24-2451 Mid-New York Environ. v. Dragon Springs
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit
August Term, 2024
(Argued: March 20, 2025 Decided: September 16, 2025)
Docket No. 24-2451
MID-NEW YORK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY PROMOTION COMMITTEE, INC., doing business as NYENVIRONCOM, ROBERT MAJCHER, GRACE WOODARD, ALEX SCILLA,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
–v.–
DRAGON SPRINGS BUDDHIST, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee. *
Before: SACK, ROBINSON, and PÉREZ, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Karas, J.) dismissing their claims against Defendant-Appellee Dragon Springs Buddhist, Inc. (“Dragon Springs”) under the Clean Water Act (“CWA”). Dragon Springs operates a large property with inhabitants in Deerpark, New York. Plaintiffs, residents and property owners in the area
* The Clerk’s office is respectfully directed to amend the caption as reflected above. and an organization of which they are members, enjoy using the nearby waters for recreational purposes. Plaintiffs allege that, due to ongoing construction activity by Dragon Springs and inadequate wastewater treatment, Dragon Springs has been discharging stormwater and wastewater containing the bacteria fecal coliform to the surface waters surrounding its property in excess of legal limits and in violation of the CWA.
Under 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b), a citizen seeking to sue for a CWA violation must provide notice of the alleged CWA violation to regulators and the alleged violator at least 60 days before filing suit; the required contents of that notice are set forth in 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaint on the ground that their pre-suit notice was inadequate.
The parties disagree as to whether the notice requirement in 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b) is a jurisdictional requirement and as to whether Plaintiffs adequately noticed their claims. We hold that § 1365(b) is not a requirement that affects courts’ subject matter jurisdiction. We also conclude that the pre-suit notice Plaintiffs provided to Dragon Springs here was sufficient to inform Dragon Springs of their claims.
Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s September 11, 2024 judgment and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. ______________
E. CHRISTOPHER MURRAY (Elizabeth S. Sy, on the brief), Rivkin Radler LLP, Uniondale, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
BRENDAN M. GOODHOUSE (Michael V. Caruso, Joshua J. Grauer, on the brief), Cuddy & Feder LLP, White Plains, NY, for Defendant-Appellee. ______________
2 ROBINSON, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from a September 11, 2024 judgment of the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Karas, J.)
dismissing their Clean Water Act (“CWA”) claims against Defendant-Appellee
Dragon Springs Buddhist, Inc. (“Dragon Springs”).
In some circumstances, the CWA authorizes citizen suits to enforce effluent
standards or limitations. 33 U.S.C. § 1365. One precondition to such suits is that
the citizen plaintiffs issue a pre-suit notice of the alleged violation to state and
federal regulators. Id. § 1365(b). The required contents of that notice are set forth
in 40 C.F.R. § 135.3, and include “sufficient information to permit the recipient to
identify the specific standard, limitation, or order alleged to have been violated,
the activity alleged to constitute a violation, the person or persons responsible for
the alleged violation, the location of the alleged violation, [and] the date or dates
of such violation.” 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a).
The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ suit on the ground that Plaintiffs’ pre-
suit notice to Defendant and regulators was inadequate under 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)
and 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that this pre-
suit notice requirement is not jurisdictional, and that, in any event, Plaintiffs’
3 notice in this case included the necessary information to provide adequate notice
of its claims. We accordingly VACATE the district court’s judgment of dismissal
and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND 1
I. The Parties and the Property
Defendant-Appellee Dragon Springs Buddhist, Inc. (“Dragon Springs”) is a
nonprofit organization operated by the Falun Gong movement, which “promotes
traditional Chinese philosophies and claims persecution by the People’s Republic
of China.” App’x 11–12 ¶¶ 19–20. 2 Dragon Springs constructed a “large
compound” (the “Property”) in the Town of Deerpark, New York, which functions
as the “world headquarters of the Falun Gong movement” as well as the
headquarters for the Shen Yun “music and dance companies.” Id. at 8 ¶ 1. The
Property includes a performing arts center, schools, residential housing, temples,
and a wastewater treatment plant.
1The following facts are taken from Plaintiffs’ amended complaint (“Complaint”) and any materials incorporated by reference therein, which we assume to be true for the purposes of this appeal. See Darby v. Greenman, 14 F.4th 124, 125 n.1 (2d Cir. 2021).
2In quotations from caselaw and the parties’ briefing, this opinion omits all internal quotation marks, footnotes, and citations, and accepts all alterations, unless otherwise noted.
4 The Property is located in the “southern tier of the Shawangunk
Mountains,” and its “northeast side is a steep slope from the [Property] to the
immediately adjacent Basher Kill and Neversink River.” Id. at 9 ¶ 4. “The slope
contains numerous gullies and pathways from the [Property] that . . . empty into”
the nearby waters, which “are an integral part of the rural beauty of the [Deerpark]
area, and provide recreational resources to residents and visitors alike.” Id. at 12
¶ 21. The Basher Kill empties into the Neversink River, which empties into the
Delaware River.
