IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 19–0821
Filed March 27, 2020
MICHAEL MERRILL and KAREN JO FRESCOLN,
Appellants,
vs.
VALLEY VIEW SWINE, LLC and JBS LIVE PORK, LLC f/k/a CARGILL PORK, LLC,
Appellees.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Wapello County, Annette J.
Scieszinski, Senior Judge.
Two plaintiffs who voluntarily dismissed their claims appeal a
district court order directing them to reimburse the defendants for costs
and expenses. AFFIRMED.
Benjamin G. Arato, Steven P. Wandro, and Jennifer H. De Kock of
Wandro & Associates, PC, Des Moines, for appellants.
William H. Roemerman & Laura M. Williams of Elderkin & Pirnie,
PLC, Cedar Rapids, for appellee Valley View Swine, LLC.
Shannon L. Sole and Robert C. Gallup of Faegre Drinker Biddle &
Reath LLP, Des Moines, for appellee JBS Live Pork, LLC f/k/a Cargill Pork,
LLC. 2
MANSFIELD, Justice.
I. Introduction.
This case requires us to interpret Iowa Code section 657.11(5), a
litigation-cost-shifting provision relating to animal feeding operations:
If a court determines that a claim is frivolous, a person who brings the claim as part of a losing cause of action against a person who may raise a defense under this section shall be liable to the person against whom the action was brought for all costs and expenses incurred in the defense of the action.
Iowa Code § 657.11(5) (2013).
A group of property owners filed a petition alleging that certain
confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) operated and supported by
the defendants constituted a nuisance. Because the plaintiffs had failed
to exhaust farm mediation, they had to dismiss their initial lawsuit. The
plaintiffs refiled. Later, two of the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their
claims a second time, resulting in an adjudication against them on the
merits. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.943.
The defendants sued by these two plaintiffs moved for costs and
expenses pursuant to Iowa Code section 657.11(5), and the district court
granted their motions. The two plaintiffs now appeal. They argue: (1) two voluntary dismissals do not mean they had “a losing cause of action,”
(2) their claims were not frivolous, and (3) the district court improperly
assessed certain costs and expenses. On our review, we hold that these
plaintiffs had a losing cause of action, that the district court did not abuse
its discretion in finding their claims frivolous, and that the district court’s
apportionment of costs and expenses was appropriate. Accordingly, we
affirm the judgment of the district court. 3
II. Facts and Procedural History.
The underlying litigation has been before us already. See Honomichl
v. Valley View Swine, LLC, 914 N.W.2d 223 (Iowa 2018). We will not
restate all the details. In 2013, after obtaining authorization from the Iowa
Department of Natural Resources, Valley View Swine began operating two
CAFOs in Wapello County for swine owned by JBS Live Pork. The CAFOs
are known as Site 1 and Site 2. Other CAFOs are also in operation or
planned in Wapello and Jefferson Counties.
In November 2013, seventy property owners filed suit against Valley
View, Valley View’s principals, JBS, and several other defendants. The
petition alleged claims of negligence and nuisance “based on the odors,
pathogens, and flies they alleged stem from the CAFOs, as well as
defendants’ alleged failure to use prudent management practices to reduce
these odors, pathogens, and flies.” Id. at 228. The plaintiffs included
Michael Merrill and Karen Jo Frescoln. All the plaintiffs, however, had to
dismiss their original suit without prejudice because they had not
complied with the farm mediation requirement. See Iowa Code § 657.10. 1
On April 2, 2014, the plaintiffs, now numbering sixty-nine and
having exhausted farm mediation, refiled their action. The district court severed the action into three divisions based upon the allegations against
three diverse defendant groups. Division A encompassed the plaintiffs who
were suing Valley View, Valley View’s principals, and JBS over Site 1 and
Site 2. Divisions B and C involved other sets of plaintiffs and defendants.
Merrill and Frescoln were plaintiffs in division A.
