PER CURIAM.
Michael Owsley is scheduled to be executed by the State of Missouri on February 6, 2002, at 12:01 a.m. Our court previously affirmed the district court’s denial of Mr. Owsley’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Owsley v. Bowersox, 234 F.3d 1055 (8th Cir.2000). His petition for rehearing en banc was denied, and the Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari. Owsley v. Luebbers, — U.S. -, 122 S.Ct. 233, 151 L.Ed.2d 168 (2001). Seeking to readdress whether Missouri may constitutionally restrict a state defendant’s right to present evidence of his voluntary intoxication as a defense in the guilt phase of a capital murder case, see Mo.Rev.Stat. § 562.076.3, Owsley has filed a motion to recall our mandate in Owsley v. Bowersox. Owsley relies on the Supreme Court’s re[689]*689cent decision in Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. 362, 122 S.Ct. 877, 151 L.Ed.2d 820 (2002), and suggests in light of that decision that we erroneously concluded that his constitutional challenge to § 562.076.3 was barred on an independent and adequate state ground-the Supreme Court of Missouri’s determination that Owsley failed to preserve his challenge for appellate review by properly raising the due process constitutional issue before the state trial court. See Owsley, 234 F.3d at 1058-59; Mo. v. Owsley, 959 S.W.2d 789, 795 (1997) (en banc).
We deny the motion to recall our earlier mandate and write to explain our reasons. Contrary to the dissent’s conclusion, the Supreme Court explained in Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 118 S.Ct. 1489, 140 L.Ed.2d 728 (1998), that the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s (AEDPA’s) provisions regarding second or successive habeas petitions do govern our ability to recall our mandate under the circumstances presented here.
In a § 2254 case, a prisoner’s motion to recall the mandate on the basis of the merits of the underlying decision can be regarded as a second or successive application for purposes of § 2244(b). Otherwise, petitioners could evade the bar against relitigation of claims presented in a prior application, § 2244(b)(1), or the bar against litigation of claims not presented in a prior application, § 2244(b)(2). If the court grants such a motion, its action is subject to AEDPA irrespective of whether the motion is based on old claims (in which case § 2244(b)(1) would apply) or new ones (in which case § 2244(b)(2) would apply).
Id. at 553, 118 S.Ct. 1489; see also Thompson v. Nixon, 272 F.3d 1098, 1100 (8th Cir.2001) (“A motion to recall a mandate is analyzed as a successive petition under [AEDPA].”). Thus, according to Calderon, we must determine whether the issue Owsley now attempts to raise in support of his motion to recall the mandate falls within § 2244(b). Our review is not merely to determine whether Owsley is “simply seeking to preserve his right to a full and fair appeal.” Infra at 8. The standard for recalling a mandate in habeas corpus cases is a strict one, and the power to recall a mandate is “one of last resort, to be held in reserve against grave, unforseen contingencies.” Calderon, 523 U.S. at 550, 118 S.Ct. 1489.
Section § 2244(b)(1) prohibits a petitioner from raising a claim that was previously raised in an earlier habeas proceeding. Because Owsley attempts to raise the very same constitutional challenge to Mo.Rev.Stat. § 562.076.3 in his current motion that he raised in his initial habeas proceeding, and one which we already have addressed, he is barred from again asserting it as grounds for the writ. The only feature distinguishing his present argument from his past one is that he is now armed with fresh Supreme Court precedent on what constitutes an independent and adequate state ground, which is sufficient to bar a constitutional challenge in federal court. Even if we interpreted Owsley’s motion as one seeking to raise a new claim based on Lee v. Kemna, our authority to recall the mandate would be foreclosed by § 2244(b)(2): The Supreme Court did not announce in Lee v. Kemna a new rule of constitutional law made applicable by the Supreme Court to cases on collateral review.
But even if we were able to escape AEDPA’s limitations, Lee v. Kemna would have no bearing on our earlier determination that federal review of the constitutionality of § 562.076.3 is barred. As the Supreme Court indicated in Lee, there is only a “small category” of cases in which a state [690]*690ground will be inadequate to bar federal review of a constitutional challenge. Lee, 534 U.S. 362, at -, 122 S.Ct. 877, 888, 151 L.Ed.2d 820, at -. The Court went so far as to say it would only occur in an exceptional case involving the state court’s “exorbitant application of a generally sound rule.” Id. at 885. The Court ultimately determined that the Missouri court’s enforcement of its “motions for a continuance must be in writing” rule could not bar federal review because the petitioner substantially complied with the rule and enforcement of the rule served no real governmental interest.
