IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-0316 Filed December 21, 2016
MICHELLE GORDEN, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
MITCHELL ENTERPRISES, L.L.C. d/b/a “CHEERS”, Defendant-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Crawford County, John D.
Ackerman, Judge.
The plaintiff appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of the defendants, dismissing the plaintiff’s petition alleging dramshop
liability. AFFIRMED.
Jessica A. Zupp and Jennifer M. Zupp of Zupp & Zupp Law Firm, P.C.,
Denison, for appellant.
Thomas I. Henderson and S. Luke Craven of Whitfield & Eddy, P.L.C.,
Des Moines, for appellee.
Joel E. Fenton, Des Moines, for amicus curiae Iowa Association for
Justice.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ. 2
POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge.
Michelle Gorden appeals from the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of the defendants, dismissing her petition alleging dramshop
liability.1 Gorden maintained that she was injured by Timothy Mitchell in an
altercation after he was “sold and served” alcohol at the bar he owns, the
appellee in this action, Mitchell Enterprises, L.L.C. (“Cheers”). The district court
made the following findings of undisputed fact in ruling Mitchell was not “sold”
alcohol by Cheers, as contemplated by Iowa Code section 123.92 (2013).
Timothy Mitchell . . . is the sole owner of Mitchell Enterprises, L.L.C. d/b/a Cheers bar . . . in Dow City, Iowa. On March 1, 2013, Mitchell was working as a bartender for a fish fry at Cheers. After the service of food had completed, another employee, Amanda Nutt (Nutt), took over Mitchell’s position as the bartender on-duty. Mitchell ordered vodka waters with lime from Nutt, and Nutt served Mitchell. Mitchell did not pay using cash, credit card, or debit card for the drinks provided that evening. Mitchell has not “paid” for any alcoholic drinks or food he has consumed at Cheers since beginning operations. The alcohol Mitchell consumed on March 1, 2013, was from the inventory owned by Cheers, for which Cheers paid money. The alcohol served to Mitchell was displayed and available to other customers for sale. Cheers advertises the sale of alcohol through radio ads and other advertisements in the bar. Employees will solicit sales from individuals inside the establishment, by asking if they want or need a drink. All employees of Cheers, other than Mitchell, were compensated for their services performed for the bar. Cheers does not have a policy of providing free alcoholic drinks to employees after completion of a shift or to customers. Additionally, Cheers’ employees are not to consume alcohol while working. Mitchell has never received a paycheck for wages for working at the bar, but Mitchell has made draws on the Cheers account for personal expenses. The bank account for Cheers is in the name of Mitchell, DBA CHEERS. Mitchell wrote checks from this account to pay for the bar’s inventory. Defendants’ 2013 tax returns report that all alcohol consumed in 2013 at Cheers was
1 The parties filed competing motions for summary judgment. Gorden’s motion was denied; Cheers’ motion was granted. 3
sold, and [it] does not include a deduction for personal consumption. Allen Nepper is a practicing attorney who has prepared income tax returns since January 1971. Nepper’s affidavit states a “consumption of inventory is a sale albeit no funds reached the cash register.”
Gorden appeals, maintaining the district court erred in interpreting the
meaning of “sold” and the proper interpretation shows there is at least a genuine
issue of material fact whether Cheers sold Mitchell alcohol on the night in
question.
I. Background Proceedings.
In March 2014, Gorden filed a petition alleging that approximately one
year earlier, Cheers had sold and served alcohol to Timothy Mitchell when it was
known or should have been known that Mitchell would become intoxicated. See
Iowa Code § 123.92. She further alleged that Mitchell physically assaulted her
afterward as a result of the intoxication.
