Michael Omstead v. Dell, Inc.

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: February 5, 2010
• Docket: 08-16479
• Status: Published

Opinion

FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MICHAEL OMSTEAD; MELISSA  MALLOY; LISA SMITH, individually and on behalf of all others No. 08-16479 similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants,  D.C. No. 3:06-CV-06293-PJH v. OPINION DELL, INC., Defendant-Appellee.  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Phyllis J. Hamilton, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 7, 2009—San Francisco, California

Filed February 5, 2010

Before: Mary M. Schroeder and Marsha S. Berzon, Circuit Judges, and Lyle E. Strom,* District Judge.

Opinion by Judge Strom

*The Honorable Lyle E. Strom, Senior United States District Judge for the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.

2101 2104 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC.

COUNSEL

Jonathan D. Selbin (argued) and Kristen E. Law, Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, New York, New York; Cynthia B. Chapman and Cory S. Fein, Caddell & Chapman, Houston, Texas; John L. Malesovas, Malesovas & Martin, LLP, Waco, Texas; Anthony L. Vitullo, Fee, Smith, Sharp & Vitullo, LLP, Dallas, Texas; and Paul R. Kiesel and Patrick DeBlase, Beverly Hills, California, for the plaintiffs- appellants.

Paul Schlaud (argued), Kim E. Brightwell, and Matt Freder- ick, Reeves & Brightwell, LLP, Austin, Texas; Douglas R. Young and C. Brandon Wisoff, San Francisco, California, for the defendant-appellee.

OPINION

STROM, District Judge:

Plaintiffs-appellants, Michael Omstead, Melissa Malloy, and Lisa Smith (collectively, “plaintiffs”), brought a proposed class action1 against Dell, Inc. (“Dell”), asserting various

1 The proposed class consists, with limited exclusions, of “[a]ll individu- als and entities in the State of California who own or have owned any one or more of the following Dell Inspiron notebook computer models: 1100, 1150, 5100, or 5160.” OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. 2105 claims under California state law predicated on the allegation that Dell designed, manufactured, and sold defective note- book computers. The district court granted Dell’s motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration. Plaintiffs refused to comply with the arbitration order, and the district court dis- missed the action for failure to prosecute. Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal and the underlying arbitration order. We REVERSE.

I. BACKGROUND

Between July 2004 and January 2005 plaintiffs purchased notebook computers for $1200 to $1500 through Dell’s web- site. At the time of purchase, plaintiffs were required to accept a written agreement titled “U.S. Terms and Conditions of Sale” (the “Agreement”). The Agreement contained the fol- lowing provisions relevant to this appeal:

....

11 Governing Law.

THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY SALES THERE UNDER SHALL BE GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, WITHOUT REGARD TO CONFLICTS OF LAWS RULES.

13 Binding Arbitration.

ANY CLAIM, DISPUTE, OR CONTROVERSY . . . BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND DELL . . . SHALL BE RESOLVED EXCLUSIVELY AND FINALLY BY BINDING ARBITRATION ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL ARBITRATION FORUM (NAF) . . . . NEITHER CUSTOMER NOR DELL SHALL BE ENTITLED TO JOIN OR CONSOLI- 2106 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. DATE CLAIMS BY OR AGAINST OTHER CUS- TOMERS, OR ARBITRATE ANY CLAIM AS A REPRESENTATIVE OR CLASS ACTION . . . .

Dell moved to stay proceedings and compel individual arbi- tration pursuant to the Agreement, and the district court granted the motion. Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of the arbitration order; the district court denied reconsideration and directed the parties to file a joint status statement describ- ing the status of their arbitration proceedings.

In the joint status statement, plaintiffs stipulated that they would not arbitrate their claims individually because it was not economically feasible for them to do so, and because the arbitration forum mandated by the Agreement was “blatantly biased” against consumers. Plaintiffs requested the district court enter a final order that would allow them to appeal the arbitration order. Plaintiffs further clarified: “Plaintiffs are not refusing to prosecute their claims; they are only refusing to arbitrate them in a manner which . . . would be futile.” Dell opposed plaintiffs’ request and argued the only final judgment that would be appropriate under the circumstances would be a dismissal for failure to prosecute. The district court directed further briefing on the issue of whether the action should be dismissed, and if so, on what grounds.

Plaintiffs’ supplemental brief restated their position that they were not refusing to prosecute their claims but were in a “procedural bind” because they could not afford to arbitrate their claims individually, and the arbitration order was not an appealable order. Plaintiffs identified two alternatives to dis- missal: (1) stay the action pending this Court’s ruling in Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., infra, which at that time, was fully briefed and before the Court, or (2) certify the issue for interlocutory review. Dell opposed these alternatives and again argued for a dismissal for failure to prosecute. On May 21, 2008, the district court dismissed the action for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. 2107 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a dismissal for failure to prosecute for abuse of discretion. Ash v. Cvetkov, 739 F.2d 493, 495 (9th Cir. 1984). We review a district court’s order compelling arbitration de novo. Davis v. O’Melveny & Myers, 485 F.3d 1066, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007).

III. DISCUSSION

A. The District Court Abused Its Discretion When It Dismissed Plaintiffs’ Action for Failure to Prosecute.

[1] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) provides: “If the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules or a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim against it.” A Rule 41(b) dismissal “must be sup- ported by a showing of unreasonable delay.” Henderson v. Duncan, 779 F.2d 1421, 1423 (9th Cir. 1986). In addition, the district court must weigh the following factors in determining whether a Rule 41(b) dismissal is warranted: “(1) the public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the court’s need to manage its docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants; (4) the public policy favoring disposition of cases on their merits and (5) the availability of less drastic sanc- tions.” Id. Where, as here, the district court does not make explicit findings on each factor, we independently review the record to determine whether the district court abused its dis- cretion. Id. at 1424.

[2] In this case, the district court abused its discretion when it dismissed plaintiffs’ action for failure to prosecute. Plaintiffs did not cause any unreasonable delay in the progres- sion of their case below. Upon review of the record, there were only two possible instances of delay: (1) plaintiffs wait- ing five months to file a motion for reconsideration of the dis- trict court’s arbitration order, and (2) plaintiffs waiting two months to file the parties’ joint status statement after being 2108 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. ordered to do so by the district court. Neither instance sup- ports a Rule 41(b) dismissal. The motion for reconsideration was properly filed under the Northern District of California’s local rules, see Civil L.R. 7-9(a), and the joint status statement was timely under the deadlines set by the district court and simply reiterated positions that were well-known to the parties and the district court. Further, the factors used in evaluating a Rule 41(b) dismissal favor plaintiffs. The record does not support a finding that plaintiffs’ actions placed unwarranted stress on the district court’s docket or prejudiced Dell. The public’s interest in a resolution on the merits weighed strongly in plaintiffs’ favor, and less drastic and more appro- priate alternatives were available.

Plaintiffs sufficiently communicated to Dell and the district court that they wanted to prosecute their claims on a class- wide basis, they believed the district court’s arbitration order was fatal to their action, and they wanted the district court to enter an order that would permit appellate review of the arbi- tration issue. Not only was the district court’s Rule 41(b) dis- missal unsupported by the facts of this case, it also failed to accomplish plaintiffs’ requested result because under our law, an appeal from a Rule 41(b) dismissal does not permit review of interlocutory orders. See Al-Torki v. Kaempen, 78 F.3d 1381, 1386 (9th Cir. 1996).

Plaintiffs were not certain how they could procedurally obtain appellate review of the arbitration order while main- taining consistency with circuit law, given the then pending appeal from Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 502 F. Supp. 2d 1061 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (Oestreicher I), which presented simi- lar issues. The appropriate order would have been a voluntary dismissal with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Proce- dure 41(a)(2). We agree with the First Circuit’s reasoning in John’s Insulation, Inc. v. L. Addison and Associates, Inc., that “a plaintiff that deems an interlocutory ruling to be so prejudi- cial as to deserve immediate review . . . has the alternative of dismissing the complaint voluntarily [with prejudice].” 156 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. 2109 F.3d 101, 107 (1st Cir. 1998). As John’s Insulation noted, such a tactic is risky: “Plaintiffs pursuing such an avenue of appeal risk forfeiting their potentially meritorious claims . . . because the appellate court could affirm the dismissal.” Id. Plaintiffs have demonstrated their understanding and accep- tance of the risks involved.

[3] To avoid a useless remand for entry of a modified judg- ment, we will construe the district court’s Rule 41(b) dis- missal as a Rule 41(a)(2) voluntary dismissal with prejudice and consider the underlying issue in this case, which is whether the case should have been ordered to arbitration.

B. The District Court Erred When It Granted Dell’s Motion to Stay Proceedings and Compel Arbitration.

[4] Under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16, a written arbitration provision is valid and enforceable “save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revoca- tion of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. Generally applicable con- tract defenses, such as unconscionability, may render an arbitration provision unenforceable. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 498 F.3d 976, 981 (9th Cir. 2007). Whether an arbitration provision is unconscionable is gov- erned by state contract law. See id.