Plaintiffs Robert Majcher, Grace Woodard, and Alex Scilla own property
nearby and enjoy the area for recreational purposes and for its clean water. See id.
at 11 ¶¶ 15–17. All three are members of Plaintiff Mid-New York Environmental
Sustainability Promotion Committee, Inc.—which goes by the name
NYenvironcom—a nonprofit “whose mission is to help create, build, and
strengthen thoughtful land use policies and practices that encompass
environmental, community, and economic values” that has members who live
near the Property. Id. ¶¶ 14, 18.
II. Fecal Coliform Discharge
“As a result of the individuals who occupy” the Property, Fecal Coliform (a
bacteria) “is generated” there. Id. at 9 ¶ 3. There is a wastewater treatment plant
5 on the Property to “treat the wastewater . . . which contains Fecal Coliform,” but
the permit for the treatment plant prohibits discharge of the bacteria into the
surface water near the property. Id.
Since around 2020 and “continuing to this day,” Plaintiffs allege, “Dragon
Springs has been discharging . . . polluted wastewater and storm water containing
Fecal Coliform” from “point sources at the [Property] into the Basher Kill and
Neversink River.” Id. ¶ 5. And the discharges are “well beyond the limits” of
Dragon Springs’ “permits and applicable law.” Id. Plaintiffs allege they have
confirmed this discharge through water testing that shows “elevated levels of
Fecal Coliform in waters immediately adjacent to the [Property], but not elevated
levels in areas tested upstream.” Id. According to Plaintiffs, this “discharge is the
result of construction activity and an improperly maintained and operated
wastewater treatment plant at the [Property].” Id.
Specifically, according to Plaintiffs, the permit issued to Dragon Springs by
the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (“DEC”) does not
allow for the discharge of Fecal Coliform from the Property to surface water. The
permit allows only “discharge from the wastewater treatment plant at the
[Property] to underground treatment systems” and “for the treated wastewater to
[then] be discharged to subsurface groundwater.” Id. at 18 ¶ 46. The amount of
6 Fecal Coliform that may be discharged into the groundwater “is restricted to . . . a
daily mean of 200 parts per 100 ml during the months of May 1 through September
30.” Id.
Moreover, in light of recent construction on the Property, Dragon Springs
obtained a construction permit, which requires it “to comply with the
requirements of its [DEC] Permit.” Id. at 18–19 ¶ 47. According to Plaintiffs, the
200 parts per 100 ml limit is also mandated by New York regulation.
Despite these requirements, Plaintiffs allege:
The amount of Fecal Coliform in the surrounding waters in August 2021 contained a daily mean of 726 parts of Fecal Coliform per 100 ml, over three times the permitted amount. . . .
Testing done in July 2020 reflected Fecal Coliform amounts of 461 parts per 100 ml, [and] in August 2020 Dragon Springs discharged water with Fecal Coliform amounts of 290 parts per 100 ml.
In addition, the Fecal Coliform amounts in the surrounding water were on August 8, 2022, 2419.6 parts per 100 ml; on October 14, 2022[,] 2419.6 parts per 100 ml; on November 9, 2022[,] 344.8 parts per 100 ml; on December 13, 2022[,] 1396 parts per 100 ml; on April 18, 2023[,] 1050 parts per 100 ml; and on July 27, 2023[,] 517.2 parts per 100 ml.
Id. at 19 ¶ 50.
7 Plaintiffs allege that the discharge occurs “through point sources at the
[Property] 600 to 1,000 feet southwest of the bridge at Galley Hill Road into the
waters of the United States.” Id. at 20 ¶ 53.
III. Procedural History
A. First Action
In November 2021, Plaintiffs provided Dragon Springs and certain
regulatory administrators notice of their intent (“NOI”) to sue Dragon Springs for
alleged excessive effluent discharge under the CWA. 3 Subsequently, following the
expiration of a statutory 60-day notice window under the CWA, Plaintiffs filed
suit against Dragon Springs in January 2022.
Ruling that the NOI was deficient under the CWA, the district court
dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaint without prejudice for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). See Mid-New Year
Environmental and Sustainability Promotion Committee, Inc. v. Dragon Springs
Buddhist, Inc., 647 F. Supp. 3d 286, 291–92 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (“Dragon Springs I”)
(Briccetti, J.).
3We reference this NOI, which was included in Plaintiffs’ complaint in a prior action, only for context; we do not substantively rely on it in this opinion.
8 Specifically, the district court determined that the NOI was deficient
because it did not “specify, or include facts which would enable defendant to
determine[] which standard, limitation, or order defendant allegedly violated.” Id.
at 291. In addition, according to the court, the NOI did not “contain specific facts,
such as the fecal coliform threshold allegedly exceeded or the nature of the
unlawful discharge, which could have helped [Dragon Springs] pin down which
standard or permit they were accused of violating.” Id. at 291–92. The court noted
that “the NOI might have been sufficient had it contained the amended
complaint’s allegation that [Dragon Springs] discharged water containing daily
mean in excess of 200 parts of Fecal Coliform permitted under [Dragon Springs’]
[p]ermit” or had it included the results of the tests performed by Plaintiffs prior to
filing suit. Id. at 292.