Thereafter, Cheers filed a motion for summary judgment. In it, the bar
asserted that although Cheers had served Mitchell alcohol on the night in
question, it was undisputed it had not sold the alcohol to him, as Mitchell never
paid for food or alcohol at the bar. Cheers asked the court to dismiss Gorden’s
petition. Gorden resisted the motion, asserting there were a number of ways the
sale of the alcohol could be established. Following argument, the court granted
Cheers’ motion for summary judgment.2
2 We limit our description of the proceedings to those that affect this appeal; in doing so, we leave out proceedings involving Gorden’s claim against Mitchell individually for physical assault. 4
II. Standard of Review.
“When resolving an appeal from a district court ruling on summary
judgment motion requires us to resolve a legal question involving statutory
interpretation, we review the district court ruling on the statutory interpretation
question for correction of errors at law.” Homan v. Branstad, ___ N.W.2d ___,
___, 2016 WL 6650114, at *7 (Iowa 2016). We view the record in the light most
favorable to Gorden (the party opposing summary judgment). See id. at *6.
III. Discussion.
“Iowa’s dramshop statute provides a remedy against a licensee or
permittee for injuries sustained as a result of the sale and service of alcohol to an
intoxicated person.” Smith v. Shagnasty’s Inc., 688 N.W.2d 67, 72 (Iowa 2004).
“[B]efore dramshop liability may be imposed upon a permittee or a licensee, a
plaintiff must prove, at a minimum, that an intoxicated person was both ‘sold’ and
‘served’ intoxicating liquor . . . .”3 Kelly v. Sinclair Oil Corp., 476 N.W.2d 341, 346
(Iowa 1991), abrogated on other grounds by Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d
829, 836 (Iowa 2009). The legislature’s choice of the words “sold and served”
in the 1986 amendment of the statute reflects an intent to narrow the conduct
for which a dramshop may be held liable. Summerhays v. Clark, 509 N.W.2d
748, 751 (Iowa 1993). Before that amendment the statute imposed liability for
3 The Dramshop Act provides, in pertinent part: Any person who is injured . . . by an intoxicated person . . . has a right of action for all damages . . . against any licensee or permittee . . . who sold and served any beer, wine, or intoxicating liquor to the intoxicated person when the licensee or permittee knew or should have known the person was intoxicated, or who sold to and served the person to a point where the licensee or permittee knew or should have known the person would become intoxicated. Iowa Code § 123.92(1)(a). 5
giving away alcoholic beverages. See, e.g., Clark v. Mincks, 364 N.W.2d
226, 231 (Iowa 1985). “Reading the term ‘sold’ to include a licensee's purely
gratuitous undertakings would contradict [the legislature’s] intent as well as
the plain meaning of the statutory term.” Summerhays, 590 N.W.2d at 751.
“The dramshop statute is designed to ‘place a hand of restraint’ on those
authorized to sell and serve intoxicating liquors.” Shagnasty’s, 688 N.W.2d at 72
(quoting Atkins v. Baxter, 423 N.W.2d 6, 9 (Iowa 1988)). We construe the statute
liberally to discourage the selling of excess liquor. Id.
Here, Gorden does not dispute Cheers’ claim that no money was
exchanged for the drinks Mitchell received. Rather, Gorden suggests a number
of other actions she believes fall within the definition of “sale” as contemplated by
the Dramshop Act. See Iowa Code § 123.110 (“It shall not be necessary in every
case to prove payment in order to prove a sale within the meaning and intent of
this chapter.”); see also Hawthorne v. Estate of Krommenhoek, No. 12-1455,
2013 WL 2637173, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 12, 2013) (“The [dramshop] cases
indicate that some type of consideration or detriment by the purchaser is required
for a sale to have occurred.”). Specifically, Gorden raises interpretations
involving: (A) sale as defined by section 123.3(41), (B) sale by inference, (C) sale
by pre-payment, (D) sale by barter, (E) sale by indirect payment, and (F) sales
for tax purposes.
A. Section 123.3(41).
Gorden first urges us to hold that the statutory definition of “prohibited
sale” is included within the meaning of “sold.” Iowa Code section 123.3(41)
states, “The prohibited ‘sale’ of alcoholic liquor, wine, or beer under this chapter 6
includes soliciting for sales, taking orders for sales, keeping or exposing for sale,
delivery or other trafficking for a valuable consideration promised or obtained,
and procuring or allowing procurement for any other person.” The definition is to
apply throughout chapter 123, entitled alcoholic beverage control, “unless the
context otherwise requires.” Iowa Code § 123.3.