Merrill lives in Batavia, 2.36 miles from Site 1 and 3.69 miles from
Site 2. He was deposed on July 30, 2015, and questioned at length about
1The plaintiffs’ present counsel were not representing them at that time. 4
odor and other effects resulting from the two CAFOs. He testified that his
home has odor problems only when there is a slight breeze out of the
southwest up to five miles per hour. He recalled there being odor issues
six to twelve times in 2015 through the date of his deposition and eight to
sixteen times in 2014. However, Merrill kept an odor calendar from
February 2015 through July 2015 that specifically noted only two
occasions of odor at his home—on June 1 and July 12. Merrill works as
an auto mechanic out of his house. He testified the odor on June 1 caused
him to cut short the time he was spending outside working by thirty to
forty-five minutes. On July 12, the odor again forced Merrill into the
house. Merrill did not specifically investigate where the odors were coming
from, but Valley View operates the two closest CAFOs.
Frescoln, who was deposed the day before Merrill, lives in rural
Libertyville, 5.65 miles from Site 1 and 6.51 miles from Site 2. Her
nuisance claims do not pertain to her actual residence though. Frescoln
spends time in Batavia babysitting her grandchildren at a farmhouse that
is much closer to Site 1 and Site 2. The farmhouse was formerly owned
by Frescoln and her husband but, at all relevant times, was owned by their
daughter and son-in-law. The underlying land is owned by Frescoln’s
husband, who has early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. 2 Frescoln does have
an ownership interest in several nonhabitable structures on the land: a
barn with a concrete floor “that maybe one day will blow down we hope,”
a storage area consisting of an old railroad car, and a grain bin that is
rented out to a farmer.
Frescoln testified that she smells odor almost daily at her daughter
and son-in-law’s home in Batavia. Her calendar contains approximately
2Frescolntestified in her deposition that she was on the deed, but the property records showed she was not. 5
one or two odor entries per month. The entries reflect times when the odor
was at its worst. On many occasions, the odor interfered with activities,
such as Frescoln’s grandchildren playing outside. Frescoln also noticed
an abundance of green flies, which she attributes to the CAFOs. Frescoln
testified that the family had to postpone moving cattle onto the farmstead
in Batavia because the smells from the CAFOs made it too difficult to be
outside installing and repairing fencing. She said she no longer goes
camping on that property, although she has not been camping in four
years anywhere. It should be noted that Frescoln’s husband, daughter,
and son-in-law are not plaintiffs in the litigation.
The district court had implemented a “bellwether” procedure
whereby selected groups of plaintiffs in divisions A, B, and C of the
litigation would have their claims tried first. Merrill and Frescoln were
chosen as two of the bellwether plaintiffs in division A. In February 2016,
a jury returned a defense verdict in the division C bellwether trial. The
division A bellwether trial was scheduled to go forward in August.
On June 7, two months before this scheduled trial, Merrill dismissed
his claims voluntarily. Three days later, Valley View and JBS filed a
motion for judgment and costs and expenses, including attorney fees,
against Merrill pursuant to Iowa Code section 657.11(5) and Iowa Rule of
Civil Procedure 1.413(1).
Meanwhile, on June 8, the district court entered a summary judgment
ruling striking the defendants’ immunity defense on the ground that Iowa
Code section 657.11(2) was unconstitutional as applied to the division A
plaintiffs. 3 On July 15, this court granted the defendants’ application for
3Section 657.11(2) provides, 2. An animal feeding operation, as defined in section 459.102, shall not be found to be a public or private nuisance under this chapter or under principles of common law, and the animal feeding operation shall 6
an interlocutory appeal and stayed proceedings. That appeal was resolved
nearly two years later when this court, on June 22, 2018, reversed the
district court’s ruling. Honomichl, 914 N.W.2d at 238–39. Yet we
explained that the statute could still be found unconstitutional as to the
division A plaintiffs if, on “a fact-based analysis,” they showed that
they (1) “received no particular benefit from the nuisance immunity granted to their neighbors other than that inuring to the public in general[,]” (2) “sustain[ed] significant hardship[,]” and (3) “resided on their property long before any animal operation was commenced” on neighboring land and “had spent considerable sums of money in improvements to their property prior to construction of the defendant’s facilities.”
Id. at 237–39 (quoting Gacke v. Pork Xtra, L.L.C., 684 N.W.2d 168, 178
(Iowa 2004)).
