IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0266 Filed September 13, 2017
MICHAEL PAUL VALDE, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
EMPLOYMENT APPEAL BOARD and IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Defendants-Appellees. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Mitchell E.
Turner, Judge.
An Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement System recipient appeals from an
adverse benefits calculation. AFFIRMED.
Michael Paul Valde, Coralville, pro se.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Lucas W. Dawson and David L.D.
Faith II, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellees.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Michael Valde appeals from the district court’s denial of his request for
relief on judicial review. Valde asserts that his contract and property rights in his
Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement System (IPERS) public pension benefits
were contravened in violation of the Iowa Constitution and the United States
Constitution.
I. Facts and Background
The facts in this case are undisputed. Valde was employed with the State
in an IPERS-covered position from 1977 through 1981, 1991 through 1996, and
1999 through most of 2002. Combining these periods, Valde had a total of
thirteen-and-a-half years of IPERS-covered service. When Valde left IPERS-
covered employment in 2002, he was not yet eligible to retire.
In 2015, Valde filed an application for IPERS retirement benefits. IPERS
sent Valde a letter of award notifying him of a monthly retirement benefit of
$1,667.49 based on a final average salary of $86,752.27. IPERS used Valde’s
salary from 2000 through 2002 (the “calendar method”) to calculate this figure.
The calendar method was set out in the governing statute in 2015. Valde
appealed to IPERS claiming the formula used was incorrect and that the agency
should have used the average of his highest twelve consecutive quarters of
service (the “quarter method”) for a final average of salary of $89,755.47. Valde
claimed that he was entitled to the quarter method since a statute in effect in
2002—when he left IPERS-covered employment—arguably provided for such a
formula. Valde claimed a constitutional property and contract interest in the 2002
level of benefits. 3
In 2016, IPERS made a final agency determination in favor of the calendar
method. The determination was based on two rationales. First, under Iowa
Code chapter 97B (2016) and the surrounding administrative rules, IPERS was
required to apply the law and formula in effect on the date of the member’s
retirement. These rules were all in place prior to 2002. Second, while the Iowa
General Assembly enacted legislation in 2000 to implement the quarter method
at a future date, that legislation was repealed before such a future date ever
occurred. Therefore, the quarter method was never actually used in calculating
awarded benefits.
Valde appealed the final agency determination. A hearing on the matter
occurred before an administrative law judge (ALJ). The ALJ entered a proposed
decision in favor of IPERS. Valde appealed to the Employment Appeal Board,
which adopted the proposed decision. Finally, Valde filed a petition for judicial
review pursuant to Iowa Code section 17A.19 arguing IPERS violated his
constitutionally protected contract and property rights. In January 2017, the
district court denied the request for relief concluding there is “no property or
contract right in a retirement payment system.” Valde appeals.
II. Standard of Review
Typically, appeals from administrative decisions are reviewed for
substantial evidence. See Titan Tire Corp. v. Emp’t Appeal Bd., 641 N.W.2d
752, 754 (Iowa 2003). However, we review constitutional law challenges de
novo. Adair Benev. Soc. v. State, 489 N.W.2d 1, 3 (Iowa 1992) (“Usually when
fact questions in a contested case are involved, we apply the substantial 4
evidence standard under section 17A.19(8)(f). But because constitutional issues
are raised here, our review is de novo.”).
III. Analysis
Valde contends his constitutional contract and property interests in his
pension were violated when the calendar method was applied to his benefit
calculation. In Iowa, “allowances paid to public employees from retirement
funds, in part maintained by them, is that such allowances are not pure pensions,
gratuities, or bounties, but are given in consideration of services which were not
fully recompensed when rendered.” Talbott v. Indep. Sch. Dist. of Des Moines,
299 N.W. 556, 563 (Iowa 1941). “[T]he fact that these retirement or disability
payments are not gratuities, is not, in our judgment, sufficient to give to them the
character of a property, or a vested, right, or a contract right, which can not be
adversely affected by subsequent legislation . . . .” Id.; see also City of Iowa City
v. White, 111 N.W.2d 266, 270 (Iowa 1961) (reaffirming Talbott and holding it is
“the statutes in force when a pensioner’s application is filed” and not the date of
injury that controls the pension benefits in the case of disability); Nelson v. Bd. of
Dirs. of Indep. Sch. Dist. of Sioux City, 70 N.W.2d 555, 560 (Iowa 1955) (holding
“plaintiffs had no such vested or contract rights in the local system or in pensions
thereunder as to make invalid the acts of the Board”). Simply put, public pension
benefits in Iowa are not vested property or contract rights.
