Mr. Justice Taylor
delivered the opinion of the court.
' This is a suit brought by August Mindeman, as administrator, against the Sanitary District of Chicago to recover damages for the death of his son, Roy Mindeman. In the trial court, at the close of all the evidence, there was a directed verdict and a judgment in favor of the defendant. This appeal is therefrom.
The declaration alleges that the defendant prior to April 20, 1920, had constructed a portion of a certain canal, or artificial watercourse, 30 feet deep and 60 feet in width, which in its unfinished condition ended abruptly at or near the western limits of the City of Blue Island in Cook county adjacent to public streets or highways and in close proximity to the thickly settled district of the City of Blue Island; that at the time in question the easterly end of said canal — which contained water to the depth of 20 feet, and upon which water there were floating certain planks, bottles and other objects — was attractive to children of tender years and appealed to their childish curiosity; that the easterly end of the canal was permitted by the defendant to remain open, exposed and unguarded so that children of a tender age were likely to be attracted thereto and fall therein; that Roy Mindeman, the son of August Mindeman, lived in the City of Blue Island and was drawn and attracted to the exposed and unguarded section of the canal and as a direct result thereof, and in consequence of the defendant’s negligence, failure to inclose, fence or guard the easterly end of the canal, while playing there necessarily and unavoidably fell into the water in the canal and as a consequence was drowned. The defendant pleaded the general issue.
The evidence shows the following: The Sanitary District in order to take care of the sewage of Chicago south of 87th street, and to provide a navigable waterway from the Calumet river to the main channel in the Sag, had excavated and constructed a channel about a year prior to April 20,1920, up to the western Emits of the City of Blue Island, about in a Ene with California or Ogden avenue. It was being constructed from the west eastward. The terminus at that time was the end of what was called section 12, section 13 not having been started. The channel ran east and west and there was on both sides of it a high spoil bank. On each side of the channel there was a perpendicular concrete gravity wall, 4 feet thick on top, and extending down about 23 or 24 feet to a base 10 or 11 feet wide. It was fiat on top. The right of way of the Sanitary District extended 350 feet south of the channel and was used chiefly for farming. The Blue Island railroad station was a little to the northeast, at the junction of Broadway and Vine streets. Certain photographs were offered in evidence and one of them shows seven or more houses quite close together facing north on John street and but a short distance from the end of the channel. It also shows what might be called the rough condition of the then terminus of the excavation and one of the spoil banks. Although not thickly built up, the territory in the neighborhood contains quite a number of houses. The deceased, Boy Mindeman, lived with his father at Broadway and Vine streets, which was about 1,250 feet from the end of the excavated channel.
On April 20, 1920, the deceased was five years and ten months old. He had been in good health, not crippled or deformed in any way, had good eyesight and hearing and knew the alphabet and could write. He lunched with his father and mother and three brothers that day at home, and about 1:15 p. m. wentu over to the house of his playmate, one Irving Bothenberger, who was about eleven years of age. The deceased, Boy Mindeman, got some bottles in an alley and then we'nt over to the canal banks. They put the bottles on the wall of the canal, on the south side, and then went up on the spoil bank and threw stones at them. After that they threw the bottles in the canal and began throwing stones at them. Bothenberger, having gone from the retaining wall up the sloping embankment to get more stones to throw, says that when he turned around and was walking down towards the wall be saw Boy’s head disappear over the wall into the canal; that when he ran down to the wall and looked over he saw him struggling in the water. He then called out and ran home and informed his mother. Immediately thereafter efforts were made to find the body but it was not discovered until the succeeding day. When discovered it was in the water opposite the end of the retaining wall.
The deceased left him surviving his father, forty-one years of age, his mother, thirty-six years of age, three brothers, Arthur, Lester and Robert, fifteen, eleven and nine years of age, respectively.