On September 24, after procedendo had issued and the case had
been returned to the district court, Frescoln voluntarily dismissed her
claims. On October 11, Valley View and JBS filed a motion for costs,
expenses, and attorney fees as to Frescoln under Iowa Code
section 657.11(5) and Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413(1). Both Merrill
not be found to interfere with another person’s comfortable use and enjoyment of the person’s life or property under any other cause of action. However, this section shall not apply if the person bringing the action proves that an injury to the person or damage to the person’s property is proximately caused by either of the following: a. The failure to comply with a federal statute or regulation or a state statute or rule which applies to the animal feeding operation. b. Both of the following: (1) The animal feeding operation unreasonably and for substantial periods of time interferes with the person’s comfortable use and enjoyment of the person’s life or property. (2) The animal feeding operation failed to use existing prudent generally accepted management practices reasonable for the operation. Iowa Code § 657.11(2). 7
and Frescoln resisted the motions, and the district court held a hearing on
November 20.
A few weeks later, on December 11, the district court issued its
ruling. The court found that Merrill and Frescoln’s pleadings were not
sanctionable under rule 1.413(1). Turning to Iowa Code section 657.11(5),
the court declined to award any attorney fees, reasoning they were not
“costs and expenses” within that meaning of that statute. Iowa Code
§ 657.11(5). The court did, however, reject Merrill and Frescoln’s
argument that two-time voluntary dismissers did not qualify as having “a
losing cause of action.” Id. The court elaborated,
The statutory reference [in section 657.11(5)] to “brings the claim as part of a losing cause of action” reasonably embraces other, non-trial situations where a decision on the merits is effected: such outcome could take shape as a summary- judgment dismissal—or, as in this case, a second, voluntary dismissal.
In addition, after summarizing the deposition testimony of Merrill
and Frescoln which had been submitted by the parties, the district court
found their claims to be “frivolous” as that term is used in Iowa Code
section 657.11(5). As to Merrill, the court observed,
Merrill was unable to tie any of the odor he detected to the subject CAFOs either by his direct experience or circumstantially through other evidence. And, he made no real effort to do so.
....
. . . While he detected swine odor on two identified dates and a handful of unspecified occasions in 2014 and 2015, his experience with odor was negligible.
As to Frescoln, the court noted she did not own either the land or the
house at which she had found the odor conditions to be intolerable. The
court summed up her situation as follows: 8 Frescoln’s claims in this case are without substance of property ownership, and do not establish soundness in fact when all of the evidence she produces and that she fails to produce, is reconciled.
The court invited Valley View and JBS to quantify their costs and
expenses in a supplemental filing. After receiving these filings and Merrill
and Frescoln’s resistances, the court entered a judgment on April 19, 2019. It awarded $7630.60 against Merrill and $7652.28 against Frescoln
in favor of JBS, and $1686.67 against Merrill and $1531.97 against
Frescoln in favor of Valley View. In addition to expenses for the depositions
of Merrill and Frescoln themselves, these awards included a pro rata share
of certain overall defense costs in the division A and the division C
litigation, such as expert depositions.
Merrill and Frescoln appealed, and we retained the appeal.
III. Standard of Review.
“We review questions of statutory interpretation for correction of
errors at law.” Standard Water Control Sys., Inc. v. Jones, 938 N.W.2d 651,
656 (Iowa 2020).
We have not previously addressed the standard of review to be
applied when a district court finds a claim frivolous under Iowa Code
section 657.11(5). See Iowa Code § 657.11(5). We believe an abuse-of-
discretion standard of review should govern. That is the standard applied
to reviews of sanctions under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413(1). See
Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 765 N.W.2d 267, 272 (Iowa 2009). We also note
the wording of section 657.11(5). It states, “If a court determines that a
claim is frivolous.” Iowa Code § 657.11(5) (emphasis added). It does not
provide, “If a claim is frivolous . . . .” Arguably, the words chosen by the
legislature recognize that the court in the matter has some discretion, or
at least has fact-finding authority. See also Woodland Hills Homeowners 9
Ass’n of Thetford Twp. v. Thetford Twp., No. 275315, 2008 WL 2117147,
at *3–4 (Mich. Ct. App. May 20, 2008) (per curiam) (stating that a trial
court’s decision to award costs and fees to a prevailing defendant under
the Michigan Right to Farm Act is reviewed for an abuse of discretion).