Valde also argues IPERS newsletters created a constitutionally protected
contractual interest. He cites the following statements from newsletters issued
during the time IPERS was anticipating a change from the calendar method to
the quarter method: 5
VI. Benefit Calculations Average Salary Definition IPERS received an extension of the implementation date for the scheduled change to the final average salary calculation to July 1, 2005. The scheduled change eliminates “computed years” in favor of a highest 12 consecutive quarters calculation. In order to minimize risk to the system due to possible implementation problems, additional time for design and testing was requested and granted by the General Assembly.
Reduce benefits. The BAC and Investment Board did not recommend this option because it would not be effective. Benefits already earned cannot be reduced. This liability is already in place. Future benefits, including all benefits for new employees, can be reduced. However, there would not be a positive funding impact for 15 to 20 years.
However, Valde provides no authority in support of this language creating a
vested contract right. The very passages he cites mention delayed
implementation and uncertainty as to the quarter method. Further, newsletter
and employee manual statements do not have force and effect of law. See
Anderson v. Iowa Dep’t of Human Servs., 368 N.W.2d 104, 108 (Iowa 1985)
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0266 Filed September 13, 2017
MICHAEL PAUL VALDE, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
EMPLOYMENT APPEAL BOARD and IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Defendants-Appellees. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Mitchell E.
Turner, Judge.
An Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement System recipient appeals from an
adverse benefits calculation. AFFIRMED.
Michael Paul Valde, Coralville, pro se.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Lucas W. Dawson and David L.D.
Faith II, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellees.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Michael Valde appeals from the district court’s denial of his request for
relief on judicial review. Valde asserts that his contract and property rights in his
Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement System (IPERS) public pension benefits
were contravened in violation of the Iowa Constitution and the United States
Constitution.
I. Facts and Background
The facts in this case are undisputed. Valde was employed with the State
in an IPERS-covered position from 1977 through 1981, 1991 through 1996, and
1999 through most of 2002. Combining these periods, Valde had a total of
thirteen-and-a-half years of IPERS-covered service. When Valde left IPERS-
covered employment in 2002, he was not yet eligible to retire.
In 2015, Valde filed an application for IPERS retirement benefits. IPERS
sent Valde a letter of award notifying him of a monthly retirement benefit of
$1,667.49 based on a final average salary of $86,752.27. IPERS used Valde’s
salary from 2000 through 2002 (the “calendar method”) to calculate this figure.
The calendar method was set out in the governing statute in 2015. Valde
appealed to IPERS claiming the formula used was incorrect and that the agency
should have used the average of his highest twelve consecutive quarters of
service (the “quarter method”) for a final average of salary of $89,755.47. Valde
claimed that he was entitled to the quarter method since a statute in effect in
2002—when he left IPERS-covered employment—arguably provided for such a
formula. Valde claimed a constitutional property and contract interest in the 2002
level of benefits. 3
In 2016, IPERS made a final agency determination in favor of the calendar
method. The determination was based on two rationales. First, under Iowa
Code chapter 97B (2016) and the surrounding administrative rules, IPERS was
required to apply the law and formula in effect on the date of the member’s
retirement. These rules were all in place prior to 2002. Second, while the Iowa
General Assembly enacted legislation in 2000 to implement the quarter method
at a future date, that legislation was repealed before such a future date ever
occurred. Therefore, the quarter method was never actually used in calculating
awarded benefits.
Valde appealed the final agency determination. A hearing on the matter
occurred before an administrative law judge (ALJ). The ALJ entered a proposed
decision in favor of IPERS. Valde appealed to the Employment Appeal Board,
which adopted the proposed decision. Finally, Valde filed a petition for judicial
review pursuant to Iowa Code section 17A.19 arguing IPERS violated his
constitutionally protected contract and property rights. In January 2017, the
district court denied the request for relief concluding there is “no property or
contract right in a retirement payment system.” Valde appeals.
II. Standard of Review
Typically, appeals from administrative decisions are reviewed for
substantial evidence. See Titan Tire Corp. v. Emp’t Appeal Bd., 641 N.W.2d
752, 754 (Iowa 2003). However, we review constitutional law challenges de
novo. Adair Benev. Soc. v. State, 489 N.W.2d 1, 3 (Iowa 1992) (“Usually when
fact questions in a contested case are involved, we apply the substantial 4
evidence standard under section 17A.19(8)(f). But because constitutional issues
are raised here, our review is de novo.”).