Though the district court concluded that a sufficient NOI was a
jurisdictional requirement under the CWA, it also stated that it would have
dismissed the complaint for failing to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) based
on the same deficiencies. Id. at 292 n.6.
Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of that decision in January 2023 but did not
perfect their appeal, which this Court thus dismissed.
9 B. Second NOI 4
In January 2023, Plaintiffs sent Dragon Springs and regulatory authorities a
new NOI. In the NOI, Plaintiffs asserted that “[b]eginning in 2020 and continuing
to this day, Dragon Springs has been discharging from point sources at the
[Property] into the Basher Kill and Neversink River polluted wastewater and
storm water containing Fecal Coliform,” resulting from “construction activity and
an improperly maintained and operated wastewater treatment plant.” App’x 409.
The construction activity “has been ongoing . . . since the spring of 2021,” id. at 408,
and the discharge, the NOI continued, “has been confirmed through water testing
verified by a licensed laboratory,” id. at 409.
According to the NOI, the permit issued to Dragon Springs by DEC “does
not allow for the discharge of Fecal Coliform . . . to the surrounding surface water”
but instead allows only “discharge from the waste water treatment plant . . . to
underground treatment systems” and for that treated wastewater to then “be
discharged to subsurface groundwater.” Id. The amount of Fecal Coliform “that
may be discharged into the groundwater is restricted to a[n] Effluent Limit to a
4 The parties do not dispute that the most recent NOI provided by Plaintiffs in relation to the instant suit is incorporated by reference in Plaintiffs’ complaint and is thus appropriately considered on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See, e.g., Halebian v. Berv, 644 F.3d 122, 130 n.7 (2d Cir. 2011) (“[I]t is well established that on a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss . . . the court may also rely upon documents attached to the complaint as exhibits and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint.”).
10 daily mean of 200 parts per 100 ml during the months of May 1 through September
30.” Id. According to the NOI, the permit received by Dragon Springs for its
construction activity incorporates the effluent discharge limits in the DEC permit.
Separately, according to the NOI, New York regulations limit “the amount of Fecal
Coliform in surface water to 200 parts per 100 ml.” Id.
Mirroring the allegations in the complaint in this case, Plaintiffs included in
the NOI testing results:
The amount of Fecal Coliform in the surrounding waters in August 2021 contained a daily mean of 726 parts of Fecal Coliform per 100 ml . . . . Testing done in July 2020 reflected Fecal Coliform amounts of 461 parts per 100 ml, [and] in August 2020 Dragon Springs discharged water with Fecal Coliform amounts of 290 parts per 100 ml. In addition, the Fecal Coliform amounts in the surrounding water were on August 8, 2022, 2419.6 parts per 100 ml; on October 14, 2022[,] 2419.6 parts per 100 ml; on November 9, 2022[,] 344.8 parts per 100 m[l]; and December 13, 2022[,] 1396 parts per 100 ml.
Id. at 410.
The NOI describes “gullies and pathways from the [Property] that are point
sources that empty into” the Basher Kill and Neversink River, id. at 408, and
specifies that Dragon Springs’ allegedly unlawful wastewater and stormwater
discharge occurs “through point sources . . . 600 to 1,000 feet southwest of the
bridge at Galley Hill Road into the waters of the United States.” Id. at 410.
11 C. This Litigation
Plaintiffs subsequently filed this action, bringing claims under the CWA for
Dragon Springs’ alleged excessive discharge of Fecal Coliform as well as a private
nuisance claim under New York law. The district court granted Dragon Springs’
motion to dismiss, determining that “as before,” the NOI was deficient “because
it lacks sufficient information to enable [Dragon Springs] to identify any alleged
[CWA] violations.” Mid-New York Environmental and Sustainability Promotion
Committee, Inc. v. Dragon Springs Buddhist, Inc., No. 23-cv-4870, 2024 WL 4150206,
at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 11, 2024) (“Dragon Springs II”) (Karas, J.). The district court
rested its conclusion primarily on two grounds.
First, the court determined that the NOI was “illogical” on its “face.” Id.
According to the court, the NOI’s “clearest statement” of a CWA violation was
that Dragon Springs was discharging Fecal Coliform through its wastewater and
stormwater runoff into the surrounding surface water in excess of the limitations
in its permits. Id. at *6–7. The court concluded that the relevant permits identified
in the NOI do not “actually prohibit[] surface water discharges of Fecal Coliform.”
Id. at *7. “As for wastewater,” according to the court, Dragon Springs’ permit
“does not contain any limitation on such discharges.” Id. And, “for stormwater,”
the relevant permit “authorizes stormwater discharges to surface
12 waters . . . subject to certain conditions.” Id. Accordingly, the court concluded that
the NOI did not “identify the specific standard or limitation . . . alleged to have
been violated” and thus “fail[ed] to adequately notice any theory that [Dragon
Springs] violated its permits.” Id.