IV. Analysis.
Again, Iowa Code section 657.11(5) provides,
If a court determines that a claim is frivolous, a person who brings the claim as part of a losing cause of action against a person who may raise a defense under this section shall be liable to the person against whom the action was brought for all costs and expenses incurred in the defense of the action.
On appeal, Merrill and Frescoln contend that they did not have “a
losing cause of action,” that their claims were not “frivolous,” and that they
were charged for amounts that were not “costs and expenses incurred in
the defense of the action.” Id. We will address these arguments in turn.
A. When a Party Dismisses His or Her Claims Voluntarily a
Second Time, Does that Party Have “a Losing Cause of
Action”? Merrill and Frescoln dismissed their claims voluntarily in this
case, after having dismissed them voluntarily in a previous case. Iowa
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.943 provides that a second voluntary dismissal “shall operate as an adjudication against that party on the merits, unless
otherwise ordered by the court, in the interests of justice.” Merrill and
Frescoln do not dispute they understood their second dismissals would be
with prejudice. But they argue they did not have a “losing cause of action”
within the meaning of Iowa Code section 657.11(5).
We disagree. A common-sense view would hold that a party who
suffers an adverse “adjudication against that party on the merits” is a
losing party with a losing cause of action. Id.; see Smith v. Lally, 379
N.W.2d 914, 916 (Iowa 1986) (affirming summary judgment dismissing 10
third action after two voluntary dismissals under an identically worded
former rule). Further, Iowa precedents allow a party to be recognized as a
prevailing party even when the case is resolved through a voluntary
dismissal. See In re Property Seized from Herrera, 912 N.W.2d 454, 469–
73 (Iowa 2018) (finding that a property owner was the prevailing party and
could recover attorney fees under Iowa Code section 809A.12(7) when the
state voluntarily dismissed its forfeiture action); In re Marriage of Roerig,
503 N.W.2d 620, 622 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (finding that where a plaintiff
dismissed her modification petition on the first day of trial, the defendant
was a prevailing party and could recover attorney fees pursuant to Iowa
Code section 598.36).
There are policy reasons to favor this interpretation. See Iowa
Code 4.4(3) (“In enacting a statute, it is presumed that . . . [a] just and
reasonable result is intended.”). The legislature’s goal was “to protect
animal agricultural producers who manage their operations according to
state and federal requirements from the costs of defending nuisance suits.”
Id. § 657.11(1). That goal could be thwarted if the liability for costs and
expenses for bringing a frivolous claim could be avoided simply by entering
a voluntary dismissal, especially a second voluntary dismissal that
operates as an adjudication on the merits. In Darrah v. Des Moines
General Hospital, we held that a voluntary dismissal (even a first dismissal)
should not deprive the court of jurisdiction to award sanctions under what
is now rule 1.413(1), noting, “If the plaintiff can terminate the ability of the
court to impose sanctions by a voluntary dismissal, the rule’s effectiveness
would be significantly undermined.” 436 N.W.2d 53, 54 (Iowa 1989). The
same logic applies here.
Merrill and Frescoln argue that no “judgment” has been entered, so
costs and expenses cannot be awarded. Again, we disagree. Rule 1.951 11
defines a judgment as “[e]very final adjudication of any of the rights of the
parties in an action.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.951. The second voluntary
dismissal thus operates as a judgment and could be pled for res judicata
purposes if these plaintiffs attempted to file a third action. See Smith, 379
N.W.2d at 916.
Merrill and Frescoln also maintain that the court no longer had
jurisdiction over them once they dismissed their claims. They argue that
Darrah carved out a narrow exception under what is now rule 1.413(1),
but Iowa Code section 657.11(5) does not allow for a similar exception.
This is simply a reframing, in jurisdictional terms, of Merrill and Frescoln’s
contention that section 657.11(5) does not apply to voluntary dismissals.
We disagree and believe the reasoning of Darrah applies just as well here.
In that case we said, “In light of the sanction nature of [rule 1.413(1)], we
believe the trial court must necessarily retain jurisdiction to rule on
motions made shortly after voluntarily dismissal which are based on filings
made while the case was still pending.” Darrah, 436 N.W.2d at 55. So too
under section 657.11(5).
