment because RPD failed to timely appear after having been properly
served. We disagree.
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“Default judgments are generally disfavored in Washington based on an
overriding policy which prefers that parties resolve disputes on the merits.” Showalter v.
Wild Oats, 124 Wn. App. 506, 510, 101 P.3d 867 (2004). We review the trial court’s
decision on a motion for default judgment for abuse of discretion. Morin v. Burris, 160
Wn.2d 745, 753, 161 P.3d 956 (2007). Discretion is abused if it is exercised without
tenable grounds or reasons. State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d
775 (1971). A trial court’s decision to strike a motion is also reviewed for abuse of
discretion. King County Fire Prot. Dists. No. 16, No. 36, & No. 40 v. Hous. Auth. of King
County, 123 Wn.2d 819, 826, 872 P.2d 516 (1994).
CR 55(a)(1) allows entry of a default judgment against a party who has failed to
appear. Under CR 4(a)(3), a “notice of appearance” shall “be in writing, shall be signed
by the defendant or the defendant’s attorney, and shall be served upon the person
whose name is signed on the summons.” The appearance requirement may be
satisfied informally through the doctrine of substantial compliance. Morin, 160 Wn.2d at
749. To determine if a party has substantially complied, the court examines the
defendant's relevant conduct after litigation has commenced to determine if it was
designed to, and, in fact, did apprise the plaintiff of the defendant’s intent to litigate the
case. Morin, 160 Wn.2d at 755. A party who has appeared is entitled to written notice
of the motion for default. CR 55(a)(3). “Because default judgments are disfavored, the
concept of ‘appearance’ is to be construed broadly for purposes of CR 55.” Servatron,
Inc. v. Intelligent Wireless Prods., Inc., 186 Wn. App. 666, 675, 346 P.3d 831 (2015).
Here, on February 21, 2020, RPD timely filed a notice of appearance with the
court and mailed a copy to Thomas and Williams. Although they apparently did not
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receive it due to a typographical error in the address, counsel for RPD promptly acted to
serve the notice of appearance to the correct address as soon as he discovered the
problem. Thus, RPD substantially complied with the appearance requirements of CR
4(a)(3) and was entitled to notice of the motion for default judgment 5 days prior to the
hearing date. CR 55(a)(3). Thomas and Williams did not provide any such notice.
Thomas and Williams also failed to separately file a notice of court date as required by
KCLCR 7(b)(5)(A) and provide working copies to the trial court as required by KCLCR
7(b)(4)(F). Thus, the trial court properly struck the motion.
Moreover, even assuming that Thomas and Williams had provided proper notice
of their motion to the court and to RPD, the trial court properly denied the motion for
default judgment because it failed on its merits. The trial court must assess both its
jurisdiction and the sufficiency of the complaint prior to entering a default judgment.
Kaye v. Lowe’s HIW, Inc., 158 Wn. App. 320, 330, 242 P.3d 27 (2010).
CR 55(b)(4) precludes entry of a default judgment “unless proof of service is on
file with the court.” The purpose of this rule “is to ensure that the trial court has personal
jurisdiction over the party in default prior to entering a default judgment.” Kaye, 158 Wn.
App. at 328 n.7. “Proper service of the summons and complaint is a prerequisite to the
court obtaining jurisdiction over a party.” Goettemoeller v. Twist, 161 Wn. App. 103,
107, 253 P.3d 405 (2011) (quoting Woodruff v. Spence, 76 Wn. App. 207, 209, 883
P.2d 936 (1994)). “When a court lacks personal jurisdiction over a party, the judgment
obtained against that party is void.” Rodriguez v. James-Jackson, 127 Wn. App. 139,
143, 111 P.3d 271 (2005). Here, as discussed above, the trial court lacked personal
jurisdiction because Thomas and Williams failed to provide proof of proper service.
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In addition, “the party seeking a default judgment [must] set forth facts
supporting, at a minimum, each element of the claim.” Friebe v. Supancheck, 98 Wn.
App. 260, 268, 992 P.2d 1014 (1999). Mere unsupported legal conclusions are
insufficient to support a default judgment. Caouette v. Martinez, 71 Wn. App. 69, 78,
856 P.2d 725 (1993). Thomas and Williams offered no evidence whatsoever in support
of their claim. As the trial court correctly noted, “[p]laintiff’s complaint is not evidence.”
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking and denying the motion for a default
judgment.
C. Other Assignments of Error
Thomas and Williams assign error to several other rulings and actions of the trial
court. None have merit.
Motion to Lift Emergency Order No. 15.
Thomas and Williams argue that the trial court erred in striking their motion to lift
Emergency Order No. 15. They contend that the trial court “cunningly” issued
Emergency Order No. 15 in a deliberate effort to prevent their default motion from being
granted and to give RPD additional time to file a motion to dismiss.
Thomas and Williams are incorrect. Emergency Order No. 15 is part of a series
of emergency orders entered by the presiding judge of the King County Superior Court
in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 3 As such, the order is applicable to all civil
cases within King County, not just Thomas and Williams’ case. Moreover, Thomas and
Williams’ motion did not comply with the time requirements of the court rules and the
3 As these orders alter the trial court rules applicable in this case, it is appropriate for this court to
take judicial notice of them. RAP 10.4(c); Swak v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 40 Wn.2d 51, 53, 240 P.2d 560 (1952) (appellate court may take judicial notice of the record in the case presently before the court or “in proceedings engrafted, ancillary, or supplementary to it”).