Second, the court determined that the NOI failed to “identify a point
source,” id. at *9, which it defined as “physical structures and instrumentalities
that systematically act as a means of conveying pollutants from an industrial
source to navigable waterways,” id. at *8. The court concluded that the NOI’s
identification of a “steep slope on the northeast side” of the Property and to point
sources “600 to 1,000 feet southwest of the bridge at Galley Hill Road” did not
“come close” to identifying a point source. Id.
This time, the court took “no position” as to whether a sufficient NOI is a
jurisdictional requirement under the CWA and instead dismissed the complaint
with prejudice pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Id. at *5 n.4.
DISCUSSION
The parties dispute whether Plaintiffs provided a NOI sufficient to survive
dismissal under the CWA and, if not, whether any failure to do so is
jurisdictionally fatal to Plaintiffs’ claims. For context, we first discuss the CWA
13 generally, then we turn to the jurisdictional question and the substantive
sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ NOI under the CWA.
I. Clean Water Act
We start with an overview of the CWA, the “primary function” of which “is
to regulate the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters.” Catskill Mountains
Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Inc. v. City of New York, 273 F.3d 481, 485–86 (2d Cir.
2001), adhered to on reconsideration, 451 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 2006). “Although the Act
contains the lofty goal of eliminating water pollutant discharges altogether, the
regulatory regime it creates requires principally that discharges be regulated by
permit, not prohibited outright.” Id. at 486. As such, the “discharge of any
pollutant” is “unlawful,” except as in compliance with specific sections of the
CWA, including Section 1342. 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a). Section 1342 establishes the
“National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System” (“NPDES”), 33 U.S.C. § 1342,
and “provides for the issuance of discharge permits . . . that allow the holder to
discharge pollutants at levels below thresholds incorporated in the permit,”
Catskill, 273 F.3d at 486.
States may administer their own permit programs in accordance with
§ 1342. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). In New York, the NPDES program is administered by
the DEC and “referred to as the State Pollution Discharge Elimination System
14 (‘SPDES’).” Catskill, 273 F.3d at 486 (citing N.Y. Envtl. Conserv. Law §§ 17–
0105(13), 17–0701)).
To enforce the CWA, private citizens can bring actions against any person
“who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent standard or limitation under
[the CWA] or (B) an order issued by the Administrator [of the EPA] or a State with
respect to such a standard or limitation.” 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a). But “No action may
be commenced . . . prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of the
alleged violation (i) to the Administrator, (ii) to the State in which the alleged
violation occurs, and (iii) to any alleged violator of the standard, limitation, or
order.” Id. § 1365(b)(1)(A). Within that 60-day window, if a “state or federal
enforcement agency” chooses to bring a civil action or administrative enforcement
proceeding against the alleged violator, any citizen suit is preempted and “must
be dismissed.” Catskill, 273 F.3d at 486. In short, a plaintiff must give a prospective
defendant and relevant administrative authorities notice of their claims before
filing suit.
II. Jurisdiction
There is an open question in our Circuit as to whether the CWA’s notice
requirement is jurisdictional or simply a condition precedent to filing suit. See,
e.g., Building and Const. Trades Council of Buffalo v. Downtown Development, Inc., 448
15 F.3d 138, 158 n.14 (2d Cir. 2006) (assuming without deciding that “non-compliance
with the pre-suit notice provisions of the . . . [CWA] does not affect a federal court’s
subject matter jurisdiction”). Considering the Supreme Court’s treatment of a
similar notice requirement in connection with a different environmental citizen-
suit provision, as well as subsequent Supreme Court guidance as to the distinction
between jurisdictional restrictions and other claim processing requirements, we
conclude that the pre-suit notice provision here is not a jurisdictional requirement.
In Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, the Supreme Court considered an
analogous notice provision in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976 (“RCRA”). 493 U.S. 20, 22–23 (1989). Similar to the CWA, RCRA’s notice
provision provides that a plaintiff seeking to bring a citizen enforcement suit must
notify a prospective defendant, the relevant state, and the Environmental
Protection Agency of its intent to sue 60 days prior to filing suit. 42 U.S.C.
§ 6972(b)(1). When analyzing the sufficiency of a notice under RCRA, the Supreme
Court held that “the notice and 60-day delay requirements are mandatory
conditions precedent to commencing suit under the RCRA citizen suit provision”
and concluded that it “need not determine whether § 6972(b) is jurisdictional in
the strict sense of the term.” Hallstrom, 493 U.S. at 31.
16 Relying primarily on Hallstrom, courts in this circuit have expressed
uncertainty over whether the CWA’s notice requirement is jurisdictional. See, e.g.,
New York v. General Electric Company, 592 F. Supp. 291, 301 (N.D.N.Y. 1984) (noting
that it is “apparent that the rule in this circuit embodies the principle that such
notice requirements,” like the one contained in the CWA, are “not jurisdictional”);
Riverkeeper, Inc. v. Coeymans Recycling Center, LLC, No. 1:20-CV-1025, 2022 WL
17819738, at *12 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2022) (“[A]uthority exists for the point of law
that, if the mandatory 60-days notice required by [the CWA] [is] untimely . . . that
defect could be jurisdictional in nature.”); City of New York v. Anglebrook Ltd.
