IN THE SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL, LAKELAND, FLORIDA
February 1, 2019
MICHAEL LENNON, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3416 ) SIMONE LENNON, ) ) Appellee. ) ___________________________________)
BY ORDER OF THE COURT:
Appellant's motion for clarification is granted. The prior opinion dated
October 17, 2018, is withdrawn, and the attached opinion is issued in its place. No
further motions for rehearing or clarification will be entertained.
I HEREBY CERTIFY THE FOREGOING IS A TRUE COPY OF THE ORIGINAL COURT ORDER.
________________________________ MARY ELIZABETH KUENZEL, CLERK IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
MICHAEL LENNON, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3416 ) SIMONE LENNON, ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed February 1, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas County; George M. Jirotka, Judge.
Michael Lennon, pro se.
Mary Ellen Borja of Mary Ellen Borja, P.A., Clearwater, for Appellee.
SALARIO, Judge.
Michael Lennon (the former husband) appeals from an amended final
judgment dissolving his marriage to Simone Lennon (the former wife). He raises issues
with the parenting plan, child support award, and equitable distribution scheme. We
affirm the portions of the final judgment related to the equitable distribution and
parenting plan, except that with regard to the parenting plan, we remand for the limited
purpose of having the trial court include in the final judgment a provision that either parent alone may provide consent for a child to receive mental health treatment. See
§ 61.13(2)(b)(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2016).1
The ongoing and retroactive child support provisions in the final judgment
prove more troublesome. Although we review a trial court's award of child support for
an abuse of discretion, Augoshe v. Lehman, 962 So. 2d 398, 401 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007), a
trial court's decisions about support must be supported by competent substantial
evidence and factual findings sufficient to enable this court to determine how the trial
court made the decisions it did. See § 61.13(1)(a)(1)(b) (requiring that child support
orders provide a payment schedule "based on the record existing at the time of the
order"); Cooper v. Cooper, 760 So. 2d 1048, 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000) (remanding child
support award with instructions for the trial court to "set forth findings upon which the
[child support] calculation is based"); Sumlar v. Sumlar, 827 So. 2d 1079, 1083 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2002) ("A final judgment must include factual findings sufficiently specific to allow
the reviewing court to ascertain the basis of calculations relating to child support."); see
also Dep't of Revenue ex rel. K.A.N. v. A.N.J., 165 So. 3d 846, 848 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)
("[T]he child support determination must be supported by evidence in the record.").
There are three problems with the final judgment.
First, there are no findings that explain how the trial court arrived at the
figures it included in the "allowable deductions" section of the child support guidelines
worksheets incorporated in the final judgment. The worksheets included an amount for
1This requirement, applicable when a trial court orders shared parental responsibility, is a recent addition to section 61.13 that became effective on July 1, 2016, see ch. 16-241, § 81, Laws of Fla., ten days prior to the recordation of the original final judgment of dissolution in this case.
-2- the former wife's deductions that is greater than what would be supported by her
financial affidavits or, for that matter, any other evidence of those deductions that we
can find. And on the flip-side, the amount of the former husband's deductions was
substantially lower than indicated by his affidavits. While these discrepancies might
legitimately be related to the trial court's decisions to impute income to the former wife
and allocate the federal income tax exemptions for the children, without findings that
explain why the trial court did what it did, we are unable to determine whether it abused
its discretion.2 See, e.g., Smith v. Smith, 912 So. 2d 702, 705 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005)
(reversing child support award where "neither the final judgment nor the record . . .
discloses with any meaningful specificity the manner in which the trial court calculated
the husband's child support obligation").
2The final judgment is silent as to which party has the right to claim the federal income tax exemption for each of their two minor children. While such a finding may not be required by Florida law, it would prove helpful in this case. The right to claim an exemption for one or both of the children will have a direct effect on each party's actual federal income tax burden, which will in turn affect their allowable deductions for the purposes of the guidelines worksheets and, ultimately, their monthly responsibility. It is unclear who the trial court envisioned would have the right to claim the exemption for each child when it prepared the guidelines worksheets in the amended final judgment. In this case, the former husband is correct that under the default rule, the former wife has the right to claim the exemption for both children because she is the primary custodial parent. See 26 U.S.C. § 152(c)(4)(B)(i) (2012). However, federal and state law allows the noncustodial parent to claim a child under certain circumstances. Id. § 152(e)(1)-(3); § 61.30(11)(a)(8), Fla. Stat. (2016); Alston v. Vazquez, 226 So. 3d 377, 377 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017) ("The trial court [has] the discretion to transfer the dependency exemption to the noncustodial parent." (quoting Vick v. Vick, 675 So. 2d 714, 719 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996))). If the court on remand wishes to depart from the default rule and give the former husband the right to claim the exemption for one (or both) children, it should make an express finding requiring the former wife to waive her exemption for one or both children accordingly, see § 61.30(11)(a)(8), and condition the former husband's right on his being current with child support payments, see Fortune v. Fortune, 61 So. 3d 441, 447 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011).