This case is not Lee. Here, Owsley completely failed to comply with Missouri’s rule regarding constitutional objections. Although Owsley objected to the preclu-sive application of the Missouri statute to his evidence of his voluntary intoxication, he did so only in the most general terms of disagreeing with the law as adopted by the Missouri legislature. We have carefully reread the portions of the transcript cited in the appellant’s brief as making “it clear that [he was] challenging the constitutionality” of § 562.076.3. Infra at 691. One looks in vain for any hint of a constitutional challenge. Neither the words “unconstitutional” or “due process” appear anywhere in either the defendant’s or his counsel’s argument to the trial court. Nor did he make any constitutional objection to the statute in a motion for a new trial. As we pointed out in our prior opinion, under Missouri law, “‘the sections of the Constitution claimed to have been violated must be specified; the point must be preserved in the motion for new trial, if any; and it must be adequately covered in the briefs.’ ” Owsley, 234 F.3d at 1058 (quoting Magenheim v. Bd. of Educ., 340 S.W.2d 619, 621 (Mo.1960)). Consistent enforcement of a rule requiring a specific constitutional objection serves a valuable governmental interest by promoting judicial efficiency and by making sure that constitutional objections to legislative acts receive focused attention from the courts. Its importance is reflected by the frequency of its use by the Missouri appellate courts and by our court. Cf. Voss v. Shalala, 32 F.3d 1269
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PER CURIAM.
Michael Owsley is scheduled to be executed by the State of Missouri on February 6, 2002, at 12:01 a.m. Our court previously affirmed the district court’s denial of Mr. Owsley’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Owsley v. Bowersox, 234 F.3d 1055 (8th Cir.2000). His petition for rehearing en banc was denied, and the Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari. Owsley v. Luebbers, — U.S. -, 122 S.Ct. 233, 151 L.Ed.2d 168 (2001). Seeking to readdress whether Missouri may constitutionally restrict a state defendant’s right to present evidence of his voluntary intoxication as a defense in the guilt phase of a capital murder case, see Mo.Rev.Stat. § 562.076.3, Owsley has filed a motion to recall our mandate in Owsley v. Bowersox. Owsley relies on the Supreme Court’s re[689]*689cent decision in Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. 362, 122 S.Ct. 877, 151 L.Ed.2d 820 (2002), and suggests in light of that decision that we erroneously concluded that his constitutional challenge to § 562.076.3 was barred on an independent and adequate state ground-the Supreme Court of Missouri’s determination that Owsley failed to preserve his challenge for appellate review by properly raising the due process constitutional issue before the state trial court. See Owsley, 234 F.3d at 1058-59; Mo. v. Owsley, 959 S.W.2d 789, 795 (1997) (en banc).
We deny the motion to recall our earlier mandate and write to explain our reasons. Contrary to the dissent’s conclusion, the Supreme Court explained in Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 118 S.Ct. 1489, 140 L.Ed.2d 728 (1998), that the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s (AEDPA’s) provisions regarding second or successive habeas petitions do govern our ability to recall our mandate under the circumstances presented here.
In a § 2254 case, a prisoner’s motion to recall the mandate on the basis of the merits of the underlying decision can be regarded as a second or successive application for purposes of § 2244(b). Otherwise, petitioners could evade the bar against relitigation of claims presented in a prior application, § 2244(b)(1), or the bar against litigation of claims not presented in a prior application, § 2244(b)(2). If the court grants such a motion, its action is subject to AEDPA irrespective of whether the motion is based on old claims (in which case § 2244(b)(1) would apply) or new ones (in which case § 2244(b)(2) would apply).
Id. at 553, 118 S.Ct. 1489; see also Thompson v. Nixon, 272 F.3d 1098, 1100 (8th Cir.2001) (“A motion to recall a mandate is analyzed as a successive petition under [AEDPA].”). Thus, according to Calderon, we must determine whether the issue Owsley now attempts to raise in support of his motion to recall the mandate falls within § 2244(b). Our review is not merely to determine whether Owsley is “simply seeking to preserve his right to a full and fair appeal.” Infra at 8. The standard for recalling a mandate in habeas corpus cases is a strict one, and the power to recall a mandate is “one of last resort, to be held in reserve against grave, unforseen contingencies.” Calderon, 523 U.S. at 550, 118 S.Ct. 1489.
