Cooley, J.
The plaintiff is, and was in June, 1881, police justice of the city of Detroit. The defendant is publisher of a daily newspaper in that city. June 23, 1881, defendant published in its paper, concerning the plaintiff, the following article:
“more oe miner.
A few days since a complaint was made before-Justice Miner against a Chinaman. Without the assent of the complainant, Miner inserted the name of a second Chinaman, against whom no complaint was made and whom no one charged with being connected with the offense.
At the examination afterwards held, Miner admitted that he inserted the second name on his own motion, and though the evidence of the complainant completely exonerated the second man, and it was shown that he was not present at the commission of the alleged offense, Miner bound him over for trial under heavy bonds. Judge Swift, on the facts coming to his knowledge, released this second man.
There is no accounting for Miner’s action. In this case it was an inexcusable outrage. If he would enforce the law upon the multitude of offenders brought before him, if he would discharge his duty on the complaints for violating the liquor laws and gambling laws, people would be more lenient in their judgment of him. But he does not and [361]*361apparently will not. Instead of that he turns upon a helpless Chinaman, who has no political influence to sustain him and much prejudice to combat. It was a contemptible act and a cowardly act. And instead of satisfying the people who are demanding that he shall enforce the laws, it will excite their disgust and invite them to ask why it is that Justice Miner prosecutes and oppresses the weak and permits the strong to go unwhipt of justice.” „
For this publication suit was brought by plaintiff in the Superior Court of ^Detroit. The defendant justified the publication as true.
"When the case went to trial the defendant contended that the article related to matters of public interest and importance, and was for that reason privileged. The judge of the Superior Court seems to have assented to this view, so far as the part of the article relating to the liquor law and the law against gambling was concerned, and he ruled that that portion of the article must not be considered by the jury as a ground for recovery. As to the part which relates to the two Chinamen a different conclusion was announced. “ That,” he said, “ is a specific charge. It accuses the plaintiff of direct moral malfeasance, so to speak ; accuses him of a direct act of oppression and a direct outrage ; accuses bfm of an act nearly amounting to a crime. It does not purport to be a report of the trial. It in no sense purports to give the proceedings of it; but it gives such conclusions as are drawn by whoever made the report, either from hearing the trial or from information given. Under these circumstances it appears to me that the defendant stands upon a very different basis from an accusation based upon a report. A general expression of an opinion, that in a certain direction a public officer does not do his duty, is undoubtedly privileged. Comments made upon a report would be privileged, provided the report itself justified those comments. My impression is that there is no report here. There is the opinion of whoever wrote the article, gleaned either from what he heard or what he saw. That is all there is of it. if it was a report, and from the report the paper had come to the conclusion that Miner had acted improperly, I think the [362]*362paper would have been privileged in saying so. But instead of making a report, there is simply an assertion that the result of evei’ything was in substance that Justice Miner had been guilty of what every person must acknowledge to be a very great outrage, to-wit: oppressing a person because he was poor and obscure, a Chinaman, one who had no influence or fi’iends. , That imputes specific moral delinquency.”
Under this ruling the parties respectively put in their proofs to support and disprove the justification.
Yery stz-angely, as it seems to me, when the case went to the jury the judge permitted that portion of the charge which he had rzzled was privileged, and which he had altogether excluded from the jury as a ground of action, to be made the subject of comment to the prejudice of defendant. “It is privileged,” he said, “and therefore not libelous. I think the general spii'it of the az-ticle may be commented upon, but only with that view; not that the matter of gambling and liquor laws can in any way be the subject of daznages, but the tone of the ai^ticle generally, — I don’t see how I can exclude that. Here is an article which, if you will observe it, says, ‘there is no accounting for Miner’s-action in this case. It was an inexcusable outz’age. If he would enforce the law upon the multitude of offenders brought befoz’e him ; if he would discharge his duty in the complaints for violating the liquor laws or gambling laws, people would be more lenient in their judgments of him. But he does not, and apparently will not. Instead of that he turns upon a helpless Chinaman,’ etc. You see the two-are connected together.”
The general tone, then, of the article, — the part privileged, as well as the part not privileged, — was held to be proper subject of comment and consideration, and the jury were left at liberty to take it into account in making up their vei’dict. But this in effect referred to them the spirit of the article for their judgment upon it, and that was eqzzivalent to submitting to them the question whether, in the part privileged as well as in the reznainder, they discovered anything indicative of znalice. If the parties had been left [363]*363to put iu their evidence as to the truth of the whole article, the submission to the jury of the question of actual malice, as broadly as it was submitted, would have been logical and perhaps necessary; but as the law assumes the absence of malice in privileged publications, a ruling which allows the general tone of such a publication to be judged by the jury, in effect says to them, “ Though the law says there is no malice here, you are at liberty to find the contrary.”