Partnership, 891 F. Supp. 900, 906 n.9 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) (“Whether defective notice is
jurisdictional or merely procedural has received mixed treatment.”); City of
Newburgh v. Sarna, 690 F. Supp. 2d 136, 152 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“District courts in this
Circuit . . . have consistently treated the CWA’s notice requirement as a question
of subject-matter jurisdiction.”); Dragon Springs I, 647 F. Supp. 3d at 291–92
17 (dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction). Circuit courts
are similarly divided on this issue. 5
Since Hallstrom, however, the Supreme Court has “tried . . . to bring some
discipline to the use of” the “jurisdictional label” because “the consequences that
attach to [it] may be . . . drastic.” Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428, 435 (2011). It
has “urged that a rule should not be referred to as jurisdictional unless it governs
a court’s adjudicatory capacity.” Id. To “ward off profligate use of the term
‘jurisdiction,’” the Supreme Court has adopted a “readily administrable bright line
for determining whether to classify a statutory limitation as jurisdictional.”
Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center, 568 U.S. 145, 153 (2013). We “inquire
whether Congress has ‘clearly stated’ that the rule is jurisdictional; absent such a
clear statement . . . [we] should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in
character.” Id.
5The First, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits have held that the notice requirement is nonjurisdictional. See Cebollero-Bertran v. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority, 4 F.4th 63, 72–73 (1st Cir. 2021);Lockett v. E.P.A., 319 F.3d 678, 682–83 (5th Cir. 2003); American Canoe Association, Inc. v. City of Attalla, 363 F.3d 1085, 1088 (11th Cir. 2004). The Third, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have reached the opposite conclusion. See Public Interest Research Group of New Jersey, Inc. v. Windall, 51 F.3d 1179, 1189 n.15 (3d Cir. 1995); Board of Trustees of Painesville Tp. v. City of Painesville, Ohio, 200 F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir. 1999); Atlantic States Legal Foundation, Inc. v. Stroh Die Casting Co., 116 F.3d 814, 820 (7th Cir. 1997); Waterkeepers Northern California v. AG Industrial Mfg., Inc., 375 F.3d 913, 916 (9th Cir. 2004); Karr v. Hefner, 475 F.3d 1192, 1200 (10th Cir. 2007).
18 Though “Congress . . . need not use magic words in order to speak clearly
on this point,” Henderson, 562 U.S. at 436, a statute must typically “speak in
jurisdictional terms or refer . . . to the jurisdiction of the district courts” to provide
a “clear statement of Congress’s intent to limit the power of the courts rather than
the rights of litigants,” City of New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, 645 F.3d 114,
127 (2d Cir. 2011). A provision’s “placement within [an act]” may also “provide
such an indication.” Henderson, 562 U.S. at 439. For example, if a provision is
situated in a subchapter titled “Jurisdiction,” that would suggest that Congress
intended that particular provision to have jurisdictional effect. Id.
At bottom, Congress must provide a “clear indication that it wants a rule to
be jurisdictional.” Mickalis Pawn Shop, 645 F.3d at 126. Even rules “that are
important and mandatory should not be given the jurisdictional brand unless
Congress has clearly indicated otherwise.” Id. at 126–27; see also Arbaugh v. Y&H
Corporation, 546 U.S. 500, 515–16 (2006).
In light of these principles, we conclude that the CWA’s notice requirement
is not jurisdictional. First, the notice provision does not speak in jurisdictional
terms. Rather, it provides that “no action may be commenced” unless a plaintiff
provides notice of the alleged violations 60 days prior to filing the action. 33 U.S.C.
§ 1365(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The statute does not state, for example, that the
19 district courts shall not have jurisdiction. Cf., e.g., Matuszak v. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, 862 F.3d 192, 196 (2d Cir. 2017) (holding that a provision in the
bankruptcy code that states “[T]he Tax Court shall have jurisdiction . . . to determine
the appropriate relief . . . if the petition is filed [timely]” is jurisdictional (emphases
to statutory language added in Matuszak)).
And, in the prior subsection, the CWA makes clear that it is the plaintiff who
“commence[s] a civil action.” Id. § 1365(a) (except as otherwise provided, “any
citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf”). Thus, the proscription
in § 1365(b)(1)(A) that “no action may be commenced” absent compliance with the
notice requirement applies to the plaintiff, not the court. See, e.g., United States ex
rel. Hayes v. Allstate Insurance Company, 853 F.3d 80 (2d Cir. 2017) (statutory rule
providing that “no person other than the Government” may bring a certain action
was not jurisdictional because the language “speaks only to who may bring a
private action and when, but does not speak in jurisdictional terms or refer in any
way to the jurisdiction of the district courts”).
Second, the notice provisions’ placement in the statutory structure does not
evince a clear indication that Congress intended the requirement to be
jurisdictional. The provision appears in a subchapter titled “General Provisions,”
which does not speak to jurisdiction. And, within the citizen suit provision, § 1365,
20 there is a subsection titled “Authorization; jurisdiction.” Id. § 1365(a) (emphasis
added). That provision states, in relevant part:
[A]ny citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf—
(1) against any person . . . who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation . . .
The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an effluent standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties under section 1319(d) of this title.
Id.
Section 1365(a) shows that when Congress wanted to speak in jurisdictional
terms in the CWA, it did so explicitly. The notice requirement here is not contained
within this “jurisdiction” subsection; it is in the next subsection, titled “Notice.”
Id. § 1365(b). In other words, the notice requirement is “in a separate provision
that does not speak in jurisdictional terms or refer in any way to the jurisdiction of
the district courts” and is thus not jurisdictional. Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 515.
Our conclusion is supported by the Supreme Court’s decision in Reed
Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 559 U.S. 154 (2010). In Reed Elsevier, the Court considered
21 whether a provision in the Copyright Act requiring copyright holders to register
their works before filing suit for infringement was jurisdictional. Id. at 157. The
statute says that “no civil action for infringement . . . shall be instituted until
preregistration or registration.” 17 U.S.C. § 411(a). Warning against “drive-by
jurisdictional rulings,” Reed Elsevier, 559 U.S. at 161, the Court concluded that the
provision was not jurisdictional because the text itself did not “clearly state[]” that
the requirement is jurisdictional and because the registration requirement “is
located in a provision separate from those granting federal courts subject-matter
jurisdiction over those respective claims,” id. at 163–64. Though not identical, the
language at issue in Reed Elsevier—“no civil action . . . shall be instituted” until
registration, 17 U.S.C. § 411(a)—resembles the notice requirement in the CWA that
“no action may be commenced” until after a sufficient notice, 33 U.S.C.
§ 1365(b)(1)(A). As in Reed Elsevier, the CWA’s notice provision lacks any
jurisdictional flavor.
In sum, we hold that the CWA’s notice requirement bears only on whether
a plaintiff has properly stated a claim, and that a district court has subject matter
jurisdiction over an action even in the absence of sufficient notice. See Hayes, 853
F.3d at 86; see also Cebollero-Bertran v. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority, 4 F.4th
63, 72–73 (1st Cir. 2021) (concluding that the notice requirement is not
22 jurisdictional because “the statutory text at issue does not refer to jurisdiction, and
it is located in the CWA notice subsection, rather than the jurisdiction subsection”);
Lockett v. E.P.A., 319 F.3d 678, 682–83 (5th Cir. 2003) (concluding the same because
the notice requirement is “more procedural than jurisdictional”); American Canoe
Association, Inc. v. City of Attalla, 363 F.3d 1085, 1088 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he
[CWA’s] notice requirement is more procedural than jurisdictional.”).
III. Notice
That brings us to the sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ NOI. Dragon Springs
primarily argues that the NOI did not sufficiently identify the “specific standard,
limitation, or order” Dragon Springs violated, nor did it sufficiently identify the
location of the alleged discharge. Appellee’s Br. at 15. We disagree. Dragon
Springs seeks to impose a more rigorous notice requirement than required by the
language of the CWA, our own caselaw, and the legislative history underlying the
notice requirement. Considering the contents of the NOI in this case, we conclude
that Plaintiffs’ NOI provides sufficient notice to Dragon Springs of the substance
of Plaintiffs’ claims.
A. The NOI Requirement
The CWA “does not describe the content of the required notice, but directs
that notice shall be given in such manner as the [EPA] Administrator shall
23 prescribe by regulation.” Catskill, 273 F.3d at 487 (quoting 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)). In
turn, the relevant EPA regulation provides the following:
Notice regarding an alleged violation of an effluent standard or limitation or of an order with respect thereto, shall include sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the specific standard, limitation, or order alleged to have been violated, the activity alleged to constitute a violation, the person or persons responsible for the alleged violation, the location of the alleged violation, the date or dates of such violation, and the full name, address, and telephone number of the person giving notice.
40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a).
As we explained in Catskill, with respect to the CWA’s notice requirement,
we generally “refuse[] to allow form to prevail over substance.” Catskill, 273 F.3d
at 487. The “notice and 60-day delay requirements allow a potential defendant to
identify its own violations and bring itself into compliance voluntarily, thus
making a costly lawsuit unnecessary,” and they permit regulatory enforcers to
bring their own actions. Id. at 488. To further those objectives, a notice need only
be “sufficient to notify a reasonable person” of a plaintiff’s claims. Id. at 489.
Specifically, “the NOI letter must differentiate pollutants from
nonpollutants and one pollutant from another,” particularly “in the context of a
suit alleging discharges in excess of NPDES permit limitations, in which the
defendant may be discharging some pollutants lawfully and others unlawfully.”
24 Id. at 487. Thus, in Catskill, where a defendant argued that the notice was
insufficient because it failed to identify each pollutant included in the ultimate
complaint, we held that “to the extent the plaintiff intends to prosecute multiple
violations involving multiple pollutants, each pollutant that will be the basis of
such a claim must be set forth in the NOI letter.” Id. at 488.