At the time Gorden argued her case to the district court, the opinions
issued in dramshop cases had not explicitly considered whether section
123.3(41) was applicable. Since then, our supreme court decided Sanford v.
Fillenwarth, 863 N.W.2d 286, 290 (Iowa 2015). In Sanford, as here, the parties
disagreed over the meaning of the word “sold” in the dramshop statute. 863
N.W.2d at 290. In its interpretation of the term, the supreme court considered the
definition of prohibited sales before setting it aside because it did “not fully
illuminate the meaning of a ‘sale’ within the dramshop statute.” Id.
We do the same; we decline to broaden the definition of “sold” by
including the actions provided in section 123.3(41).
B. Sale by Inference.
Gorden urges us to apply case law that has allowed parties to generate a
fact question about whether alcohol was “sold” to the party in question by an
inference of payment.
In Horak v. Argosy Gaming Co., 648 N.W.2d 137, 148 (Iowa 2002), a
casino facing dramshop liability argued the record failed to establish that any of
its employees actually sold the intoxicated party alcoholic beverages. The court,
in considering whether there was sufficient evidence to support dramshop liability
and considering the record in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, held that 7
even though the plaintiffs “did not produce at trial the actual server of the drink
the [intoxicated party] consumed,” the party’s two companions testified they saw
her ordering drinks from waitresses and then drinking them. Horak, 648 N.W.2d
at 148. The court determined that was circumstantial evidence that casino
employees “sold and served” the drinks. Id.
Similarly, in Shagnasty’s, the plaintiff brought a dramshop liability suit
against a bar after she was hit with a beer bottle by a patron who appeared to be
inebriated. 688 N.W.2d at 70. The plaintiff grabbed hold of the apparently-drunk
patron but eventually agreed to let go of her after the bouncers promised to hold
her until police arrived. Id. at 71. By the time police arrived, the bouncers had let
the patron “slip into the night,” and she was never identified. Id. A waitress from
the bar later made it known that the patron had been underage. Id. The district
court granted the bar’s motion for summary judgment, finding the plaintiff had
failed to generate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the bar had “sold
and served” intoxicating liquor to the unidentified patron. Id. Our supreme court
reversed, holding, “One can legitimately infer Shagnasty’s ‘sold and served’ beer
to [the patron].” Id. at 73. The court reaffirmed its previous holding that a plaintiff
“need not produce the actual server or servers of the alcohol in order to prove a
dramshop claim.” Id. Additionally,
A plaintiff may meet [the “sold and served” requirement with proof] that an establishment where alcohol is sold generally holds itself out as a place where persons are “served” in the ordinary sense of the word, i.e., one providing premises where orders are taken, patrons are waited on, and drinks are supplied in open containers.
Id. at 73–74 (alteration in original) (quoting Kelly, 476 N.W.2d at 346). 8
Gorden maintains the same inference should apply here, as Mitchell was
seen ordering drinks from a bartender and then drinking them in the bar, during
normal service hours. The present facts are distinguishable from the above
cases where the inference was applied. In those cases, either the server or the
patron was unidentified, which prevented the plaintiff from being able to establish
whether the drinks had been sold and served to the patron. The court allowed
the inference based on the assumption that the patron received the drink by the
normal means—by ordering the alcohol and then paying for it. In those cases,
there was no reason to believe anything other than the normal course of
business took place. But here we know that is not the case; it is undisputed
Mitchell did not offer payment for the alcohol he consumed. Despite Gorden’s
urging, we cannot apply an inference in the face of known facts to the contrary.
C. Sale by Pre-payment.
Gorden maintains Mitchell did pay for the alcohol he imbibed, insofar as
the checking account used to purchase the inventory for the bar from the
distributor is in the company’s name—specifically, Mitchell, DBA CHEERS. This
same argument was made by the plaintiff in Martin v. Wanda’s, Inc., No. 99-
1721, 2000 WL 1289149, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 13, 2000). In Martin, a panel
of our court held:
The [plaintiffs] contend a fact issue is generated on the consideration issue by [the owner’s] testimony she paid for the bar’s liquor before it was placed in inventory. This evidence is of no aid to [the plaintiffs] at this juncture. Wanda’s, a corporation, owned the bar and paid for the liquor inventory. The issue before us is not whether there is evidence in the record tending to prove the corporation gave consideration for the alcohol served in its bar. Instead, the issue is whether there is evidence in the record tending to prove the corporation sold alcohol from its inventory to [the 9
owner]. Thus, we reject the [the plaintiffs’] suggestion evidence of consideration paid by the corporation for the alcohol is sufficient to generate a fact question here.