It is perfectly reasonable to assume that counsel, under this ruling, commented freely on the whole article, and that the jury, if that part of the article which related to the liquor and gambling laws seemed to them in bad spirit, did not discriminate very nicely between the charge as a substantive ground of action, and the charge as evidence in its general tone of a bad state of mind and feeling. Indeed it seems to me more than likely that the verdict they returned was really based on this part of the publication. The judge instructed thetn in substance that if what related to the two Chinamen was shown to be true, defendant was entitled to their verdict; and the record made it very plain that if this charge had been regarded there would have been no recovery. The conclusion seems irresistible that the jury gave damages for malice in that part of the article to which the judge had ruled that malice was not to be imputed.
This error renders a new trial imperative; but it is not, in my opinion, the sole or the principal error in the case. A much more serious and more dangerous error is found in that part of the article which concerned the proceedings in the case of the. Chinaman.
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Cooley, J.
The plaintiff is, and was in June, 1881, police justice of the city of Detroit. The defendant is publisher of a daily newspaper in that city. June 23, 1881, defendant published in its paper, concerning the plaintiff, the following article:
“more oe miner.
A few days since a complaint was made before-Justice Miner against a Chinaman. Without the assent of the complainant, Miner inserted the name of a second Chinaman, against whom no complaint was made and whom no one charged with being connected with the offense.
At the examination afterwards held, Miner admitted that he inserted the second name on his own motion, and though the evidence of the complainant completely exonerated the second man, and it was shown that he was not present at the commission of the alleged offense, Miner bound him over for trial under heavy bonds. Judge Swift, on the facts coming to his knowledge, released this second man.
There is no accounting for Miner’s action. In this case it was an inexcusable outrage. If he would enforce the law upon the multitude of offenders brought before him, if he would discharge his duty on the complaints for violating the liquor laws and gambling laws, people would be more lenient in their judgment of him. But he does not and [361]*361apparently will not. Instead of that he turns upon a helpless Chinaman, who has no political influence to sustain him and much prejudice to combat. It was a contemptible act and a cowardly act. And instead of satisfying the people who are demanding that he shall enforce the laws, it will excite their disgust and invite them to ask why it is that Justice Miner prosecutes and oppresses the weak and permits the strong to go unwhipt of justice.” „
For this publication suit was brought by plaintiff in the Superior Court of ^Detroit. The defendant justified the publication as true.
"When the case went to trial the defendant contended that the article related to matters of public interest and importance, and was for that reason privileged. The judge of the Superior Court seems to have assented to this view, so far as the part of the article relating to the liquor law and the law against gambling was concerned, and he ruled that that portion of the article must not be considered by the jury as a ground for recovery. As to the part which relates to the two Chinamen a different conclusion was announced. “ That,” he said, “ is a specific charge. It accuses the plaintiff of direct moral malfeasance, so to speak ; accuses him of a direct act of oppression and a direct outrage ; accuses bfm of an act nearly amounting to a crime. It does not purport to be a report of the trial. It in no sense purports to give the proceedings of it; but it gives such conclusions as are drawn by whoever made the report, either from hearing the trial or from information given. Under these circumstances it appears to me that the defendant stands upon a very different basis from an accusation based upon a report. A general expression of an opinion, that in a certain direction a public officer does not do his duty, is undoubtedly privileged. Comments made upon a report would be privileged, provided the report itself justified those comments. My impression is that there is no report here. There is the opinion of whoever wrote the article, gleaned either from what he heard or what he saw. That is all there is of it. if it was a report, and from the report the paper had come to the conclusion that Miner had acted improperly, I think the [362]*362paper would have been privileged in saying so. But instead of making a report, there is simply an assertion that the result of evei’ything was in substance that Justice Miner had been guilty of what every person must acknowledge to be a very great outrage, to-wit: oppressing a person because he was poor and obscure, a Chinaman, one who had no influence or fi’iends. , That imputes specific moral delinquency.”
Under this ruling the parties respectively put in their proofs to support and disprove the justification.