At oral argument, Dragon Springs took the position that the notice
requirement plays a “gatekeeping” function for CWA claims and that the
sufficiency of a notice should thus be evaluated under a standard that is
“something greater than a [Rule] 12(b)(6) standard.” Mar. 20, 2025 Oral Argument
at 16:35–52, 22:18–30. But Dragon Springs’ position is inconsistent with the
legislative history of the notice provision, which makes clear that Congress did not
intend for the requirement to be an onerous one:
[S]uch regulations should reflect simplicity, clarity, and standardized form. The regulations should not require notice that places impossible or unnecessary burdens on citizens but rather should be confined to requiring information necessary to give a clear indication of the citizens' intent. These regulations might require information regarding the identity and location of [the] alleged pollut[er], a brief description of the activity alleged to be in violation, and the provision of law alleged to be violated.
S. Rep. No. 92–414, at 80 (1971) (emphasis added); see also H.R. Rep. No. 92–911 at
133 (1972) (describing that the regulations should “not plac[e] unnecessary or
25 impossible burdens on complainants,” and instead “should require information
regarding the identity and location of the alleged pollut[er], a brief description of
the activity alleged to be in violation, [and] the provision of law alleged to be
violated”(emphasis added)).
Thus, we do not require a plaintiff—who may possess little information
about a particular violation or have limited access to a potential defendant’s
property prior to initiating suit—to detail the specifics of their claim in a manner
that would typically appear in an expert report following discovery. Rather, we
consider “whether their notice letter served the purpose that Congress intended:
To provide the recipient with effective, as well as timely, notice.” Public Interest
Research Group of New Jersey, Inc. v. Hercules, Inc., 50 F.3d 1239, 1249 (3d Cir. 1995).
Though “detailed information is helpful to the recipient of a notice letter . . . , such
specificity is not mandated by the regulation.” Id. at 1247; see also Community
Association for Restoration of the Environment v. Henry Bosma Dairy, 305 F.3d 943, 953
(9th Cir. 2002) (noting that in requiring pre-suit notice, “Congress did not intend
to unduly burden citizens by requiring them to basically carry out the job of the
agency”).
In other words, “We read the regulation to require just what it says: that the
citizen provide enough information to enable the recipient, i.e., [Dragon Springs],
26 [the] EPA, and/or the State, to identify the specific effluent discharge limitation
which has been violated, including the parameter violated, the date of the
violation, [where] it occurred, and the person or persons involved.” Hercules, 50
F.3d at 1248 (emphasis in original); see also 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a).
B. Plaintiffs’ NOI
Dragon Springs primarily argues that Plaintiffs’ NOI failed to adequately
identify the (1) allegedly violative activity and the standards it violated, and (2)
the location of the discharge. We disagree with both claims.
i. Offending Activity and Standards Violated
Contrary to Dragon Springs’ argument, Plaintiffs’ NOI was clear as to the
offending activity and standards allegedly violated: Dragon Springs discharged
stormwater and wastewater containing Fecal Coliform into nearby surface water
in quantities exceeding 200 parts per 100 ml as a result of its “failure to properly
maintain its waste water treatment plant and the construction activity at the
[Property].” App’x 410. It allegedly did so without a permit, which would violate
§§ 301(a) and 402 of the CWA.
Section 301(a), codified at 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a), prohibits discharge of any
pollutant except in compliance with several other identified sections of the statute.
The only exception that might come into play here is § 402, codified at 33 U.S.C.
27 § 1342. That provision provides for the issuance of permits for discharge of
pollutants. 33 U.S.C. § 1342. As noted in the NOI, the only potentially applicable
permit here is Dragon Springs’ SPDES permit issued by the New York DEC, which
exercised delegated authority from the EPA to issue the permit.
The NOI recognizes that the SPDES permit does not allow for the discharge
of water with elevated levels of Fecal Coliform to surrounding surface water; it
allows discharges only from the wastewater treatment plant on the property to
underground treatment systems and then allows discharge of the treated
wastewater to subsurface groundwater limited to a daily mean of 200 parts of Fecal
Coliform per 100 ml during the months of May 1 through September 30.
So even if the contamination of the surface waters adjacent to the Property
came from subsurface groundwater rather than surface runoff, the amount of Fecal
Coliform allegedly discharged was well in excess of the permitted level. All of this
information—identification of both the discharged pollutant (Fecal Coliform) and
the provisions violated (33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a) and 1342)—is set forth in the NOI.
In addition, the NOI includes nine specific test results with corresponding
dates corroborating the alleged substantial discharge which was well in excess
even of Dragon Springs’ permitted groundwater discharge allowance, to the
extent that’s relevant.
28 Moreover, the allegations in Plaintiffs’ NOI closely mirror the allegations
ultimately raised in their complaint. We need not decide whether Plaintiffs have
sufficiently pled a CWA violation, 6 but we conclude the NOI was clearly sufficient
to apprise Dragon Springs of the claims Plaintiffs ultimately brought.
