Reid, J.
Plaintiffs filed the bill of complaint in this case in chancery for a decree that they are entitled to rescind and withdraw from purchase agreements, for an accounting, for a determination that each of the defendants is jointly and severally liable to each of the plaintiffs for certain moneys turned over to defendants for investment, and for other equitable relief. The case was referred to a circuit court commissioner for the taking of testimony. In his report to the lower court, the circuit court commissioner recommended that decree be entered in favor of each of the plaintiffs in substantially the sum claimed by each such plaintiff. The trial judge disregarded the report and recommendation of the circuit court commissioner and entered his decree dismissing the bill as to each of the plaintiffs. Prom the decree thus entered, each of the plaintiffs appeals.
[403]*403Defendant Saul Katz is principal stockholder of the defendant Investment Management Company, a Michigan corporation, the incorporation papers of which were filed October 23, 1933. Katz and the Investment Management Company are the sole remaining defendants.
The said corporation is a closed corporation, the stock being owned by Katz and members of his family-
At some time in 1935, defendant Katz went through bankruptcy and obtained his discharge in bankruptcy as having no assets. When the discharge in bankruptcy occurred, the properties standing in the name of Katz and his wife by the entire-ties apparently were not required in the bankruptcy proceedings to be surrendered for the benefit of the creditors of Katz individually. Some of the larg’e apartment houses now owned by Katz or his family or the defendant company were then in the name of Katz and wife.
Within a short time after having been discharged in bankruptcy, Katz began the acquisition of large apartment houses and within a few years was himself individually the owner of 6 large apartment houses besides others that he transferred to the defendant company or to his children, retaining a trusteeship over the properties assigned to his children. The bulk of these properties was acquired by Katz within 5 years after his discharge in bankruptcy.
Defendant Katz had in his employment a maintenance man and laborer by the name of Frederick Stevenson, a colored man. When Stevenson first started working for Katz about the year 1936, he (Stevenson) was receiving $18 a week wages and when he ceased the employment he was receiving $70 a week. It is the claim of plaintiffs that Katz and Stevenson entered into an agreement to obtain money from various persons through the contacts [404]*404of Stevenson for the ostensible purpose of being invested but for the real purpose of causing that the investors should lose to defendants and Stevenson substantially all, or as nearly all as possible, of their investments through a defalcation scheme, the exact details of which are not made clear in the testimony. Plaintiffs claim the defalcation scheme would permit Stevenson to abscond (which he in fact did) or go through, bankruptcy. Katz did not participate in the actual signing of the “investment” papers nor was his name mentioned thereon.' Plaintiffs claim and there is testimony to show that soon after Katz’s discharge in bankruptcy it became rapidly apparent that he was a very well-to-do man, and that the “victims” were led to consider that the property of the 2 defendants (Katz and the investment company) was property in which their (plaintiffs’) moneys were invested or which in some way assured to the investors the return value of their investment.
Plaintiffs claim that Katz caused that Stevenson be furnished with cards with the name of defendant Investment Management Company printed thereon and the name of Stevenson also printed thereon to indicate that Stevenson was the agent of said investment company. There is testimony that some of the investors were introduced by Stevenson to Katz with the statement, “Saul, I want you to meet one of our investors,” or words to that effect, and that Katz indicated that he was agreeable to the proposition that the proposed investor should become an investor. Plaintiffs also claim that Katz said to one of the investors, “That is the best investment you can make.”
Plaintiffs further claim and there is testimony tp show that the secretary and the bookkeeper employed at the office of and by the investment company, were habituated to turn over to Stevenson callers at the office whose errand seemed to be in the [405]*405investment line rather than paying any rents to the office and that some “investments” were actually made in the presence of, and with the participation of, the secretary or bookeeper. Plaintiffs claim further and there is convincing testimony to show that Katz and his office force commingled some of the funds obtained by Stevenson from the “investors” with the funds of the Investment Management Company and of Katz himself. One of the plaintiff investors testified he paid $2,000 as a real estate investment to Stevenson, and that Stevenson turned it over to Katz, who put it in his pocket. One investor’s check for $1,000 was received into the funds of defendant investment company.
