Michael Poge, Jr. v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: January 16, 2019
• Docket: 18A-CR-758
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Jan 16 2019, 5:49 am

this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Matthew M. Kubacki Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Caroline G. Templeton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Michael Poge, Jr., January 16, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-758 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Carol Orbison, Appellee-Plaintiff. Senior Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G19-1712-CM-46771

Tavitas, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 1 of 10 Case Summary [1] Michael Poge, Jr. appeals his conviction for public intoxication, a Class B

misdemeanor. We affirm.

Issue [2] The sole issue on appeal is whether the State presented sufficient evidence to

prove that Poge endangered himself.

Facts [3] In the early morning hours of December 2, 2017, a 911 caller reported a break-

in at an apartment complex located near the 4200 block of Meadows Drive, “a

busy street,” in Indianapolis. Tr. Vol. II p. 7. It was an extremely cold

morning. Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer Tiffany Rand

was dispatched to the scene. Outside one of the apartment buildings, Officer

Rand encountered Poge “[s]taggering all over the place” near the street. Id. at

8. A damaged fence surrounded the apartment building, which faced Meadows

Drive.

[4] Poge exhibited various signs of intoxication, including impaired and slurred

speech, and he could not stand, maintain his balance, or walk without

assistance. Poge was unable, for several minutes, to tell Officer Rand his name.

Poge was also unable to provide his address or to identify a person who could

come to the scene and take him home. Officer Rand placed Poge under arrest

for his own safety because

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 2 of 10 [Poge] had nowhere to go. He didn’t know his address. He couldn’t walk by himself. And like I said it was a cold night. So, I didn’t want him to get robbed, hit by a car, freeze to death.

Id. at 10.

[5] On December 4, 2017, the State charged Poge with public intoxication, a Class

B misdemeanor. At Poge’s bench trial on March 9, 2018, Officer Rand testified

to the foregoing facts. Also, the following colloquy ensued during direct

examination of Officer Rand:

Q Do you know what specific events occurred that led to the 911 call?

[Defense Counsel]: Objection. Hearsay.

[Prosecutor]: Your Honor, I’m not asking for any spoken words or anyone else’s words, I am asking for a ---

THE COURT: She can – she can testify as to what the 911 call indicated as the reason that she was needed on that location.

[Prosecutor]: Thank you.

A It was a female caller stating that a black male was trying to knock down her door.

Q And did you arrive at after that?

A Yes.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 3 of 10 *****

Q Officer Rand, when you first arrived on scene, where was [Poge], specifically?

A Standing outside the complainants [sic] building.

Id. at 8, 9-10. 1

[6] At the close of the evidence, the trial court found Poge guilty as charged. The

trial court sentenced Poge to one hundred and eighty days in the Department of

Correction and ordered the term suspended to probation, except for time

served. Poge now appeals.

Analysis [7] Poge challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish his conviction for

public intoxication, a Class B misdemeanor. Specifically, Poge argues that the

State merely speculated as to future conduct that might occur and, thereby,

failed to present evidence that Poge “engaged in any conduct that endangered

his life beyond his intoxication.” Appellant’s Br. p. 6.

[8] When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e neither

reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.” Gibson v. State, 51 N.E.3d 204,

210 (Ind. 2016) (citing Bieghler v. State, 481 N.E.2d 78, 84 (Ind. 1985), cert.

1 There is no evidence in the record that Poge was identified as the black male who attempted to break into the 911 caller’s apartment.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 4 of 10 denied). Instead, “we ‘consider only that evidence most favorable to the

judgment together with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.’” Id.

(quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84). “We will affirm the judgment if it is

supported by ‘substantial evidence of probative value even if there is some

conflict in that evidence.’” Id. (quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84); see also

McCallister v. State, 91 N.E.3d 554, 558 (Ind. 2018) (holding that, even though

there was conflicting evidence, it was “beside the point” because that argument

“misapprehend[s] our limited role as a reviewing court”). Further, “[w]e will

affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of

the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696

(Ind. 2017) (citing Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)).

[9] To prove that a defendant has committed public intoxication, the State must

establish the following:

(a) . . . [I]t is a Class B misdemeanor for a person to be in a public place or a place of public resort in a state of intoxication caused by the person’s use of alcohol . . . , if the person:

(1) endangers the person’s life;

(2) endangers the life of another person;

(3) breaches the peace or is in imminent danger of breaching the peace; or

(4) harasses, annoys, or alarms another person.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 5 of 10 Ind. Code § 7.1-5-1-3. The State charged Poge under subsection Indiana Code

Section 7.1-5-1-3(a)(1). Poge argues the State presented no evidence that he

endangered his life.

[10] We addressed a similar argument in Williams v. State, 989 N.E.2d 366 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2013). As Williams left a bar with a group of friends, a member of the

group was struck by a car. The injured person was incapacitated on the street,

and a crowd gathered around her. When responding police officers attempted

to clear the street for emergency vehicles, Williams refused to comply. The

officers observed a strong odor of alcohol about Williams’ person. Williams

had glassy and bloodshot eyes, his speech was slurred, and his balance was

unsteady. Williams became belligerent and aggressive with the officers; and, as

they escorted him from the street, Williams jerked his left arm away from an

officer and shoved a second officer’s hand off Williams’ right arm. In affirming

Williams’ conviction and finding sufficient evidence that he endangered himself

or the lives of others, a panel of this court cited the officers’ testimony that they

“believed that Williams was ‘an intoxicated person who was a danger to

himself.’” Williams, 989 N.E.2d at 370-71.

