Mikhail Cirkunvos v. Zuffa LLC, et al.

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: January 23, 2026
• Docket: 2:25-cv-00914
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 * * *

4 Mikhail Cirkunvos, Case No. 2:25-cv-00914-RFB-BNW

5 Plaintiffs, ORDER 6 v.

7 Zuffa LLC, et al.,

8 Defendants.

9 10 Defendants filed a motion to seal Exhibits A and B in support of their motion to compel 11 arbitration (at ECF No. 38) and to redact certain portions of the motion that refer to those 12 exhibits. ECF No. 40. The sealed documents are currently at ECF No. 39. No opposition has been 13 filed. 14 I. DISCUSSION 15 Generally, the public has a right to inspect and copy judicial records. Kamakana v. City & 16 Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006). Such records are presumptively publicly 17 accessible. Id. Consequently, a party seeking to seal a judicial record bears the burden of 18 overcoming this strong presumption. Id. In the case of dispositive motions, the party seeking to 19 seal the record must articulate compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings that 20 outweigh the general history of access and the public policies favoring disclosure, such as the 21 public interest in understanding the judicial process. Id. at 1178–79 (alteration and internal 22 quotation marks and citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has further held that the full 23 presumption of public access applies to technically non-dispositive motions and attached 24 documents as well if the motion is “more than tangentially related to the merits of the case.” Ctr. 25 for Auto Safety v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir. 2016). 26 Among the compelling reasons which may justify sealing a record are when such court 27 files might have become a vehicle for improper purposes, such as the use of records to gratify 1 Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179 (quotation omitted). However, avoiding a litigant’s embarrassment, 2 incrimination, or exposure to further litigation will not, without more, compel the court to seal its 3 records. Id. 4 “[A] different standard applies to ‘private materials unearthed during discovery,’ as such 5 documents are not part of the judicial record.” Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665 (9th 6 Cir. 2010) (citing Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180). Under Rule 26(c), a court may enter a protective 7 order “to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden 8 or expense.” “The relevant standard for purposes of Rule 26(c) is whether good cause exists to 9 protect the information from being disclosed to the public by balancing the needs for discovery 10 against the need for confidentiality.” Pintos, 605 F.3d at 678 (quotation omitted). Given the 11 “weaker public interest in nondispositive materials,” the court applies the good cause standard in 12 evaluating whether to seal documents attached to a nondispositive motion. Id. “Nondispositive 13 motions ‘are often unrelated, or only tangentially related, to the underlying cause of action,’ and, 14 as a result, the public’s interest in accessing dispositive materials does ‘not apply with equal 15 force’ to non-dispositive materials.” Id. (citing Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179). It is within the 16 court’s discretion whether to seal documents. Id. at 679. 17 “[D]istrict courts differ on whether a motion to compel arbitration is a dispositive or 18 nondispositive motion for sealing purposes” In re Uber Text Messaging, No. 18-CV-02931-HSG, 19 2019 WL 8200602, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 30, 2019) (citing Martin v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 20 12-CV-06030-SI, 2013 WL 5441973, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2013) (collecting cases)). But the 21 Court finds more persuasive the reasoned opinions concluding that a motion to compel arbitration 22 is dispositive because of its similarities to motions to remand or transfer. See, e.g., Langell v. 23 Ideal Homes LLC, No. 16-CV-00821-HRL, 2016 WL 8711704, at *3–4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 24 2016), report and recommendation adopted, No. 16-CV-00821-LHK, 2016 WL 10859440 (N.D. 25 Cal. Dec. 7, 2016). Courts in the Ninth Circuit employ a “functional approach” to determine 26 whether a motion is dispositive by looking to its effect. See Flam v. Flam, 788 F.3d 1043, 1046 27 (9th Cir. 2015). Like a motion to remand or transfer, a motion to compel arbitration results in the 1 || that motion to remand is dispositive because it “preclusively determines the important point that 2 || there will not be a federal forum available to entertain a particular dispute”) (internal quotation 3 || omitted). Though a federal court technically retains jurisdiction to enforce arbitration awards, the 4 || “limited and highly deferential” mode of review, Comedy Club, Inc. v. Improv W. Assocs., 553 5 || F.3d 1277, 1288 (9th Cir. 2009), has the practical impact of “put[ting] the parties effectively out 6 || of federal court.” Harmston v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 627 F.3d 1273, 1278-79 (9th Cir. 7 || 2010) Ginternal quotation and emphasis omitted). Thus, this Court finds that a motion to compel 8 || arbitration is dispositive and accordingly, it applies the compelling reasons standard to the motion 9 || to seal. 10 The exhibits in question (and the redacted portions of the motion citing to those exhibits) 11 || contains highly sensitive proprietary and contractual business information. If disclosed, these 12 || exhibits could provide competitors with insights into Defendants’ business practices, invade the 13 || privacy interests of Cirkunovs, and lead to competitive harm. Courts may justify sealing court 14 || filings to prevent judicial documents from being used “as sources of business information that 15 || might harm a litigant’s competitive standing.” Nixon v. Warner Commce’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 98 16 || (1978); see also In re Elec. Arts, Inc., 298 F. App’x 568, 569 (9th Cir. 2008) (reversing district 17 || court order not to seal “pricing terms, royalty rates, and guaranteed minimum payment terms” 18 || from licensing agreements). 19 I. CONCLUSION 20 IT IS THERERFORE ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Seal (ECF No. 40) is 21 || GRANTED. 22 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is directed to maintain under seal 23 || ECF No. 39. 24 25 DATED: January 23, 2026 26 KK pnw lea WER, 97 BRENDA WEKSLER UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 28