As to the east end of the channel, the evidence shows that there was no fence or barrier guarding it and that part of a road which funs past the east end was broken down and damaged and allowed access to the east end of the canal. The father of the deceased testified that when he arrived at the canal to search for his son he saw a lot of logs, barrels, tin cans and bottles, and’his son’s cap, floating on the water; that the cap was about 25 feet from the extreme east end of the canal. One Vanderwall testified that at the east end the ground sloped down to the water in the canal and that there were ties and rubbish and other objects floating on the water near the extreme east end. One Trinkhaus, an engineer who was an inspector for the defendant and patrolled the canal, testified that at times he saw children playing near the east end of section 12; that if they were small he ordered them away. Also, Rotheiiberger, the playmate of the deceased, testified that he played around the easterly end of the canal two or three times a week and that he saw other children also playing around there.
As .the trial judge, at the close of all the evidence, instructed the jury to find the defendant not guilty and as there is no special controversy as to the physical condition of the locus in quo, the question arises whether or not the evidence, involving as it did the attractiveness and danger of the unguarded premises, the knowledge of the defendant that children played there, the failure of the defendant to guard or protect the premises in any way, should have been submitted to the jury as evidence of negligence.
The principle involved grows out of the ancient maxim, sic utere tuo ut aliemm non laedas.
The leading case in this State on the general matters herein involved is that of City of Pekin v. McMahon, 154 Ill. 141. In that case, where a boy a little over eight years of age stepped upon a log floating in a pond 5 or 6 feet deep and in some places' 14 feet deep —which was formed by a deep depression running through a block of ground, in a populous city, bounded on two sides by public streets and on the third side by a public alley, and with broken down fences on three sides, and with a causeway running from one opening to another diagonally across the premises .inviting approach, and actually used for passage by men and teams — and was drowned, the court said, in a learned opinion by the late Mr. Justice Magruder:
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Mr. Justice Taylor
delivered the opinion of the court.
' This is a suit brought by August Mindeman, as administrator, against the Sanitary District of Chicago to recover damages for the death of his son, Roy Mindeman. In the trial court, at the close of all the evidence, there was a directed verdict and a judgment in favor of the defendant. This appeal is therefrom.
The declaration alleges that the defendant prior to April 20, 1920, had constructed a portion of a certain canal, or artificial watercourse, 30 feet deep and 60 feet in width, which in its unfinished condition ended abruptly at or near the western limits of the City of Blue Island in Cook county adjacent to public streets or highways and in close proximity to the thickly settled district of the City of Blue Island; that at the time in question the easterly end of said canal — which contained water to the depth of 20 feet, and upon which water there were floating certain planks, bottles and other objects — was attractive to children of tender years and appealed to their childish curiosity; that the easterly end of the canal was permitted by the defendant to remain open, exposed and unguarded so that children of a tender age were likely to be attracted thereto and fall therein; that Roy Mindeman, the son of August Mindeman, lived in the City of Blue Island and was drawn and attracted to the exposed and unguarded section of the canal and as a direct result thereof, and in consequence of the defendant’s negligence, failure to inclose, fence or guard the easterly end of the canal, while playing there necessarily and unavoidably fell into the water in the canal and as a consequence was drowned. The defendant pleaded the general issue.
The evidence shows the following: The Sanitary District in order to take care of the sewage of Chicago south of 87th street, and to provide a navigable waterway from the Calumet river to the main channel in the Sag, had excavated and constructed a channel about a year prior to April 20,1920, up to the western Emits of the City of Blue Island, about in a Ene with California or Ogden avenue. It was being constructed from the west eastward. The terminus at that time was the end of what was called section 12, section 13 not having been started. The channel ran east and west and there was on both sides of it a high spoil bank. On each side of the channel there was a perpendicular concrete gravity wall, 4 feet thick on top, and extending down about 23 or 24 feet to a base 10 or 11 feet wide. It was fiat on top. The right of way of the Sanitary District extended 350 feet south of the channel and was used chiefly for farming. The Blue Island railroad station was a little to the northeast, at the junction of Broadway and Vine streets. Certain photographs were offered in evidence and one of them shows seven or more houses quite close together facing north on John street and but a short distance from the end of the channel. It also shows what might be called the rough condition of the then terminus of the excavation and one of the spoil banks. Although not thickly built up, the territory in the neighborhood contains quite a number of houses. The deceased, Boy Mindeman, lived with his father at Broadway and Vine streets, which was about 1,250 feet from the end of the excavated channel.
On April 20, 1920, the deceased was five years and ten months old. He had been in good health, not crippled or deformed in any way, had good eyesight and hearing and knew the alphabet and could write. He lunched with his father and mother and three brothers that day at home, and about 1:15 p. m. wentu over to the house of his playmate, one Irving Bothenberger, who was about eleven years of age. The deceased, Boy Mindeman, got some bottles in an alley and then we'nt over to the canal banks. They put the bottles on the wall of the canal, on the south side, and then went up on the spoil bank and threw stones at them. After that they threw the bottles in the canal and began throwing stones at them. Bothenberger, having gone from the retaining wall up the sloping embankment to get more stones to throw, says that when he turned around and was walking down towards the wall be saw Boy’s head disappear over the wall into the canal; that when he ran down to the wall and looked over he saw him struggling in the water. He then called out and ran home and informed his mother. Immediately thereafter efforts were made to find the body but it was not discovered until the succeeding day. When discovered it was in the water opposite the end of the retaining wall.
The deceased left him surviving his father, forty-one years of age, his mother, thirty-six years of age, three brothers, Arthur, Lester and Robert, fifteen, eleven and nine years of age, respectively.
As to the east end of the channel, the evidence shows that there was no fence or barrier guarding it and that part of a road which funs past the east end was broken down and damaged and allowed access to the east end of the canal. The father of the deceased testified that when he arrived at the canal to search for his son he saw a lot of logs, barrels, tin cans and bottles, and’his son’s cap, floating on the water; that the cap was about 25 feet from the extreme east end of the canal. One Vanderwall testified that at the east end the ground sloped down to the water in the canal and that there were ties and rubbish and other objects floating on the water near the extreme east end. One Trinkhaus, an engineer who was an inspector for the defendant and patrolled the canal, testified that at times he saw children playing near the east end of section 12; that if they were small he ordered them away. Also, Rotheiiberger, the playmate of the deceased, testified that he played around the easterly end of the canal two or three times a week and that he saw other children also playing around there.
As .the trial judge, at the close of all the evidence, instructed the jury to find the defendant not guilty and as there is no special controversy as to the physical condition of the locus in quo, the question arises whether or not the evidence, involving as it did the attractiveness and danger of the unguarded premises, the knowledge of the defendant that children played there, the failure of the defendant to guard or protect the premises in any way, should have been submitted to the jury as evidence of negligence.
The principle involved grows out of the ancient maxim, sic utere tuo ut aliemm non laedas.
The leading case in this State on the general matters herein involved is that of City of Pekin v. McMahon, 154 Ill. 141. In that case, where a boy a little over eight years of age stepped upon a log floating in a pond 5 or 6 feet deep and in some places' 14 feet deep —which was formed by a deep depression running through a block of ground, in a populous city, bounded on two sides by public streets and on the third side by a public alley, and with broken down fences on three sides, and with a causeway running from one opening to another diagonally across the premises .inviting approach, and actually used for passage by men and teams — and was drowned, the court said, in a learned opinion by the late Mr. Justice Magruder:
“Where the land of a private owner is in a thicidy settled city, adjacent to a public street or alley, and he has upon it, or suffers to be upon it, dangerous machinery or a dangerous pit or pond of water, or any other dangerous agency, at a point thereon near such public street or alley, of such character as to be attractive to children of tender years incapable of exercising ordinary care, and he is aware or has notice • of its attractions for children of that class, we think that he is under obligations to use reasonable care to protect them from injury when coming upon said premises, even though they may be technical trespassers. To charge him with such an obligation under such circumstances is merely to apply the well-known maxim, sic utere tuo ut aliemm non laedas. It ig true, as a general rule, that a party guilty of negligence is not liable if he does not owe the duty which he has neglected to the. person claiming damages (Williams v. Chicago & A. R. Co., 135 Ill. 491). But, though the private owner may owe no duty to an adult under the facts stated, the cases, known as the ‘ turntable cases, hold that such duty is due from him to a child of tender years.”
The court also further said in that case:
“The question, whether a defendant has or has not been guilty of negligence in case of such an accident upon his land to a child of tender years, is for the jury. Involved in this question is the further question whether or not the premises were sufficiently attractive to entice children into danger, and to suggest to the defendant the probability of the occurrence of such accident; and, therefore, such further question -is also a matter to be determined by the jury.”
The principles involved in that case were applied in Thomas v. Anthony, 261 Ill. 288. In the latter case, a boy six and a half years of age was drowned in a clay pit located outside the corporate limits of the City of Kewanee. The clay pit was full of water, and was about 70 by 180 feet, and 25 feet deep. The boy that was drowned went, with his brother who was two years older, to the clay pit to fish, and while there he caught a chicken and threw it into the water and when attempting to get it out of the water fell in and was drowned. The evidence showed that the mother of the children had frequently forbidden their going to the clay pit and that they had been punished by her for going contrary to her wishes. In sustaining a judgment for the plaintiff, the court held that refusing to direct a verdict because the evidence failed to establish that the death of the child was the proximate result of the attractive nuisance was not error. In Donk Bros. Coal & Coke Co. v. Leavitt, 109 Ill. App. 385, which was a case involving the death of a three-year-old child by falling in a cistern, the court said:
“The evidence in this case, particularly since appellant offered no evidence to the contrary, justifies the conclusion that appellant knew children were in the habit of making the locus in quo a playground; that the natural instincts of the child caused it to lift the cover by means of the projecting handle, from its place in the platform, to discover what might be hidden thereunder. It is common knowledge that in this way the curiosity of children becomes satisfied and they begin to learn of objects which surround them. In such state of the proof, the allegations of the declaration that the place ‘was a dangerous structure to children of tender years who might be attracted thereto, ’ was fully proven, and the submission of that issue of fact to the jury by appellee’s instructions was fully justified by the law as laid down in the cases heretofore cited from the Supreme Court of this State.”
The decision in that case is based upon the City of Pekin v. McMahon, supra, and states that the Supreme Court of this State has- gone further with reference to placing duties upon owners and occupants of dangerous premises in regard to children of tender years than many courts in other jurisdictions; that that is admitted by both the court itself and by text-writers.
In Linnberg v. City of Rock Island, 136 Ill. App. 495, an administrator brought suit for the death of a ten-year-old boy. The evidence showed that 38th street in the outskirts of the City of Bock Island crossed a deep ravine between two steep bluffs ; that an embankment had been made across the ravine which was about 14 feet high and that originally a passageway for water was left under the embankment; that in time that became stopped up and a deep pond was formed on the upper side of the street; that a sidewalk which at one time crossed it had been torn up and pieces of it were in the water; that on the day in question the boy, with his brother, who was twelve years old, and another boy, who was thirteen years of age, were crossing the embankment when they saw a portion of the floating sidewalk up against the bank; that a boy named Emil, and Edgar, his brother, got on the raft and floated around and then undressed with the intention of going swimming; that Edgar was sitting on the raft while Emil was swimming; that the pond was about 40 feet wide; that suddenly Emil sank and when he arose the second time and called for help, his brother Edgar jumped in, but, being unable to swim, he was drowned, as was also his brother. The trial judge excluded the evidence and directed a verdict for the defendant. Upon appeal, that judgment was reversed and the cause remanded on the ground that it was a question for the jury. Subsequently, there was another trial in which the plaintiff recovered a verdict and judgment which was afterwards affirmed by the Appellate Court. Linnberg v. City of Rook Island, 157 Ill. App. 527. In Cochran v. Kankakee Stone & Lime Co., 179 Ill. App. 437, where a boy nearly eleven years of age was drowned by falling into a pond formed in a stone quarry where he had gone to fish, the court said:
“It is clear that the evidence makes a case for the decision of the jury upon the questions of fact above stated. The age of the child was not greater than in some of the reported cases where liability has been held to exist. The fact that the mother chastised her, boy for going to the pond the day before tends to show due care on her part. The fact that the boy went there the next day in spite of the punishment, and equipped with the childish material above mentioned, tends to show his childish character and the lack of mature judgment. The state of the evidence would not warrant our reversing the conclusion of the jury upon the facts.”