Section § 2244(b)(1) prohibits a petitioner from raising a claim that was previously raised in an earlier habeas proceeding. Because Owsley attempts to raise the very same constitutional challenge to Mo.Rev.Stat. § 562.076.3 in his current motion that he raised in his initial habeas proceeding, and one which we already have addressed, he is barred from again asserting it as grounds for the writ. The only feature distinguishing his present argument from his past one is that he is now armed with fresh Supreme Court precedent on what constitutes an independent and adequate state ground, which is sufficient to bar a constitutional challenge in federal court. Even if we interpreted Owsley’s motion as one seeking to raise a new claim based on Lee v. Kemna, our authority to recall the mandate would be foreclosed by § 2244(b)(2): The Supreme Court did not announce in Lee v. Kemna a new rule of constitutional law made applicable by the Supreme Court to cases on collateral review.
But even if we were able to escape AEDPA’s limitations, Lee v. Kemna would have no bearing on our earlier determination that federal review of the constitutionality of § 562.076.3 is barred. As the Supreme Court indicated in Lee, there is only a “small category” of cases in which a state [690]*690ground will be inadequate to bar federal review of a constitutional challenge. Lee, 534 U.S. 362, at -, 122 S.Ct. 877, 888, 151 L.Ed.2d 820, at -. The Court went so far as to say it would only occur in an exceptional case involving the state court’s “exorbitant application of a generally sound rule.” Id. at 885. The Court ultimately determined that the Missouri court’s enforcement of its “motions for a continuance must be in writing” rule could not bar federal review because the petitioner substantially complied with the rule and enforcement of the rule served no real governmental interest.
This case is not Lee. Here, Owsley completely failed to comply with Missouri’s rule regarding constitutional objections. Although Owsley objected to the preclu-sive application of the Missouri statute to his evidence of his voluntary intoxication, he did so only in the most general terms of disagreeing with the law as adopted by the Missouri legislature. We have carefully reread the portions of the transcript cited in the appellant’s brief as making “it clear that [he was] challenging the constitutionality” of § 562.076.3. Infra at 691. One looks in vain for any hint of a constitutional challenge. Neither the words “unconstitutional” or “due process” appear anywhere in either the defendant’s or his counsel’s argument to the trial court. Nor did he make any constitutional objection to the statute in a motion for a new trial. As we pointed out in our prior opinion, under Missouri law, “‘the sections of the Constitution claimed to have been violated must be specified; the point must be preserved in the motion for new trial, if any; and it must be adequately covered in the briefs.’ ” Owsley, 234 F.3d at 1058 (quoting Magenheim v. Bd. of Educ., 340 S.W.2d 619, 621 (Mo.1960)). Consistent enforcement of a rule requiring a specific constitutional objection serves a valuable governmental interest by promoting judicial efficiency and by making sure that constitutional objections to legislative acts receive focused attention from the courts. Its importance is reflected by the frequency of its use by the Missouri appellate courts and by our court. Cf. Voss v. Shalala, 32 F.3d 1269, 1272-73 (8th Cir.1994) (“To the extent that [plaintiff] attempts to raise a constitutional challenge to the statute, we decline to address it.... Her constitutional arguments ... are offered undigested.... Assessing the constitutionality of a statute is the most delicate task of a federal court. A litigant cannot require constitutional adjudication by incanting magic spells or pointing a finger at a particular clause.” (internal quotations omitted)).
Finally, even presuming our ability to reach the actual merits of Owsley’s constitutional challenge, our panel would be bound by Gary v. Dormire, 256 F.3d 753 (8th Cir.2001), in which our court held that § 562.076.3 passes due process muster. The Gary court, relying on Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 116 S.Ct. 2013, 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996), plainly held that:
Missouri treats voluntarily intoxicated individuals and sober individuals equally culpable for criminal activity. It accomplishes this by giving evidence of voluntary intoxication no relevance insofar as the mental elements of the crime are concerned. Because evidence of voluntary intoxication has no exculpatory relevance under Missouri law, a criminal defendant has no corresponding constitutional right to have the jury consider this evidence.
Gary, 256 F.3d at 759. It is a cardinal rule in our circuit that one panel is bound by the decision of a prior panel. United States v. Prior, 107 F.3d 654, 660 (8th Cir.1997). We therefore are not free to avoid the clear holding of the Gary court.
[691]*691Accordingly, we deny Owsley’s counseled motion to recall our mandate in No. 99-3855. We also deny Owsley’s pro se motion seeking authorization to file a successive habeas petition in the district court in No. 02-1255. All pending motions for a stay of execution are also denied.