Plaintiffs further claim that actions were taken and apparent authority purposefully and wilfully displayed by Katz to create the impression in general that the investors were investing in real estate of the defendant investment company.
Plaintiffs claim that the disappearance of Stevenson in February, 1945, was caused by pressure brought to bear on him to pay back to certain investors some of their money. Stevenson’s whereabouts are still unknown, although a warrant is out for his arrest because of his fraudulent conduct. Stevenson was made a defendant but no service upon him having been obtained, the case was discontinued as to him.
Defendants claim that there was no conspiracy between defendant Katz and Frederick Stevenson to defraud plaintiffs, and that the fraudulent representations and persuasions of Stevenson to procure money from would-be investors were all matters for which Stevenson had the sole responsibility, and that Katz had not intentionally given any person any impression that he was in anywise a party to Stevenson’s obtaining the investments.
[406]*406Defendant Katz denies that he said to any person in anywise anything to indicate that he was satisfied to receive that person as an investor, and denies that any of plaintiffs’ moneys were commingled with the funds of the investment company. Defendants further claim that the investment company was a closed corporation, and that no investments were desired by Katz to be made by any would-be investor in any of the properties held by the investment company, by Katz individually or by his children or wife, in anywise. It is conceded that Stevenson was never an officer, stockholder or director in defendant corporation. Defendants further claim that the statements of the various witnesses indicating the collusion between Katz and Stevenson are all perjured testimony and defendants deny that they are liable for any of the balance due any of the so-called investors and of the plaintiffs and of each of the plaintiffs in particular.
Defendants claim that Stevenson disappeared because Katz “fired” him with strong disapproval of Stevenson’s accepting money from “investors,” so that Stevenson became frightened by Katz’s language and absconded.
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Reid, J.
Plaintiffs filed the bill of complaint in this case in chancery for a decree that they are entitled to rescind and withdraw from purchase agreements, for an accounting, for a determination that each of the defendants is jointly and severally liable to each of the plaintiffs for certain moneys turned over to defendants for investment, and for other equitable relief. The case was referred to a circuit court commissioner for the taking of testimony. In his report to the lower court, the circuit court commissioner recommended that decree be entered in favor of each of the plaintiffs in substantially the sum claimed by each such plaintiff. The trial judge disregarded the report and recommendation of the circuit court commissioner and entered his decree dismissing the bill as to each of the plaintiffs. Prom the decree thus entered, each of the plaintiffs appeals.
[403]*403Defendant Saul Katz is principal stockholder of the defendant Investment Management Company, a Michigan corporation, the incorporation papers of which were filed October 23, 1933. Katz and the Investment Management Company are the sole remaining defendants.
The said corporation is a closed corporation, the stock being owned by Katz and members of his family-
At some time in 1935, defendant Katz went through bankruptcy and obtained his discharge in bankruptcy as having no assets. When the discharge in bankruptcy occurred, the properties standing in the name of Katz and his wife by the entire-ties apparently were not required in the bankruptcy proceedings to be surrendered for the benefit of the creditors of Katz individually. Some of the larg’e apartment houses now owned by Katz or his family or the defendant company were then in the name of Katz and wife.
Within a short time after having been discharged in bankruptcy, Katz began the acquisition of large apartment houses and within a few years was himself individually the owner of 6 large apartment houses besides others that he transferred to the defendant company or to his children, retaining a trusteeship over the properties assigned to his children. The bulk of these properties was acquired by Katz within 5 years after his discharge in bankruptcy.
Defendant Katz had in his employment a maintenance man and laborer by the name of Frederick Stevenson, a colored man. When Stevenson first started working for Katz about the year 1936, he (Stevenson) was receiving $18 a week wages and when he ceased the employment he was receiving $70 a week. It is the claim of plaintiffs that Katz and Stevenson entered into an agreement to obtain money from various persons through the contacts [404]*404of Stevenson for the ostensible purpose of being invested but for the real purpose of causing that the investors should lose to defendants and Stevenson substantially all, or as nearly all as possible, of their investments through a defalcation scheme, the exact details of which are not made clear in the testimony. Plaintiffs claim the defalcation scheme would permit Stevenson to abscond (which he in fact did) or go through, bankruptcy. Katz did not participate in the actual signing of the “investment” papers nor was his name mentioned thereon.' Plaintiffs claim and there is testimony to show that soon after Katz’s discharge in bankruptcy it became rapidly apparent that he was a very well-to-do man, and that the “victims” were led to consider that the property of the 2 defendants (Katz and the investment company) was property in which their (plaintiffs’) moneys were invested or which in some way assured to the investors the return value of their investment.