B. Were the Claims of Merrill and Frescoln Frivolous? We next
consider whether the district court abused its discretion in finding the
claims of Merrill and Frescoln frivolous. Both asserted claims of temporary
nuisance, permanent nuisance, and negligent harm to property against
Valley View and JBS.
Iowa defines a nuisance as “[w]hatever is injurious to health,
indecent, or unreasonably offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the
free use of property, so as essentially to interfere unreasonably with the
comfortable enjoyment of life or property.” Iowa Code § 657.1(1). In
addition, we have made clear that to overcome the statutory limits on
liability in Iowa Code section 657.11(2), a plaintiff must “receive[] no 12
particular benefit from the nuisance immunity granted to [his or her]
neighbors,” must sustain “significant hardship,” and must have resided
on his or her property prior to the construction of the defendant’s facilities.
Honomichl, 914 N.W.2d at 237 (quoting Gacke, 684 N.W.2d at 178).
A plaintiff bringing a nuisance action must have some kind of
interest in the affected property. That is why this court held in 1998 that
the nuisance immunity set forth in Iowa Code section 352.11(1)(a)
amounted to an unconstitutional “taking of private property.” Bormann v.
Bd. of Supervisors, 584 N.W.2d 309, 321 (Iowa 1998). And it was also the
rationale of our 2004 decision in Gacke holding section 657.11(2)
unconstitutional under certain circumstances. As we explained in a key
paragraph:
B. Existence of protected right. We first consider whether the Gackes’ desire to enjoy their home free from noxious odors is a right protected by article I, section 1 of the Iowa Constitution. This clause states that one of the inalienable rights accorded citizens is “acquiring, possessing and protecting property.” Iowa Const. art. I, § 1. Property consists not only of the physical land, but also “the rights of use and enjoyment.” Liddick v. City of Council Bluffs, 232 Iowa 197, 221–22, 5 N.W.2d 361, 374 (1942); accord [State v.] Osborne, 171 Iowa [678,] 695, 154 N.W. [294,] 301 [1915] (“The first section of our Bill of Rights assures to every man protection in his natural right to acquire, possess, and enjoy property.”). Therefore, the plaintiffs’ right to possess their property includes their right to use and enjoy it. See Osborne, 171 Iowa at 693, 154 N.W. at 300 (“Depriving an owner of property of one of its essential attributes is depriving him of his property within the constitutional provision [article I, section 1].”).
Gacke, 684 N.W.2d at 177. The Restatement (Second) of Torts takes a
similar position:
For a private nuisance there is liability only to those who have property rights and privileges in respect to the use and enjoyment of the land affected, including
(a) possessors of the land, 13 (b) owners of easements and profits in the land, and
(c) owners of nonpossessory estates in the land that are detrimentally affected by interferences with its use and enjoyment.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821E, at 102–03 (Am. Law Inst. 1979); see
also id. cmt. d, at 104 (indicating that “members of the family of the
possessor of a dwelling who occupy it along with him may properly be regarded as sharing occupancy with intent to control the land and hence
as possessors”).
Applying this law to the facts of this case, we conclude the district
court did not abuse its discretion in finding the claims in question
frivolous, even though reasonable people could see the matter differently.
See Barnhill, 765 N.W.2d at 279 (“Admittedly, there is a fine line at times
between zealous advocacy and frivolous claims.”).
Merrill’s home was located 2.36 and 3.69 miles respectively from the
CAFOs at issue. His evidence of harm was marginal. Merrill could identify
only two times over a six month time period when his “odor calendar”
mentioned odor; those are also the only two occasions when odor actually
affected his activities. The district court found that Merrill “did not
produce evidence of any material impact that his infrequent detection of
generalized swine odor imposed on his actual use of his property.” The
district court also faulted Merrill for having no specific basis for concluding
the odors even came from Site 1 and Site 2. Those findings are supported
by the record.
Frescoln, meanwhile, described events that a jury could find to be
significant hardships and an unreasonable interference. See Honomichl,
914 N.W.2d at 237; Gacke, 684 N.W.2d at 178. Unfortunately, she lacked
the legally required connection to the property. The house in question was
owned by her daughter and son-in-law; the land was owned by her 14
husband. Frescoln retained an interest in some utility buildings, but the
record does not suggest the CAFOs had any impact on the use or operation
of those buildings. Frescoln also spent considerable time on the property
as a babysitter for her grandchildren, but she did not reside there.