10 No. 81718-3-I/11
emergency orders. See KCLCR 7(b)(5)(A); Emergency Orders Nos. 15 and 17
(requiring motions governed by KCLCR 7(b) to be served and filed no later than nine
court days before the date the party wishes the motion to be considered); CR 5(b)(2)(A)
(service by mail deemed complete upon the third day after mailing). The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in striking the motion.
Motion for a Continuance
Thomas and Williams argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for a
continuance of RPD’s hearing on the motion to dismiss. We review a superior court's
decision to deny a motion for a continuance for a manifest abuse of discretion. Doyle v.
Lee, 166 Wn. App. 397, 403-04, 272 P.3d 256 (2012). “In exercising discretion to grant
or deny a continuance, trial courts may consider many factors, including surprise,
diligence, redundancy, due process, materiality, and maintenance of orderly procedure.”
State v. Downing, 151 Wn.2d 265, 273, 87 P.3d 1169 (2004).
Thomas and Williams argue that a month-long continuance was warranted
“during the COVID-19 pandemic, to gather crucial evidence to try to prevent the trial
court from granting” RPD’s motion to dismiss. However, they did not provide any details
regarding what evidence they sought or how it was necessary to respond to RPD’s
motion. Thus, they failed to explain why the continuance should be granted. Moreover,
they filed the motion for a continuance without separately filing a notice of court date as
required by KCLCR 7(b)(5)(A). And the motion was untimely pursuant to Emergency
Order No. 15. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion.
11 No. 81718-3-I/12
Motion to Extend Time for Filing a Motion for Reconsideration
Thomas and Williams argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion to
extend time allowed under CR 59 to file a motion for reconsideration. We review a trial
court’s decision on a motion to enlarge time under CR 6(b) for abuse of discretion.
Clipse v. Commercial Driver Srvs., Inc., 189 Wn. App. 776, 786, 358 P.3d 464 (2015).
Courts have authority to enlarge time deadlines when the request is made before
the period has expired. CR 6(b)(1). After the deadline expires, courts may accept late
filings under certain circumstances. CR 6(b)(2). But that rule expressly bars courts
from extending time for taking any action under CR 59(b). Here, Thomas and Williams
moved to extend the time allowed under CR 59 for reconsideration more than two
weeks after the deadline had passed. Because the court lacked authority to grant the
motion, it did not abuse its discretion in denying it.
Notice of Appeal
Thomas and Williams assign error to the filing of their appeal by the trial court.
But they provide no argument or citation to authority in support of this claim. We need
not consider it. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon Conservatory v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d
801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992).
D. Motion to Modify Commissioner’s Ruling
On June 21, 2021, Thomas and Williams filed their opening brief in this appeal.
RPD timely filed its respondent’s brief with this court on July 21, 2021. On August 25,
2021, Thomas and Williams filed a motion in this court to sanction RPD for failing to
serve them with a copy of their respondent’s brief in this appeal pursuant to RAP 18.5.
On September 2, 2021, a commissioner of this court denied the motion. In so ruling,
12 No. 81718-3-I/13
the commissioner stated: “While asserting ‘time is of the essence,’ Thomas and
Williams have sought and obtained multiple extensions in filing the record and their
opening brief.”
Thomas and Williams moved to modify the commissioner’s ruling. They argued
that sanctions are warranted because RPD failed to seek an extension and because the
rules should apply equally to all parties. RPD filed a response to Thomas and Williams’
motion to modify. RPD stated that it timely filed a copy of its respondent’s brief with this
court on July 21, 2021 and mailed a copy to Thomas and Williams on the same day in
accordance with RAP 18.5(a) and CR 5(b). However, due to a typographical error in
the address, Thomas and Williams did not receive it. On August 10, 2021, counsel for
RPD received an e-mail notifying him of the error. He immediately mailed a copy of the
brief via priority overnight delivery, but did not request a signature to confirm receipt.
On August 31, 2021, RPD received a copy of Thomas and Williams’ motion for
sanctions, in which they claimed that they still had not received a copy of the brief. RPD
immediately mailed another copy via first class mail. The following day, RPD received
e-mail confirmation that it had been delivered. RPD subsequently sent a letter to
Thomas and Williams indicating that it did not object to an extension of time to file their
reply. On September 15, 2021, this court granted Thomas and Williams a 30-day
extension of time to file their reply brief.
“The appellate court will ordinarily impose sanctions under rule 18.9 for failure to
timely file and serve a brief.” RAP 10.2(i). “The appellate court on its own initiative or
on motion of a party may order a party or counsel, . . . who uses these rules for the
purpose of delay, files a frivolous appeal, or fails to comply with these rules to pay terms
13 No. 81718-3-I/14
or compensatory damages to any other party who has been harmed by the delay or the
failure to comply or to pay sanctions to the court. RAP 18.9(a). “In construing statutes
and court rules . . . words like ‘may’ are permissive and discretionary.” State v.
Stivason, 134 Wn. App. 648, 656, 142 P.3d 189 (2006).
Thomas and Williams argue that it would be unfair and unjust to disregard RPD’s
carelessness in mailing its response brief to the incorrect address and in failing to
confirm whether the mailed brief had been received. Although the repeated
typographical errors were sloppy, there is no indication that RPD acted for purposes of
delay. And Thomas and Williams have not shown that they were harmed thereby. The
motion to modify the commissioner’s ruling is therefore denied.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR: