IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0893 Filed June 29, 2022
MILTNER INSURANCE SERVICES, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
CASEY M. ROBERTS, Defendant-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Adams County, Bradley McCall,
Judge.
An employer appeals a district court decision denying its breach-of-contract
claim. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Robert J. Engler of Cambridge Law Firm, P.L.C., Atlantic, for appellant.
Matthew M. Sahag of Dickey, Campbell & Sahag Law Firm, PLC, Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by May, P.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ. 2
BADDING, Judge.
An employee signed a non-piracy agreement requiring her to return all
confidential documents to her employer upon her termination. But after she quit
her job, the employee kept an electronic copy of the employer’s client list and then
opened a competing business just down the street. The employer sued for breach
of contract. On the claim relevant to this appeal, the district court found the
employee’s “mere possession” of the client list after her termination was not a
breach of the non-piracy agreement. Because we conclude mere possession was
a breach, we reverse and remand.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Casey Roberts began her employment with Miltner Insurance Services,
LLC1 (Miltner) in 2012 as a customer service representative. Long-time employees
Jayne Templeton and Katrina Ogburn collectively own Miltner, having bought it in
January 2018. Nearly all the purchase price—$1.42 million out of $1.50 million—
was attributable to the business’s goodwill and client list. Shortly after the
purchase, Miltner and Roberts entered into a non-piracy and trade secret
agreement. The agreement prohibited Roberts from soliciting any of Miltner’s
accounts for two years after termination of her employment with Miltner. It also
stated that Roberts could not “divulge, disclose, or communicate” any information
about Miltner, including Miltner’s customer list.
1The entity was known as Miltner Insurance Agency, Inc. when Roberts began her employment. The business was sold as a going concern in 2018, and the name was changed. 3
Roberts signed a second non-piracy agreement in December 2018. That
agreement included, in part:
CONFIDENTIALITY AND NON-DISLCOSURE. Employee shall at no time divulge or disclose any information regarding the business of the Corporation, including, but not limited to customer lists, renewal lists, information concerning customers, any other matter connected with or pertaining to the business of the Corporation. It is understood and agreed by the parties hereto that all such information . . . shall, at all times, remain the sole and exclusive property of the Corporation. Upon termination, Employee will return to Corporation all records or documents of any kind or character which contain, evidence or pertain to information regarding the business of the Corporation. NON-COMPETE—BUSINESS. Employee agrees that [ ] she will not, within the period of three (3) years following the date of [her] termination of employment . . . , directly or indirectly, by or for [ ] herself, or as the agent of another, or through all others as his/her agent: (a) divulge the names of [Miltner’s] policy holders or accounts to any other person, firm or corporation; (b) in any way seek to induce, bring about, promote, facilitate, or encourage the discontinuance of or in any way solicit for on or behalf or [ ] herself or others, or in any way quote rates, accept, receive, write, bind, broker, or transfer any insurance business, policies, risk or accounts, written, issued, covered, obtained (whether through the efforts of the Employee or not) or carried by [Miltner].
The agreement provided for liquidated damages, injunctive relief, and legal
expenses upon a breach. The liquidated-damages portion gave Miltner different
remedies for breaches occurring in the first, second, and third years following
termination of Roberts’s employment.
Roberts sent Miltner’s client list to her private email before she signed the
second non-piracy agreement.2 Then, in January 2019, Roberts resigned from
2 Roberts claims she was not planning to resign when she emailed the client list to herself but later kept it to make sure she was not soliciting Miltner’s clients. At trial, Roberts testified that she deleted the client list upon receipt of a cease and desist letter from Miltner’s counsel. Yet, a responsive letter sent from her counsel to Miltner in November 2019 suggested that Roberts still had the list since she offered to delete it upon Miltner meeting certain demands. 4
Miltner because she was upset the company hired a new employee who would be
paid more than Roberts. She then accepted employment as an independent agent
with a separate insurance group, where she sells insurance in the same fields as
Miltner, from an office roughly two blocks away. Roberts conceded at trial that she
was in direct competition with Miltner. But she testified that she has not solicited
any of Miltner’s clients. At trial, Miltner could not show which, if any, clients they
lost to Roberts.
Miltner launched this litigation against Roberts in May 2020. The petition
alleged five counts. The first two were for breach of contract relating to Roberts
seeking to solicit clients on Miltner’s client and renewal lists within the first and
second years following termination of her employment, in violation of the non-
compete provision of the agreement. Count three was for breach of contract for
Roberts’s retention of Miltner’s client and renewal lists, in violation of the
confidentiality and non-disclosure provision of the agreement. Count four was for
breach of contract stemming from Roberts’s retention of educational materials and
an employee handbook, also in violation of the confidentiality and non-disclosure
provision of the agreement. Count five sought injunctive relief.
The matter proceeded to trial. In its ruling, the district court found the
December 2018 non-piracy agreement to be valid and enforceable, but the court
determined it only prohibited Roberts from using Miltner’s proprietary information
to solicit clients from Miltner’s customer base and from servicing current clients of
Miltner. The court found Roberts’s mere possession of the client list did not violate
the agreement, and Miltner did not prove she used the client list to steal clients.
Even so, the court found the evidence undisputed that Roberts took training 5
materials valued at $140 when she ended employment with Miltner. So the court
entered judgment against Roberts and in favor of Miltner in that amount. Miltner
appeals.
II. Standard of Review
Because the answer to the question raised on appeal turns on contract
interpretation and construction, our review is for errors at law. Colwell v. MCNA
Ins. Co., 960 N.W.2d 675, 676–77 (Iowa 2021); Homeland Energy Sols., LLC v.
Retterath, 938 N.W.2d 664, 683 (Iowa 2020). “We will reverse a district court’s
judgment if we find the court has applied erroneous rules of law, which materially
affected its decision. In contrast, the district court’s findings of fact are binding on
us if they are supported by substantial evidence.” NevadaCare, Inc. v. Dep’t of
Human Servs., 783 N.W.2d 459
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0893 Filed June 29, 2022
MILTNER INSURANCE SERVICES, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
CASEY M. ROBERTS, Defendant-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Adams County, Bradley McCall,
Judge.
An employer appeals a district court decision denying its breach-of-contract
claim. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Robert J. Engler of Cambridge Law Firm, P.L.C., Atlantic, for appellant.
Matthew M. Sahag of Dickey, Campbell & Sahag Law Firm, PLC, Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by May, P.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ. 2
BADDING, Judge.
An employee signed a non-piracy agreement requiring her to return all
confidential documents to her employer upon her termination. But after she quit
her job, the employee kept an electronic copy of the employer’s client list and then
opened a competing business just down the street. The employer sued for breach
of contract. On the claim relevant to this appeal, the district court found the
employee’s “mere possession” of the client list after her termination was not a
breach of the non-piracy agreement. Because we conclude mere possession was
a breach, we reverse and remand.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Casey Roberts began her employment with Miltner Insurance Services,
LLC1 (Miltner) in 2012 as a customer service representative. Long-time employees
Jayne Templeton and Katrina Ogburn collectively own Miltner, having bought it in
January 2018. Nearly all the purchase price—$1.42 million out of $1.50 million—
was attributable to the business’s goodwill and client list. Shortly after the
purchase, Miltner and Roberts entered into a non-piracy and trade secret
agreement. The agreement prohibited Roberts from soliciting any of Miltner’s
accounts for two years after termination of her employment with Miltner. It also
stated that Roberts could not “divulge, disclose, or communicate” any information
about Miltner, including Miltner’s customer list.
1The entity was known as Miltner Insurance Agency, Inc. when Roberts began her employment. The business was sold as a going concern in 2018, and the name was changed. 3
Roberts signed a second non-piracy agreement in December 2018. That
agreement included, in part:
CONFIDENTIALITY AND NON-DISLCOSURE. Employee shall at no time divulge or disclose any information regarding the business of the Corporation, including, but not limited to customer lists, renewal lists, information concerning customers, any other matter connected with or pertaining to the business of the Corporation. It is understood and agreed by the parties hereto that all such information . . . shall, at all times, remain the sole and exclusive property of the Corporation. Upon termination, Employee will return to Corporation all records or documents of any kind or character which contain, evidence or pertain to information regarding the business of the Corporation. NON-COMPETE—BUSINESS. Employee agrees that [ ] she will not, within the period of three (3) years following the date of [her] termination of employment . . . , directly or indirectly, by or for [ ] herself, or as the agent of another, or through all others as his/her agent: (a) divulge the names of [Miltner’s] policy holders or accounts to any other person, firm or corporation; (b) in any way seek to induce, bring about, promote, facilitate, or encourage the discontinuance of or in any way solicit for on or behalf or [ ] herself or others, or in any way quote rates, accept, receive, write, bind, broker, or transfer any insurance business, policies, risk or accounts, written, issued, covered, obtained (whether through the efforts of the Employee or not) or carried by [Miltner].
The agreement provided for liquidated damages, injunctive relief, and legal
expenses upon a breach. The liquidated-damages portion gave Miltner different
remedies for breaches occurring in the first, second, and third years following
termination of Roberts’s employment.
Roberts sent Miltner’s client list to her private email before she signed the
second non-piracy agreement.2 Then, in January 2019, Roberts resigned from
2 Roberts claims she was not planning to resign when she emailed the client list to herself but later kept it to make sure she was not soliciting Miltner’s clients. At trial, Roberts testified that she deleted the client list upon receipt of a cease and desist letter from Miltner’s counsel. Yet, a responsive letter sent from her counsel to Miltner in November 2019 suggested that Roberts still had the list since she offered to delete it upon Miltner meeting certain demands. 4
Miltner because she was upset the company hired a new employee who would be
paid more than Roberts. She then accepted employment as an independent agent
with a separate insurance group, where she sells insurance in the same fields as
Miltner, from an office roughly two blocks away. Roberts conceded at trial that she
was in direct competition with Miltner. But she testified that she has not solicited
any of Miltner’s clients. At trial, Miltner could not show which, if any, clients they
lost to Roberts.
Miltner launched this litigation against Roberts in May 2020. The petition
alleged five counts. The first two were for breach of contract relating to Roberts
seeking to solicit clients on Miltner’s client and renewal lists within the first and
second years following termination of her employment, in violation of the non-
compete provision of the agreement. Count three was for breach of contract for
Roberts’s retention of Miltner’s client and renewal lists, in violation of the
confidentiality and non-disclosure provision of the agreement. Count four was for
breach of contract stemming from Roberts’s retention of educational materials and
an employee handbook, also in violation of the confidentiality and non-disclosure
provision of the agreement. Count five sought injunctive relief.
The matter proceeded to trial. In its ruling, the district court found the
December 2018 non-piracy agreement to be valid and enforceable, but the court
determined it only prohibited Roberts from using Miltner’s proprietary information
to solicit clients from Miltner’s customer base and from servicing current clients of
Miltner. The court found Roberts’s mere possession of the client list did not violate
the agreement, and Miltner did not prove she used the client list to steal clients.
Even so, the court found the evidence undisputed that Roberts took training 5
materials valued at $140 when she ended employment with Miltner. So the court
entered judgment against Roberts and in favor of Miltner in that amount. Miltner
appeals.
II. Standard of Review
Because the answer to the question raised on appeal turns on contract
interpretation and construction, our review is for errors at law. Colwell v. MCNA
Ins. Co., 960 N.W.2d 675, 676–77 (Iowa 2021); Homeland Energy Sols., LLC v.
Retterath, 938 N.W.2d 664, 683 (Iowa 2020). “We will reverse a district court’s
judgment if we find the court has applied erroneous rules of law, which materially
affected its decision. In contrast, the district court’s findings of fact are binding on
us if they are supported by substantial evidence.” NevadaCare, Inc. v. Dep’t of
Human Servs., 783 N.W.2d 459, 465 (Iowa 2010) (internal citation omitted).
III. Analysis
On appeal, Miltner only challenges the district court’s determination under
count three, that “[t]he mere possession by Roberts, for some period of time, of the
Miltner . . . client list, was not a violation of the Non-Piracy Agreement” and “[o]nly
the use of that client list to pirate clients from the agency was prohibited.” Miltner
maintains Roberts’s post-termination possession of the client list was enough to
amount to breach.
As a refresher, the agreement provided:
Employee shall at no time divulge or disclose any information regarding the business of the Corporation, including, but not limited to customer lists, renewal lists, information concerning customers, any other matter connected with or pertaining to the business of the Corporation. It is understood and agreed by the parties hereto that all such information, customer lists, renewal lists, goodwill and information concerning customers shall, at all times, remain the sole 6
and exclusive property of the Corporation. Upon termination, Employee will return to Corporation all records or documents of any kind of character which contain, evidence or pertain to information regarding the business of the Corporation.
Miltner readily agrees the first sentence requires disclosure and, under that
provision, “mere possession” of the client list is not enough to breach the
agreement. But the final two sentences, according to Miltner, do make “mere
possession” of the list after termination of employment a breach. Roberts
responds that, under the circumstances, the principal purpose of the agreement
was to prohibit divulging or disclosing the client list. While Roberts acknowledges
the agreement required her to return the client list upon termination, she submits
there was no breach because that purpose was not violated.
It is true, as Roberts points out, that “[w]ords and other conduct are
interpreted in the light of all the circumstances, and if the principal purpose of the
parties is ascertainable it is given great weight.” Retterath, 938 N.W.2d at 683
(alteration in original) (citation omitted). But this rule must yield to the foundational
principle that “the most important evidence of the parties’ intentions at the time
they entered into the contract is the words of the contract.” NevadaCare, 783
N.W.2d at 466. When reviewing the words of a contract, “[c]ourts must strive to
give effect to all the language of a contract.” Fashion Fabrics of Iowa, Inc. v. Retail
Invs. Corp., 266 N.W.2d 22, 26 (Iowa 1978).
Because an agreement is to be interpreted as a whole, it is assumed in the first instance that no part of it is superfluous; an interpretation which gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no effect. 7
Id. It is only when it is not possible to give effect to all parts of the contract that
“the court will seek to interpret the contract in a way that will at least effectuate the
principal or main apparent purpose of the parties.” 11 Williston on Contracts § 32:9
(4th ed. May 2022 update).
Here, it is possible to give effect to all parts of the contract, as Miltner did
when laying out its breach-of-contract claims. By focusing on the “principal
purpose” of the parties, rather than the language of the contract itself as Roberts
does, parts of the contract would be rendered superfluous. The agreement
provides two separate mandates. The first sentence prohibits disclosure of
proprietary information, including the customer list, “at any time,” which would
encompass both before and after termination. The final sentence requires Roberts
to return any such proprietary information to Miltner upon termination. So the
non-piracy agreement prohibits not just disclosure or use of the client list, but also
possession of the list after employment ends.3 The latter restriction prohibits
exactly what Roberts admittedly did, emailing herself Miltner’s client list and
retaining—i.e., merely possessing—that list after terminating her employment with
the company.4 This is consistent with the district court’s conclusion that Roberts
3This is not an anomalous concept. Cf. Basic Chems., Inc. v. Benson, 251 N.W.2d 220, 230 (Iowa 1977) (finding a customer list can be a protected trade secret); Lemmon v. Hendrickson, 559 N.W.2d 278, 281 (Iowa 1997) (considering an employment agreement requiring an employee to return customer lists upon ending employment). 4 We also note the principle that “when a contract contains both general and
specific provisions on a particular issue, the specific provisions are controlling.” Retterath, 938 N.W.2d at 683 (citation omitted). But here, the provisions are speaking to different issues—disclosure of confidential information on the one hand, and retention of it following termination on the other. So there is no need to apply this rule. 8
violated the same provision by retaining an educational manual following her
termination, although she testified that she later threw it away.
IV. Conclusion
We find the district court’s denial of relief under count three of Miltner’s
petition was error. We reverse and remand the case to the court to determine the
damages and other relief to which Miltner is entitled.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.