For these reasons, we conclude the district court did not abuse its
discretion in determining that Merrill’s and Frescoln’s claims were
frivolous. Once more, we express some words of caution. The district
court commented specifically on the large damages sought by Merrill and
Frescoln (up to $750,000 or $100,000 per year). Those amounts may have
been exaggerated, but they do not render the underlying claims frivolous.
Likewise, the district court noted that Frescoln had “personally
assumed [a] profile as an activist against the confinement production of
market hogs—describing the methodology of that industry as ‘sinful.’ ”
The court added, “Her litigation purpose is clear: to stop CAFO operation
due to the type of operation it is, which is not a legitimate purpose under
Iowa nuisance law.” However, whether litigation motives are pure or not,
a claim is not frivolous unless the claim itself lacks substance. We suspect
Valley View and JBS themselves had ulterior motives for filing the present
motions. Presumably, their attorney fees to litigate the merits of these
motions have far exceeded the $18,501.82 at issue. Yet an award of costs
and expenses could have a deterrent effect on other potential plaintiffs.
That too is permissible so long as the motions are well-grounded.
C. Was the District Court’s Apportionment of Costs and
Expenses Proper? Finally, even assuming their causes of action were
“losing” and their claims were “frivolous” within the meaning of Iowa Code
section 657.11(5), Merrill and Frescoln challenge the costs and expenses
actually awarded by the district court. They raise two separate points. 15
First, they contend they should not be charged any share of costs
and expenses incurred by the defendants in division C and in a separate
Poweshiek County case. 4 The district court made a pro rata assessment
under a complicated formula suggested by the defendants, reasoning that
those costs and expenses were also necessary to prepare for defense of the
division A bellwether claims brought by Merrill, Frescoln, and others.
Second, Merrill and Frescoln argue they should not be assessed costs and
expenses that do not meet the usual criteria for taxation of costs, such as
the limit on expert fees and the requirement that depositions have been
used at trial. See Iowa Code § 622.72; Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.716.
On the first point, we affirm the district court’s determination that
“[u]nder the unique circumstances of efficient joinder of CAFO case
preparation,” the costs and expenses in division C and the Poweshiek
County case were also related to defending claims in division A. Discovery
was effectively consolidated. Accordingly, at least some portion of
division C and Poweshiek County costs and expenses were “incurred in
the defense of the action[s]” brought by Merrill and Frescoln. Iowa Code
§ 657.11(5). 5
On the second point, we do not share Merrill and Frescoln’s view that costs and expenses under Iowa Code section 657.11(5) are limited to
4Merrill and Frescoln point out that the Poweshiek County case was dismissed on April 5, 2016, with costs assessed to the plaintiffs therein. 5Merrill and Frescoln do not challenge the specific proration formula used by the district court. Nor have Merrill and Frescoln argued that Iowa Code section 657.11(5) requires an incremental cost approach. Under an incremental cost approach, the defendants could recover only those costs and fees they would have avoided but for Merrill and Frescoln’s presence in the litigation. We have said that rule 1.413(1), which is worded somewhat differently, “codifies a ‘but for’ causation requirement, limiting a fee-based sanction to the fees that would have been avoided but for the improper filings.” First Am. Bank v. Fobian Farms, Inc., 906 N.W.2d 736, 751 (Iowa 2018); see also Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.413(1) (stating that a sanction “may include an order to pay the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing”). We leave for another day whether a similar approach should be followed under section 657.11(5). 16
taxable costs. The legislature used the phrase “costs and expenses,” not
“costs.” See id. Merrill and Frescoln’s reading of the statute would render
the word “expenses” superfluous, an outcome that is disfavored. See id.
§ 4.4(2) (“In enacting a statute, it is presumed that . . . [t]he entire statute
is intended to be effective.”). In fact, their reading would render the entire
provision superfluous, since taxable costs are already recoverable under
Iowa Code sections 625.1 and 625.11. See id. §§ 625.1, .11. The district
court actually took a fairly narrow view of “expenses”; for example, it
declined to award expenses for travel to depositions on the ground that
they “are typically billed collaterally with attorney fees.”
V. Conclusion.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except Appel, J., who takes no part.