OPINION
PER CURIAM.
Mike Perez brought suit under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), claiming that prison officials at FCI-Schuylkill were negligent when he had an asthma attack while he was housed in the Segregated Housing Unit of the prison. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the basis that the nightmares cited by Perez at his deposition did not constitute a “prior showing of physical injury” as required under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) to claim mental or emotional damages. Perez appealed, and we vacated the District Court’s judgment.
We noted that the District Court did not consider all of the physical injuries Perez claimed: .
[I]t is unclear why the District Court did not consider whether the immediate physical effects from the asthma attack itself would have constituted a “prior showing of physical injury” under the statute, but it did not.
See Munn v. Toney,
433 F.3d 1087 (8th Cir.2006) (prisoner’s allegations and testimony of
headaches, cramps, nosebleeds, and dizziness while prison missed prescribed blood pressure screenings sufficient to overcome § 1997e bar);
cf. Davis v. District of Columbia,
158 F.3d 1342, 1349 (D.C.Cir.1998) (physical manifestations of emotional injury do not qualify as “prior” physical injuries). In its brief, the United States asserts that Perez only identified bad dreams as his injuries. While the United States is correct that Perez claims only damages for mental or emotional distress, it is wrong that Perez never identified other physical injuries that occurred as a result of the alleged asthma attack. At the deposition, Perez stated that he was dizzy, weak, nauseous, and had a headache immediately after the attack, and that he had back pain from coughing for a couple of days.
(See
Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, attached as Exhibit 1, at p. 53-54.) Just because Perez is not claiming damages specifically from those physical injuries does not mean that his allegations of them cannot be considered as a showing of a physical injury for the purposes of the statute.
See
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2).
Perez v. United States,
271 Fed.Appx. 240, 242 (3d Cir.2008). We directed the District Court to consider on remand whether the other physical injuries Perez claimed met the criteria of 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e).
On remand, the District Court again found Perez unable to overcome the physical injury requirement of the statutes “because his dizziness, headaches, weakness, back pain, and nausea, all of which were temporary in nature and did not require medical attention, are considered
de min-imis
for the purposes of the FTCA’s physical injury requirement.” District Court Memorandum 5.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s order granting summary judgment is plenary.
See Abramson v. William Paterson College,
260 F.3d 265, 276 (3d Cir.2001). We apply the same standard that a district court must apply in deciding whether summary judgment is merited.
See id.
We view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all inferences in that party’s favor to determine whether there is a genuine issue of any material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
See id.
Applying this standard, we cannot conclude, as the District Court did, that the United States was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Perez suffered only
de minimis
physical injuries. Ultimately, it may be true that Perez’s injuries were like the “sore, bruised ear lasting for three days” which the court in
Siglar v. Hightower
classed as
de minimis. See
112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir.1997). Or they could be
de minimis
injuries like “swelling, pain, and cramps,”
Jarriett v. Wilson,
162 Fed.Appx. 394, 401 (6th Cir.2005), or “nose sores [that] were relieved with water and baby oil,”
Canell v. Multnomah County,
141 F.Supp.2d 1046, 1053 (D.Or.2001). The injuries Perez reported might be like a “sore muscle, an aching back, a scratch, an abrasion, a bruise, etc., ... [like those that] people in the regular and ordinary events and activities in their daily lives do not seek medical care for.”
Luong v. Hatt,
979 F.Supp. 481, 486 (N.D.Tex.1997).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
PER CURIAM.
Mike Perez brought suit under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), claiming that prison officials at FCI-Schuylkill were negligent when he had an asthma attack while he was housed in the Segregated Housing Unit of the prison. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the basis that the nightmares cited by Perez at his deposition did not constitute a “prior showing of physical injury” as required under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) to claim mental or emotional damages. Perez appealed, and we vacated the District Court’s judgment.
We noted that the District Court did not consider all of the physical injuries Perez claimed: .
[I]t is unclear why the District Court did not consider whether the immediate physical effects from the asthma attack itself would have constituted a “prior showing of physical injury” under the statute, but it did not.
See Munn v. Toney,
433 F.3d 1087 (8th Cir.2006) (prisoner’s allegations and testimony of
headaches, cramps, nosebleeds, and dizziness while prison missed prescribed blood pressure screenings sufficient to overcome § 1997e bar);
cf. Davis v. District of Columbia,
158 F.3d 1342, 1349 (D.C.Cir.1998) (physical manifestations of emotional injury do not qualify as “prior” physical injuries). In its brief, the United States asserts that Perez only identified bad dreams as his injuries. While the United States is correct that Perez claims only damages for mental or emotional distress, it is wrong that Perez never identified other physical injuries that occurred as a result of the alleged asthma attack. At the deposition, Perez stated that he was dizzy, weak, nauseous, and had a headache immediately after the attack, and that he had back pain from coughing for a couple of days.