Our determination that the notice adequately apprises Dragon Springs of
the activities Plaintiffs challenge and the standards they allege Dragon Springs to
have violated is consistent with persuasive authority from other courts. See, e.g.,
Hercules, 50 F.3d at 1250 (“[W]e hold that a notice letter which includes a list of
discharge violations, by parameter, provides sufficient information for the
recipients of the notice to identify violations of the same type.”); City of Newburgh,
690 F. Supp. 2d at 148 (“Plaintiff’s Notice Letter clearly established that the alleged
pollutant is untreated stormwater runoff into Brown’s Pond. . . . Defendants . . .
cannot credibly claim to have been confused about what they were accused of
discharging in violation of their SPDES permit.”); Cebollero-Bertran, 4 F.4th at 76
(holding that notice that informed relevant parties of “raw sewage from sanitary
6 Dragon Springs argues in the alternative that we should affirm because Plaintiffs’ allegations fail to state a claim for a CWA violation. Though we may in our discretion affirm on any basis supported by the record, see Beijing Neu Cloud Oriental System Technology Co., Ltd. v. International Business Machines Corporation, 110 F.4th 106, 113 (2d Cir. 2024), we decline to exercise that discretion and leave it to the district court to address that claim in the first instance.
29 manholes flowing into rain drainage that flows into [specific waterways]”
provides sufficient notice of the plaintiff’s claims).
In short, there is no doubt that the NOI at issue here adequately identifies
Dragon Springs’ allegedly violative activities, the allegedly improperly discharged
pollutant, and the standards violated by that discharge.
ii. Location of Discharge
Dragon Springs contends that Plaintiffs must identify a specific “point
source” for the discharge. A “point source” is a term of art in the CWA; it means
“any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to
any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling
stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from
which pollutants are or may be discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14). But the CWA
regulation regarding the required contents of a NOI doesn’t require identification
of the discharge’s point source; rather, it requires only that the NOI sufficiently
inform Dragon Springs of the “location of the alleged violation.” 40 C.F.R.
§ 135.3(a). And Plaintiffs’ NOI here did that.
Plaintiffs specified in the NOI that the alleged discharge occurred “through
point sources at the [Property] 600 to 1,000 feet southwest of the bridge at Galley
Hill Road into the” Basher Kill and Neversink River since around March 2021.
30 App’x 410–11. And they reference “gullies and pathways from the [Property] that
are point sources that empty into these waters.” Id. at 408. Regardless of whether
these descriptions identify “point sources”—a question we need not reach—it is
sufficient to give notice to Dragon Springs, which has better information about and
access to its own property, to enable it to investigate the claims. In a pre-suit
notice, provided before Plaintiffs have an opportunity for discovery, no more is
required. See, e.g., Benham v. Ozark Materials River Rock, LLC, 885 F.3d 1267, 1274
(10th Cir. 2018) (notice sufficiently apprised the defendant of the locations of the
alleged violations in a wetlands area because it referred to “a road [along the
wetlands] identified by description and aerial photograph”); Cebollero-Bertran, 4
F.4th at 77 (notice that did not include the “precise origin” of the alleged release of
pollutants was sufficient because the defendant possessed “maps, plans, and
investigative tools to trace the source of the [alleged violation]”); Ecological Rights
Foundation v. Pacific Gas and Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 519 (9th Cir. 2013) (notice
sufficiently identified location where it alleged violations over “four counties” but
identified representative sites and “referenced [defendant’s] superior ability to
ascertain the locations of other [sites] that might be at issue”); South River Watershed
Alliance, Inc. v. DeKalb County, 69 F.4th 809, 817 n.8 (11th Cir. 2023) (notice
31 requirement met where notice identified defendant’s “sewage spills by structure,
cause, source, and date.”).
Dragon Springs resists this conclusion, arguing that “[t]he NOI here
informed its recipients that the Plaintiffs were claiming that Dragon Springs was
doing something that caused water with fecal coliform to get to a slope (and
possibly other areas), which it ran down and into a river” and that it improperly
left it “up to Dragon Springs, the [DEC], and the EPA to figure out the rest.”
Appellee’s Br. at 16–17.
But that’s enough. Plaintiffs identified exactly where the Fecal Coliform was
escaping the Property, thereby providing sufficient information to allow Dragon
Springs “to identify its own violations and bring itself into compliance voluntarily,
thus making a costly lawsuit unnecessary.” Catskill, 273 F.3d at 488. That’s the
purpose of the notice requirement. Id.; see also Atlantic States Legal Foundation, Inc.
v. Stroh Die Casting Co., 116 F.3d 814, 819 (7th Cir. 1997) (“In practical terms, the
notice must be sufficiently specific to inform the alleged violator about what it is
doing wrong, so that it will know what corrective actions will avert a lawsuit.”);
id. at 820 (“The key to notice is to give the accused company the opportunity to
correct the problem.”).
32 CONCLUSION
Under the CWA, the pre-suit notice required before a citizen-initiated
enforcement action must reasonably inform a defendant of the basis of a plaintiff’s
claims and include the information set forth in 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). We conclude
that the notice requirement is not jurisdictional, and, in any event, the NOI here
met the § 135.3(a) standard.
For these reasons, we VACATE the district court’s order granting Dragon
Springs’ motion to dismiss and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.