Plaintiffs claim that Katz caused that Stevenson be furnished with cards with the name of defendant Investment Management Company printed thereon and the name of Stevenson also printed thereon to indicate that Stevenson was the agent of said investment company. There is testimony that some of the investors were introduced by Stevenson to Katz with the statement, “Saul, I want you to meet one of our investors,” or words to that effect, and that Katz indicated that he was agreeable to the proposition that the proposed investor should become an investor. Plaintiffs also claim that Katz said to one of the investors, “That is the best investment you can make.”
Plaintiffs further claim and there is testimony tp show that the secretary and the bookkeeper employed at the office of and by the investment company, were habituated to turn over to Stevenson callers at the office whose errand seemed to be in the [405]*405investment line rather than paying any rents to the office and that some “investments” were actually made in the presence of, and with the participation of, the secretary or bookeeper. Plaintiffs claim further and there is convincing testimony to show that Katz and his office force commingled some of the funds obtained by Stevenson from the “investors” with the funds of the Investment Management Company and of Katz himself. One of the plaintiff investors testified he paid $2,000 as a real estate investment to Stevenson, and that Stevenson turned it over to Katz, who put it in his pocket. One investor’s check for $1,000 was received into the funds of defendant investment company.
Plaintiffs further claim that actions were taken and apparent authority purposefully and wilfully displayed by Katz to create the impression in general that the investors were investing in real estate of the defendant investment company.
Plaintiffs claim that the disappearance of Stevenson in February, 1945, was caused by pressure brought to bear on him to pay back to certain investors some of their money. Stevenson’s whereabouts are still unknown, although a warrant is out for his arrest because of his fraudulent conduct. Stevenson was made a defendant but no service upon him having been obtained, the case was discontinued as to him.
Defendants claim that there was no conspiracy between defendant Katz and Frederick Stevenson to defraud plaintiffs, and that the fraudulent representations and persuasions of Stevenson to procure money from would-be investors were all matters for which Stevenson had the sole responsibility, and that Katz had not intentionally given any person any impression that he was in anywise a party to Stevenson’s obtaining the investments.
[406]*406Defendant Katz denies that he said to any person in anywise anything to indicate that he was satisfied to receive that person as an investor, and denies that any of plaintiffs’ moneys were commingled with the funds of the investment company. Defendants further claim that the investment company was a closed corporation, and that no investments were desired by Katz to be made by any would-be investor in any of the properties held by the investment company, by Katz individually or by his children or wife, in anywise. It is conceded that Stevenson was never an officer, stockholder or director in defendant corporation. Defendants further claim that the statements of the various witnesses indicating the collusion between Katz and Stevenson are all perjured testimony and defendants deny that they are liable for any of the balance due any of the so-called investors and of the plaintiffs and of each of the plaintiffs in particular.
Defendants claim that Stevenson disappeared because Katz “fired” him with strong disapproval of Stevenson’s accepting money from “investors,” so that Stevenson became frightened by Katz’s language and absconded. However, one check for $1,000 was issued by Katz to Stevenson in February, 1945, although Katz testified he first knew in December, 1944, of Stevenson’s wrongful transaction.
Plaintiffs claim that many checks of Investment Management Company were given Stevenson by Katz for the purpose of enabling Stevenson to show the checks to intended victims as dividend checks and so to impress the victims with the profits of the “investment,” the checks being returned by Stevenson in some cases within a few days, and plaintiffs claim that the exhibition of such checks was a notable aid to Stevenson in fraudulently procuring the money of would-be investors.
[407]*407There is testimony that a total of 65 checks (not salary checks) were issued to Stevenson and that there were in one month (April 12, 1944 to May 13, 1944) 12 such checks ranging from $200 to $500 each and totaling $5,700; that of the 65 checks, 17 were returned by Stevenson to defendant investment company within a few days after issuance, and that-8 checks were redeposited by the defendant investment company in its own bank account the day after issuance, which 8 checks were never cashed by Stevenson.