The court also said:
“In any given case where an injury results to a child from unguarded conditions upon the premises of another, the questions whether the premises are dangerous, whether‘they are calculated to be attractive to a child of tender years and liable to lead such child into danger, and whether the child has such a lack of intelligent capacity and experience as to bring him within the protection of said rule, are questions of fact for the jury.” Stedwell v. City of Chicago, 297 Ill. 486; id., 214 Ill. App. 642.
It will be seen, therefore, that the tendency of the law in the State of Illinois is towards placing a greater obligation on property owners, a humane tendency which is rather to be commended than condemned. It is inclined to consider children of tender years as the wards of all adults, and to require, at least, from property owners, more and more care.
The law is otherwise in many jurisdictions. For example, in Stendal v. Boyd, 73 Minn. 53, 75 N. W. 735, where a child four years and ten months old, while playing, fell into a pond in a quarry, the court held that as such pond, quoting from Peters v. Bowman, 115 Cal. 345, “cannot be rendered inaccessible to boys by any ordinary means,” there was no liability. The court further said:
“So far as we are advised, there is but one adjudged case in which the doctrine has been extended to a pond on private premises. The exception is the case of City of Pekin v. McMahon, 154 Ill. 141, 39 N. E. 484, which fully sustains the contention of the plaintiff ,in the case at bar. * * * With the exception of the case of City of Pekin v. McMahon, the courts of last resort, including those which recognize the doctrine of the turntable cases, have uniformly denied the liability of a landowner for injuries to trespassing children by reason of open and unguarded ponds and excavations upon his premises.”
The City of Pekin, Linnberg, Thomas, Donk Bros. Coal & Coke Co. and Cochran cases, supra, taken together, all of which are Illinois cases, demonstrate that it is the law in this State that where the owner of property creates, as the result of some artificial construction, a body of water deep enough to cause drowning and which is easily accessible and is attractive to children of tender years who are too immature to be chargeable with being trespassers, and of which attractiveness he has knowledge and also has knowledge that children are in the habit of going there to play and leaves it unguarded, he does so at his peril; and if injury results from a failure reasonably to protect it, he may be chargeable with negligence. Here, the crucial question, having in mind that we are only called upon to determine whether the evidence in the case should have been submitted to the jury, is whether the defendant was subject to some obligation to guard or protect the locus in quo in such a way as would constitute, under the circumstances, a reasonable effort to avoid injury to a child of tender years. In other words, is' one, who is responsible for the creation of the terminus of an unfinished channel which is filled with water, with high spoil banks on each side and an easy grade down from a neighboring street, which street was broken down to the end of the channel and the water, making access easily available to children who lived within a few blocks of the place, and about which he knew children did play, subject to liability for damages for the death of a child less than six years of age who is attracted to the water for purposes of play and fell in and was drowned, if the property is left unguarded and unprotected.
Owing to the immaturity of the deceased it is unnecessary to discuss the question whether he was a trespasser or in any way guilty of contributory negligence. Where there is insufficient capacity to comprehend there is no will to avoid. On the other hand, if a minor has reached such maturity that he is able fully to comprehend the danger and use sufficient care to avoid it, he may be guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Heimann v. Kinnare, 190 Ill. 156.
Considering the age of the deceased, the accessibility of the locus in quo, the conditions in the neighborhood as to the presence of houses and people, the attractiveness of the water and the spoil banks, the knowledge which the defendant had that children from time to time played about that end of the channel, the well-known habits and psychology of children, the fact that the terminus of the channel was entirely unprotected and unguarded, and bearing in mind the law as we have stated it above and as we conceive it to exist in this State, we feel bound to conclude that there was sufficient evidence to justify its submission to the jury and that we are not justified in holding, as a matter of law, the evidence insufficient to show negligence.
The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.