Gorden argues that either Martin was wrongly decided or the difference between
a corporation, as the bar in Martin was, and a limited liability company, as is a
party here, changes the reasoning. We disagree with both arguments. Rather,
we agree with the district court, which “considered the analysis in [Martin] and the
authorities relied upon therein, and finds such to be persuasive.”
D. Sale by Barter.
Gorden maintains that Mitchell provided consideration for the alcohol he
drank because the bar bartered alcohol from the inventory in exchange for
Mitchell’s labor. See Hawthorne, 2013 WL 2637173, at *2 (“The [dramshop]
cases indicate that some type of consideration or detriment by the purchaser is
required for a sale to have occurred.”). Gorden relies on Mitchell’s deposition
testimony that he does not receive a salary from Cheers4 for her argument that
the drinks he received were “exchanged with Cheers, at least in part, for his
labor.” See Sanford, 863 N.W.2d at 293 (finding the free alcohol provided to
guests on a boat cruise was “part of” the consideration for the hotel stay, which
the guests had paid for, and thus the alcohol on the cruise had been, albeit
indirectly, “sold and served”).
4 We understand this to mean that Mitchell does not receive a specific amount of money at regular intervals. As Cheers’ counsel stated at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, “Judge, I would just say as far as consideration being that he received alcohol, quite obviously Mr. Mitchell made or pulled from the profits from the business. He wasn’t just working there—somehow makes it—trying to make it sound like it was a drinking club. If he hadn’t made a profit off it, he wouldn’t have the business.” 10
A similar argument was considered by our supreme court in Summerhays,
where employees of a restaurant and bar received free alcohol at a holiday party
held at the bar. 509 N.W.2d at 749. After the party, one of the employees was in
a car accident, killing a passenger. Id. The plaintiffs sued the bar for dramshop
liability, and our supreme court ultimately found the statute was not implicated
because the employee had not been “sold and served” the alcohol. Id. at 752.
The plaintiffs argued that even though the employee had not paid for the alcohol,
a sale had taken place because consideration had been given in exchange for
the alcohol. Id. at 750. The court rejected the argument, stating, “The record is
without support for any claim that [the employee’s] (or any other employee-
guest’s) wages were reduced by the cost of alcohol consumed at the party. Nor
does the record suggest that [the employee] would not have attended the party
had free drinks and food not been provided.” Id. at 751. “Consideration requires
the voluntary assumption of an obligation by one party on the condition of an act
or forbearance by the other.” Id. (quoting Cady v. Coleman, 315 N.W.2d 593,
596 (Minn. 1982)). The court noted that ruling otherwise “would hopelessly blur
commonly understood distinctions between a gift, a wage, and a sale.” Id.
In Martin, discussed above, a bar owner drank for free at the bar, and the
bar had a policy of providing up to two free drinks per shift. 2000 WL 1289149,
at *2. The plaintiffs maintained the bar considered the drinks to be “an employee
benefit in addition to the regular pay,” with the employees’ labor acting as
consideration. Id. Citing Summerhays, the panel of our court held the
employees’ labor was not consideration for the drinks because “[t]here is no
indication in the record [the bar] provided the beverages as bargained-for 11
consideration. Nor does the record suggest [the owner] or any other employee
would have refused to work had the free drinks not been provided by [the bar].”
Id. The court concluded, “In short, we find no evidence in the record suggesting
the free drinks amounted to anything more than a gratuitous undertaking for
company employees.” Id.
Although Gorden argues Mitchell worked in exchange for alcohol, there is
no evidence in the record to suggest that Mitchell bargained for the free drinks or
that he would otherwise not work at the establishment if he did not receive them.