There was testimony by plaintiffs Milgrom and Skinner that Stevenson exhibited checks given him by defendant company, Stevenson claiming they were dividend checks.
Defendants claim that the checks were for the most part given in exchange of checks hut defendants give no satisfactory explanation of the necessity for exchanging checks with Stevenson.
There is testimony to show that Stevenson had his office in the same suite with defendant Katz and defendant company in the First National Bank Building in Detroit. It is undisputed that Katz knew that Stevenson purchased a large and valuable residence in 1943 and had 2 automobiles, while earning $60 per week.
The “investments” procured by Stevenson were all evidenced by notes given by Stevenson; Katz’s name did not appear on any of the notes. There was no receipt given for payment as though for the purchase of stock nor any designation of what company the “investment” was made in nor was there any specification as to dividends or preference over other investors. The matter of the “investments” was in such shape that Stevenson could abscond or go through bankruptcy with nothing in writing to connect Katz with Stevenson’s debts or the investors’ “investments.”
[408]*408Plaintiffs argne that the report by the circuit court commissioner is conclusive, where supported by some testimony. This is a chancery suit and the report of the'circuit court commissioner has not the same standing as the report of a referee in a lawsuit. See Sant v. Perronville Shingle Co., 179 Mich 42, 51.
“The circuit judge was not bound to follow the report of the commissioner, for it was only advisory.” Jacobs v. Dearborn Holding Co., 270 Mich 55, 56.
In hearing this case de novo, we do not have the result of personal observation of the witnesses by the trial judge, who had nothing but the typewritten testimony taken before the circuit court commissioner, besides the eshibits, from which to determine disputed facts. We have as good an opportunity to determine the disputed facts as had the trial judge. Under such circumstances we must turn to the report of the circuit'court commissioner and give careful attention to the printed testimony to determine the accuracy and apparent correctness of the circuit court commissioner’s report, and proceed to make our own determination of the facts.
Plaintiffs have recited in considerable circumstantial detail facts tending to show Katz’s participation in the fraud of Stevenson. It is difficult to accept Katz’s own individual unsupported denial of the facts so recited as against the testimony of the several witnesses. Katz’s sudden rise to wealth so soon after his discharge in bankruptcy requires that we review with careful attention his claims to honesty in his transactions. Katz as a -witness was shifty, self-contradictory and evasive on important matters. Under all the circumstances of this case, we conclude that the collusion between' Katz and Stevenson as claimed by plaintiffs, is fairly established and the amounts of which plaintiffs were in [409]*409consequence defrauded, are proven and established, as found by the circuit court commissioner. Stevenson was the agent of defendants in the matters complained of.
Defendants claim a misjoinder of plaintiffs. A multiplicity of suits was avoided by plaintiffs joining in this one suit. The right to an accounting depended on by each plaintiff is in the case of each plaintiff, the showing of the same active collusion between Katz and Stevenson. Under all the facts and circumstances of this case, the convenient administration of justice was promoted by the joinder.
“The plaintiff may join in 1 action, at law or in equity, as many causes of action as he may have against the defendant, but legal and equitable causes of action shall not be joined; but when there is more than 1 plaintiff, the causes of action joined must be joint, and if there be more than 1 defendant, the liability must be one asserted against all of the material defendants, or sufficient grounds must appear for uniting the causes of action in order to promote the convenient administration of justice, or when several suits shall be commenced against joint and several debtors, in the same court, the plaintiff may, in any stage of the proceedings, consolidate them into 1 action. If it appear that any such causes of action cannot be conveniently disposed of together, the court may order separate trials, or whenever several suits shall be pending in the same court, by the same plaintiff against the same defendant, for causes of action which may be joined, the court in which the same shall be prosecuted may, in its discretion, order the several suits to be consolidated into 1 action.” CL 1948; § 608.1 (Stat Ann § 27.591).
See Goodrich v. Waller, 314 Mich 456.
[410]*410The decree appealed from is reversed. A decree will be entered in this Court in accordance with this opinion. Costs to plaintiffs.
Sharpe, C. J., and Busi-inell, Boyles, North, Dethmers, Butzel, and Carr, JJ., concurred.