III. Analysis
Valde contends his constitutional contract and property interests in his
pension were violated when the calendar method was applied to his benefit
calculation. In Iowa, “allowances paid to public employees from retirement
funds, in part maintained by them, is that such allowances are not pure pensions,
gratuities, or bounties, but are given in consideration of services which were not
fully recompensed when rendered.” Talbott v. Indep. Sch. Dist. of Des Moines,
299 N.W. 556, 563 (Iowa 1941). “[T]he fact that these retirement or disability
payments are not gratuities, is not, in our judgment, sufficient to give to them the
character of a property, or a vested, right, or a contract right, which can not be
adversely affected by subsequent legislation . . . .” Id.; see also City of Iowa City
v. White, 111 N.W.2d 266, 270 (Iowa 1961) (reaffirming Talbott and holding it is
“the statutes in force when a pensioner’s application is filed” and not the date of
injury that controls the pension benefits in the case of disability); Nelson v. Bd. of
Dirs. of Indep. Sch. Dist. of Sioux City, 70 N.W.2d 555, 560 (Iowa 1955) (holding
“plaintiffs had no such vested or contract rights in the local system or in pensions
thereunder as to make invalid the acts of the Board”). Simply put, public pension
benefits in Iowa are not vested property or contract rights.
Valde also argues IPERS newsletters created a constitutionally protected
contractual interest. He cites the following statements from newsletters issued
during the time IPERS was anticipating a change from the calendar method to
the quarter method: 5
VI. Benefit Calculations Average Salary Definition IPERS received an extension of the implementation date for the scheduled change to the final average salary calculation to July 1, 2005. The scheduled change eliminates “computed years” in favor of a highest 12 consecutive quarters calculation. In order to minimize risk to the system due to possible implementation problems, additional time for design and testing was requested and granted by the General Assembly.
Reduce benefits. The BAC and Investment Board did not recommend this option because it would not be effective. Benefits already earned cannot be reduced. This liability is already in place. Future benefits, including all benefits for new employees, can be reduced. However, there would not be a positive funding impact for 15 to 20 years.
However, Valde provides no authority in support of this language creating a
vested contract right. The very passages he cites mention delayed
implementation and uncertainty as to the quarter method. Further, newsletter
and employee manual statements do not have force and effect of law. See
Anderson v. Iowa Dep’t of Human Servs., 368 N.W.2d 104, 108 (Iowa 1985)
(recognizing a statement in an employment manual was not a validly adopted
agency rule with the force of law); see also Cal Fire Loc. 2881 v. Cal. Pub.
Emp’rs Ret. Sys., 212 Cal. Rptr. 3d 471, 480 (Cal. App. 2016) (“[W]e
acknowledge plaintiffs’ reliance on statements made in CalPERS’s ‘widely-read’
publication, Vested Rights of CalPERS Members: Protecting the Pension
Promises Made to Public Employees, to try to show the existence of a vested
contract right to purchase airtime service credit . . . . Nonetheless, the fact
remains that, notwithstanding any statements or suggestions by CalPERS to the
contrary (published or otherwise), California law is quite clear that the Legislature
may indeed modify or eliminate vested pension rights in certain cases.”). 6
Valde urges this court to reverse Talbott in favor of a more modern
contractual rights approach. He identifies several states that have adopted this
approach towards public pensions. However, this is not the approach Iowa has
taken. See Talbott, 299 N.W. at 563. Additionally, this court is not at liberty to
overturn controlling supreme court precedent. State v. Beck, 854 N.W.2d 56, 64
(Iowa Ct. App. 2014); State v. Hastings, 466 N.W.2d 697, 700 (Iowa Ct. App.
1990).
It is also worth noting Valde has been unable to establish even under the
2002 law he would be entitled to a quarter method benefit calculation. IPERS
chief benefits officer testified at the administrative hearing that the quarter
method was never implemented, no one ever retired under the quarter method,
and if Valde were to have his benefits calculated under this method, he would be
the “first person.” Under the law of 2002, Valde would still not be entitled to a
quarter method calculation. Even absent the Talbott case, Valde lacks a
cognizable claim for government interference with his constitutional rights.
Consequently, we affirm the district court’s denial of Valde’s request for
relief on judicial review.
AFFIRMED.