Without more, the drinks appear to be a purely gratuitous undertaking, which our
supreme court has already ruled does not fall into the meaning of “sold.”
E. Sale by Indirect Payment.
Gorden maintains that even though Mitchell did not physically exchange a
payment for the drinks on the night in question, he indirectly paid by reducing the
profits which Mitchell receives as sole owner of the bar.
In Martin, the court considered whether the likely reduction of the bar’s
profits due to the giving of free drinks to workers constituted a sale. Id. at 3. The
court stated:
Although [the plaintiffs] aptly observe [the bar’s] profits was likely diminished by [the owner’s] consumption of the beverages, this fact does not tend to prove [the owner] gave consideration for them. Indeed, the effect of [her] consumption on the corporation’s profit (or loss) is the same if the liquor was given to her as a gratuity.
Id.
Gorden argues the facts here are distinguishable because, as Mitchell
stated in his deposition, “[T]he L.L.C. itself doesn’t have a personal bank
account, but that’s hard—it’s kind of confusing. Because I am the L.L.C.” Based 12
on this statement, Gorden contends there is a direct correlation between the
amount of profits the bar makes and the amount of money Mitchell personally
receives. In other words, Gorden’s argument is that it is of no consequence that
Mitchell did not take cash out of his pocket and put it in the register at the time he
ordered the drinks because he “paid” later when he received reduced profits.
But again, in deciding whether the bar has “sold and served” alcohol, we
look for a benefit the bar received for serving the alcohol. See Sanford, 863
N.W.2d at 292 (“[W]e conclude that the intent of the legislature under the
dramshop statute was to capture all direct and indirect sales supported by
consideration tangibly benefiting the dramshop.”). Mitchell may characterize
himself as personifying the dramshop in question, but the two are separate.
Even if he personally received reduced profits from the bar later—a fact that is
not established by the record before us—that does not establish a tangible
benefit received by the bar for serving him.
F. Sales for Tax Purposes.
Gorden claims, with the affidavit of a tax attorney to back her up, that
because Cheers served Mitchell alcohol without reducing on its tax returns the
costs of goods it purchased by the amount attributable to Mitchell’s personal use,
the bar decreased its tax liability. By claiming Mitchell’s consumption as a “sale,”
Cheers pays additional sales taxes, but it avoids income taxes. She asserts that
this is a “tangible benefit” received by the dramshop.
Our supreme court requires us to take “a pragmatic approach to the
meaning of the word ‘sale’ in the dramshop statute.” Id. at 291. In doing so, the
court has “chosen not to adopt the theory that a sale under the statute can be 13
established by the way a licensee or permittee may treat the service of alcohol
beverages for accounting and tax purposes.” Id.
G. Public Policy.
Both Gorden and the amicus curiae who filed a brief supporting Gorden
urge us to consider broader public policy implications. Gorden maintains that if
we affirm the district court’s summary dismissal of her claim, we will have created
an “owner’s exception” to the Dramshop Act. She argues that such an exception
runs counter to the purpose of the statute, which is meant both to encourage
responsible selling of alcohol by dramshops and to provide a means of relief for
victims of alcohol-related incidents which would not otherwise exist.
While we have read the policy arguments made, in reaching our
conclusion, we are bound by precedent. See State v. Miller, 841 N.W.2d 583,
584 n.1 (Iowa 2014) (“[I]t is the role of the supreme court to decide if case
precedent should no longer be followed.”); see also Hawthorne, 2013 WL
2637176, at *3 n.6 (“Plaintiffs offer a number of public policy arguments to
support a broader interpretation and application of the statute. Whatever the
relative merits of these arguments, they are for the legislature, not the court.”).
IV. Conclusion.
Having considered each of the plaintiff’s arguments regarding the
interpretation of “sold” within the Dramshop Act, we find no error in the district
court’s interpretation. We affirm the summary dismissal of the plaintiff’s petition
alleging dramshop liability because the undisputed facts establish Mitchell was
not “sold and served” alcohol by the appellee bar.
AFFIRMED.