(See
Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, attached as Exhibit 1, at p. 53-54.) Just because Perez is not claiming damages specifically from those physical injuries does not mean that his allegations of them cannot be considered as a showing of a physical injury for the purposes of the statute.
See
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2).
Perez v. United States,
271 Fed.Appx. 240, 242 (3d Cir.2008). We directed the District Court to consider on remand whether the other physical injuries Perez claimed met the criteria of 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e).
On remand, the District Court again found Perez unable to overcome the physical injury requirement of the statutes “because his dizziness, headaches, weakness, back pain, and nausea, all of which were temporary in nature and did not require medical attention, are considered
de min-imis
for the purposes of the FTCA’s physical injury requirement.” District Court Memorandum 5.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s order granting summary judgment is plenary.
See Abramson v. William Paterson College,
260 F.3d 265, 276 (3d Cir.2001). We apply the same standard that a district court must apply in deciding whether summary judgment is merited.
See id.
We view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all inferences in that party’s favor to determine whether there is a genuine issue of any material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
See id.
Applying this standard, we cannot conclude, as the District Court did, that the United States was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Perez suffered only
de minimis
physical injuries. Ultimately, it may be true that Perez’s injuries were like the “sore, bruised ear lasting for three days” which the court in
Siglar v. Hightower
classed as
de minimis. See
112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir.1997). Or they could be
de minimis
injuries like “swelling, pain, and cramps,”
Jarriett v. Wilson,
162 Fed.Appx. 394, 401 (6th Cir.2005), or “nose sores [that] were relieved with water and baby oil,”
Canell v. Multnomah County,
141 F.Supp.2d 1046, 1053 (D.Or.2001). The injuries Perez reported might be like a “sore muscle, an aching back, a scratch, an abrasion, a bruise, etc., ... [like those that] people in the regular and ordinary events and activities in their daily lives do not seek medical care for.”
Luong v. Hatt,
979 F.Supp. 481, 486 (N.D.Tex.1997).
However, Perez reported that his symptoms, associated with his asthma attack, were of such a severity that he needed steroids, prescription medicine, and other medical treatment to recover. Plaintiffs Exhibits in Support of his Response to the Motion for Summary Judgment, Ex. 1, Perez Dep. 43, 48, 53-55, 58. Although
the District Court found that Perez did not require medical treatment to resolve his symptoms, the issue is a matter of contention between the parties. Furthermore, in
Luong,
the court distinguished those injuries that resolve with home treatment from those injuries that require a visit to an emergency room or a doctor, assessing the former as
de minimis. See
979 F.Supp. at 486;
see also Munn v. Toney,
433 F.3d 1087, 1089 (8th Cir.2006) (holding that allegations and testimony about headaches, cramps, nosebleeds, and dizziness related to missing prescribed blood pressure screenings were sufficient to overcome § 1997e bar). We note that a severe asthma attack can be life-threatening like a heart attack, which courts have held to be more than a
de minimis
physical injury.
See Mata v. Saiz,
427 F.3d 745, 755 n. 4 (10th Cir.2005) (discussing the Mayo Clinic’s assessment of severe chest pain and heart attack as life-threatening);
Sealock v. Colorado,
218 F.3d 1205, 1210 n. 6 (10th Cir.2000). The severity of the attack and the need for medical treatment are genuine issues of material fact in this case. It remains in question whether Perez met the physical injury requirement to support his negligence claim for emotional injuries.
In addition to arguing that Perez’s injuries were
de minimis,
the United States presses us to affirm the District Court’s judgment because Perez did not present expert testimony to support his claim that the failure to treat his asthma attack caused his injuries. However, we will not take up this issue. Not only did the United States not raise the issue in the District Court,
see Bell Atlantic-Pennsylvania, Inc. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n,
273 F.3d 337, 344 n. 3 (3d Cir.2001), but also, in its brief in support of its motion for summary judgment, it seemed to argue that expert testimony is not necessary to resolve this case. (Specifically, in the District Court, the United States contended that the law “does not require expert medical testimony — in [sic] case such a[sic] this — if a matter is so simple or obvious to be within a lay person’s range of experience and comprehension.” Brief in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment 11 (citation omitted).)
In short, because the nature of Perez’s injuries remains unclear in light of the conflicting submissions of the parties, we conclude that the District Court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of the United States on the basis that Perez’s injuries were
de minimis
was in error. We will vacate the District Court’s judgment. We remand this matter to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.