Yery stz-angely, as it seems to me, when the case went to the jury the judge permitted that portion of the charge which he had rzzled was privileged, and which he had altogether excluded from the jury as a ground of action, to be made the subject of comment to the prejudice of defendant. “It is privileged,” he said, “and therefore not libelous. I think the general spii'it of the az-ticle may be commented upon, but only with that view; not that the matter of gambling and liquor laws can in any way be the subject of daznages, but the tone of the ai^ticle generally, — I don’t see how I can exclude that. Here is an article which, if you will observe it, says, ‘there is no accounting for Miner’s-action in this case. It was an inexcusable outz’age. If he would enforce the law upon the multitude of offenders brought befoz’e him ; if he would discharge his duty in the complaints for violating the liquor laws or gambling laws, people would be more lenient in their judgments of him. But he does not, and apparently will not. Instead of that he turns upon a helpless Chinaman,’ etc. You see the two-are connected together.”
The general tone, then, of the article, — the part privileged, as well as the part not privileged, — was held to be proper subject of comment and consideration, and the jury were left at liberty to take it into account in making up their vei’dict. But this in effect referred to them the spirit of the article for their judgment upon it, and that was eqzzivalent to submitting to them the question whether, in the part privileged as well as in the reznainder, they discovered anything indicative of znalice. If the parties had been left [363]*363to put iu their evidence as to the truth of the whole article, the submission to the jury of the question of actual malice, as broadly as it was submitted, would have been logical and perhaps necessary; but as the law assumes the absence of malice in privileged publications, a ruling which allows the general tone of such a publication to be judged by the jury, in effect says to them, “ Though the law says there is no malice here, you are at liberty to find the contrary.”
It is perfectly reasonable to assume that counsel, under this ruling, commented freely on the whole article, and that the jury, if that part of the article which related to the liquor and gambling laws seemed to them in bad spirit, did not discriminate very nicely between the charge as a substantive ground of action, and the charge as evidence in its general tone of a bad state of mind and feeling. Indeed it seems to me more than likely that the verdict they returned was really based on this part of the publication. The judge instructed thetn in substance that if what related to the two Chinamen was shown to be true, defendant was entitled to their verdict; and the record made it very plain that if this charge had been regarded there would have been no recovery. The conclusion seems irresistible that the jury gave damages for malice in that part of the article to which the judge had ruled that malice was not to be imputed.
This error renders a new trial imperative; but it is not, in my opinion, the sole or the principal error in the case. A much more serious and more dangerous error is found in that part of the article which concerned the proceedings in the case of the. Chinaman.
On the general subject of privilege of the press I have recently had occasion to express my views with some fullness, and I shall not repeat them here. A brief reference to the facts and to certain general principles will be sufficient for the purpose.
"When a judge orders a man into confinement without a charge against him, he deprives him of'liberty without due process of law; and in doing so violates the earliest and most important guaranty of constitutional freedom. "When [364]*364in a case where bail is of right, he demands security in a sum which, considering the position in life and probable means and ability, to give it, of the person accused, is altogether beyond his power, the demand is unreasonable, and for that reason is repugnant to a further provision of the Constitution, the importance of which is only second to the other. There must be some great and most serious defect in the administration of the law when such things can take place, and the matter is one which concerns every member of the political community; for if constitutional principles fail to protect the most humble of the people, they protect no one.
The defendant contends that to call public attention to what so vitally concerns the public is matter of privilege; and that, by presumption of law, its motives in doing so must be deemed proper and not actuated, by malice. The trial judge denied this claim altogether. In doing so he put the case upon precisely the same footing with publications which involve merely private gossip and scandal. The truth was allowed to be a defense, if made out, and so it would have been if the injurious charge which was published had been one in which the public was not concerned.
If there is no difference in moral quality between the publication of mere personal abuse and the discussion of matters of grave public concern, then this judgment may be right and should be affirmed. But it is very certain, I think, that no declaration of this or any other- court can convince the common reason that the distinction is not plain and palpable. New wrongs can be greater than the public detraction which has only abuse, or the profit from abuse, for its object. New duties can be plainer than to challenge public attention to the official disregard of the principles which protect public and personal liberty. I know of nothing more likely to encourage the license of a dissolute press than to establish the principle that the discussion of matters of general concern involving public wrongs and the publication of personal scandal come under the same condemnation in the law; for this inevitably brings the law itself into contempt and creates public sentiment against its enforcement. If a law [365]*365is to be efficiently enforced tbe approval of tbe people must attend its penalties, and there must be some presumption at least that an act which it punishes involves some elements of wrong-doing. If prima fabie the punishment is as likely to be inflicted for a right act as for a wrong act, the violation of law will not only be without disgrace, but the reckless libeler, when ranked by the law in the same company with respectable and public-spirited journalists, will shield himself to some extent behind their commendable public spirit and will find some protection for his license in the public opinion which condemns the law which it cannot respect.
The judgment, I think, should be set aside and a new trial ordered.
Graves, C. J. and Marston, J. concurred.