[11] Poge cites our holding in Sesay v. State, 5 N.E.3d 478 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans.

denied, in support of his claim that the State’s evidence of endangerment was

speculative. In Sesay, a police officer observed Sesay standing on the passenger

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 6 of 10 side of a vehicle that was stuck in a drainage ditch. 2 Sesay was approximately

three to five feet off the roadway and did not pose a threat to passing or

approaching motorists. Sesay smelled of alcohol, had glassy and bloodshot

eyes, and had vomited on himself. Believing Sesay to be highly intoxicated, the

officer arrested Sesay for public intoxication because, in the officer’s view,

Sesay could not stand without assistance, the surrounding area was dark, and

Sesay could be struck by a car. Sesay was charged with, and subsequently

convicted of, public intoxication, a Class B misdemeanor.

[12] On appeal, Sesay argued that the State failed to prove that he endangered his

life. We reversed, reasoning, in part, that:

. . . it is the conduct of the intoxicated person that must cause the endangerment. One of the State’s justifications for the conviction here is that Sesay could have been hit by a car as he stood several feet from the side of the road. But even a sober person standing alongside the road could be hit by a passing car if the driver of that car was driving erratically or failing to pay attention. When Officer Jones came upon Sesay, he was standing near the road alongside a stopped car. Officer Jones testified that Sesay had not and did not try to walk away from the scene but that he did not think Sesay would have been able to walk away because he could barely stand up without assistance. Nonetheless, Officer Jones did not see Sesay in the roadway, nor did he see him fall—or nearly fall, for that matter; he was just afraid that he might. There is nothing to indicate that Sesay’s intoxication made it more likely that he would be hit by a car,

2 The vehicle had been involved in an accident. Sesay was not the driver.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 7 of 10 and it is his conduct and not the conduct of a passing motorist that is the relevant consideration.

Finally, speculation regarding things that could happen in the future is not sufficient to prove the present crime of public intoxication. This is not an attempt crime where the person can take a substantial step toward committing public intoxication by being intoxicated. Moreover, the statute says a person commits public intoxication if he is in a public place in a state of intoxication and if the person “endangers” his life, not if he endangers or might endanger his life. Compare Ind. Code § 7.1-5- 1-3(a)(1) with Ind. Code § 7.1-5-1-3(a)(3) (stating a person commits public intoxication if he is in a public place in a state of intoxication if he “breaches the peace or is in imminent danger of breaching the peace”). If it is sufficient to speculate about all the various things that might befall a person, then, again, the legislature’s addition of endangerment as an element would be rendered superfluous because there is virtually no scenario in which a person in a public place would not be found guilty of public intoxication for simply being intoxicated. Such a construction would stretch the statute to an absurdity.

Id. at 485 (internal citations and footnotes omitted) (italics emphasis in original, bold emphasis added).

[13] In the instant case, Officer Rand testified that Poge was staggering drunk

outside on a bitterly cold December night. Poge could not recall his address;

nor could Poge identify anyone who could drive him home. Officer Rand

testified that she arrested Poge “for his own safety” because she “didn’t want

him to . . . freeze to death.” App. Vol. II p. 12.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 8 of 10 [14] Although we can understand Poge’s reliance on Sesay, his reliance is misplaced.

As the Sesay panel cautioned, “it is the conduct of the intoxicated person that

must cause the endangerment.” Sesay, 5 N.E.3d at 485. In Sesay, the police

officer arrested Sesay for public intoxication endangering himself because Sesay

could be struck by a car. In reversing Sesay’s conviction, we reasoned that

nothing about Sesay’s conduct posed a threat of harm to him, when police

encountered him standing a safe distance from the roadway, awaiting a ride.

See id. (“There is nothing to indicate that Sesay’s intoxication made it more

likely that he would be hit by a car, and it is his conduct and not the conduct of

a passing motorist that is the relevant consideration.”).

[15] In the instant case, which is more akin to Williams, Poge’s “conduct” that

caused the endangerment was his inability to recognize that the weather

conditions posed real danger. Poge could not provide his address or identify a

person who could pick him up and demonstrated his inability to care for

himself. Without Poge’s address or the identity of a person who could attend to

him, Officer Rand had no options to protect Poge from the danger that the

bitter cold and his intoxication created.

[16] Inasmuch as Poge’s intoxication overrode his instinct to urgently seek shelter

from the bitter cold, the extreme cold did not pose a merely speculative threat.

Thus, Officer Rand believed that Poge was “an intoxicated person who was a

danger to himself.” See Williams, 989 N.E.2d at 370-71. To the extent that

Poge asserts that Sesay warrants a different conclusion here, we must disagree.

Because a reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 9 of 10 beyond a reasonable doubt, we conclude that the State presented sufficient

evidence to convict Poge. See Love, 73 N.E.3d at 696.

Conclusion

[17] The State presented sufficient evidence to support Poge’s conviction. We

affirm.

[18] Affirmed.

[19] Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-758 | January 16, 2019 Page 10 of 10