[5] The Agreement in this case contains a choice-of-law provision that states the Agreement is governed by Texas law. Plaintiffs argue the choice-of-law provision is unenforceable, and California law applies. During this case’s pendency on appeal, this Court decided, in an unpublished, non- precedential memorandum disposition, Oestreicher v. Alien- ware Corp., 322 F. App’x 489 (9th Cir. Apr. 2, 2009) (mem.) (Oestreicher II), which affirmed a district court decision that appropriately dealt with a similar choice-of-law determina- tion. See Oestreicher I, 502 F. Supp. 2d 1061. We adopt the reasoning of Oestreicher I and apply it to this case. This Court agreed that the choice-of-law provision was not enforceable 2110 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. and that under California choice-of-law rules, California law applied. Oestreicher II, 322 F. App’x at 491.

In Oestreicher I, plaintiff Harry Oestreicher brought a pro- posed class action against Alienware Corporation (“Alienware”), asserting various violations of California state law arising out of Alienware’s alleged sale of defective note- book computers. Id. at 1064. Oestreicher purchased his com- puter through Alienware’s website and was required to accept a sales agreement at the time of purchase, which contained an arbitration provision with a class action waiver and a choice- of-law provision designating Florida law as the governing law. Id. at 1063-64. Alienware moved to compel arbitration pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement. Id. at 1064. The district court denied the motion, id. at 1072, and this Court affirmed on appeal, Oestreicher II, 322 F. App’x at 491-93.2

[6] Applying California’s choice-of-law rule, which adopts section 187 of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws, Oestreicher I found that the sales agreement’s choice-of-law provision was unenforceable and that the validity of the arbi- tration provision should be determined in accordance with California law. 502 F. Supp. 2d at 1065-69. The district court first concluded that application of Florida law would be con- trary to a fundamental policy of California because the sales agreement’s class action waiver was unconscionable under California law. Id. at 1067-68. Specifically, the district court found the class action waiver satisfied all three prongs of the Discover Bank3 test: (1) the sales agreement was an adhesion 2 After the district court denied Alienware’s motion to compel, it dis- missed plaintiffs’ action for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 544 F. Supp. 2d 964 (N.D. Cal. 2008). This Court also reviewed and affirmed that ruling on appeal. Oestreicher II, 322 F. App’x at 493. At this time, we do not address the impact of this second ruling to the case-at-hand. 3 Under Discover Bank v. Superior Court, 113 P.3d 1100, 1110 (Cal. 2005), class action waivers are unconscionable under California law if (1) OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. 2111 contract, (2) $4000, which was the approximate purchase price of Oestreicher’s computer, was a small enough amount to prevent consumers from pursuing their individual claims, and (3) Oestreicher alleged a deliberate practice to deprive consumers of money because he alleged “Alienware was aware of material defects in its products, concealed these defects from consumers, and chose to sell defective products.” Id. The district court next found that California had a materi- ally greater interest in applying its law because the proposed class consisted solely of California residents asserting viola- tions of California consumer protection laws for goods shipped into California. Id. at 1069. California’s interest therefore outweighed Florida’s interest as the place of con- tracting and place of performance. Id.

[7] Here, the Agreement’s choice-of-law provision is unenforceable for the same reasons identified in Oestreicher I.4 The class action waiver is unconscionable under California law because it satisfies the Discover Bank test, and California has a materially greater interest than Texas in applying its own law. Accordingly, the validity of the arbitration provision is governed by California law. Having found the class action waiver unconscionable under California law, the only remain- ing question is whether the class action waiver can be severed from the remainder of the arbitration provision. See Cal. Civ.

“the waiver is found in a consumer contract of adhesion,” (2) the contrac- tual setting is one in which “disputes between the contracting parties pre- dictably involve small amounts of damages,” and (3) “it is alleged that the party with the superior bargaining power has carried out a scheme to deliberately cheat large numbers of consumers out of individually small sums of money.” 4 However, unlike the district court in Oestreicher I, see id. at 1065-66 & n.2, we decline to resolve whether the burden of proof set forth in Washington Mutual Bank, FA v. Superior Court, 15 P.3d 1071, 1079 (Cal. 2001) or America Online, Inc. v. Superior Court, 90 Cal. App. 4th 1, 9-11 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) applies in this case, as we would find the choice-of- law provision unenforceable regardless of which burden of proof applies. 2112 OMSTEAD v. DELL, INC. Code § 1670.5(a) (making discretionary a court’s decision to sever an unconscionable contract clause). We find it cannot be severed because the class action waiver is “central” to the arbitration provision. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Mantor, 335 F.3d 1101, 1109 (9th Cir. 2003). Because we decline “to assume the role of contract author rather than interpreter,” id. (quoting Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165, 1180 (9th Cir. 2003)), the class action waiver renders the entire arbitration provision unenforceable. The district court erred when it found to the contrary and granted Dell’s motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration.

IV. CONCLUSION

We reverse the district court’s Rule 41(b) dismissal and construe the dismissal as a voluntary dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(a)(2). We also reverse the district court’s order granting Dell’s motion to stay proceedings and compel arbi- tration. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED and REMANDED.