-3- Second, it appears that the trial court used the wrong number of
overnights in the guidelines worksheets. In a point the former wife conceded in the trial
court, the former husband is entitled to 128 overnight visits with the children. The
worksheets, however, say that the former husband gets 126 overnights. This
discrepancy seems to stem from confusion over whether the children were enrolled in
public or private school (the parenting plan is based on the Pinellas County school
calendar despite the children apparently being enrolled in private school). Because
each party's support obligation is based on the percentage of overnights that a child has
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IN THE SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL, LAKELAND, FLORIDA
February 1, 2019
MICHAEL LENNON, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3416 ) SIMONE LENNON, ) ) Appellee. ) ___________________________________)
BY ORDER OF THE COURT:
Appellant's motion for clarification is granted. The prior opinion dated
October 17, 2018, is withdrawn, and the attached opinion is issued in its place. No
further motions for rehearing or clarification will be entertained.
I HEREBY CERTIFY THE FOREGOING IS A TRUE COPY OF THE ORIGINAL COURT ORDER.
________________________________ MARY ELIZABETH KUENZEL, CLERK IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
MICHAEL LENNON, ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3416 ) SIMONE LENNON, ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed February 1, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas County; George M. Jirotka, Judge.
Michael Lennon, pro se.
Mary Ellen Borja of Mary Ellen Borja, P.A., Clearwater, for Appellee.
SALARIO, Judge.
Michael Lennon (the former husband) appeals from an amended final
judgment dissolving his marriage to Simone Lennon (the former wife). He raises issues
with the parenting plan, child support award, and equitable distribution scheme. We
affirm the portions of the final judgment related to the equitable distribution and
parenting plan, except that with regard to the parenting plan, we remand for the limited
purpose of having the trial court include in the final judgment a provision that either parent alone may provide consent for a child to receive mental health treatment. See
§ 61.13(2)(b)(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2016).1
The ongoing and retroactive child support provisions in the final judgment
prove more troublesome. Although we review a trial court's award of child support for
an abuse of discretion, Augoshe v. Lehman, 962 So. 2d 398, 401 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007), a
trial court's decisions about support must be supported by competent substantial
evidence and factual findings sufficient to enable this court to determine how the trial
court made the decisions it did. See § 61.13(1)(a)(1)(b) (requiring that child support
orders provide a payment schedule "based on the record existing at the time of the
order"); Cooper v. Cooper, 760 So. 2d 1048, 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000) (remanding child
support award with instructions for the trial court to "set forth findings upon which the
[child support] calculation is based"); Sumlar v. Sumlar, 827 So. 2d 1079, 1083 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2002) ("A final judgment must include factual findings sufficiently specific to allow
the reviewing court to ascertain the basis of calculations relating to child support."); see
also Dep't of Revenue ex rel. K.A.N. v. A.N.J., 165 So. 3d 846, 848 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)
("[T]he child support determination must be supported by evidence in the record.").
There are three problems with the final judgment.
First, there are no findings that explain how the trial court arrived at the
figures it included in the "allowable deductions" section of the child support guidelines
worksheets incorporated in the final judgment. The worksheets included an amount for
1This requirement, applicable when a trial court orders shared parental responsibility, is a recent addition to section 61.13 that became effective on July 1, 2016, see ch. 16-241, § 81, Laws of Fla., ten days prior to the recordation of the original final judgment of dissolution in this case.
-2- the former wife's deductions that is greater than what would be supported by her
financial affidavits or, for that matter, any other evidence of those deductions that we
can find. And on the flip-side, the amount of the former husband's deductions was
substantially lower than indicated by his affidavits. While these discrepancies might
legitimately be related to the trial court's decisions to impute income to the former wife
and allocate the federal income tax exemptions for the children, without findings that
explain why the trial court did what it did, we are unable to determine whether it abused
its discretion.2 See, e.g., Smith v. Smith, 912 So. 2d 702, 705 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005)
(reversing child support award where "neither the final judgment nor the record . . .
discloses with any meaningful specificity the manner in which the trial court calculated
the husband's child support obligation").
2The final judgment is silent as to which party has the right to claim the federal income tax exemption for each of their two minor children. While such a finding may not be required by Florida law, it would prove helpful in this case. The right to claim an exemption for one or both of the children will have a direct effect on each party's actual federal income tax burden, which will in turn affect their allowable deductions for the purposes of the guidelines worksheets and, ultimately, their monthly responsibility. It is unclear who the trial court envisioned would have the right to claim the exemption for each child when it prepared the guidelines worksheets in the amended final judgment. In this case, the former husband is correct that under the default rule, the former wife has the right to claim the exemption for both children because she is the primary custodial parent. See 26 U.S.C. § 152(c)(4)(B)(i) (2012). However, federal and state law allows the noncustodial parent to claim a child under certain circumstances. Id. § 152(e)(1)-(3); § 61.30(11)(a)(8), Fla. Stat. (2016); Alston v. Vazquez, 226 So. 3d 377, 377 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017) ("The trial court [has] the discretion to transfer the dependency exemption to the noncustodial parent." (quoting Vick v. Vick, 675 So. 2d 714, 719 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996))). If the court on remand wishes to depart from the default rule and give the former husband the right to claim the exemption for one (or both) children, it should make an express finding requiring the former wife to waive her exemption for one or both children accordingly, see § 61.30(11)(a)(8), and condition the former husband's right on his being current with child support payments, see Fortune v. Fortune, 61 So. 3d 441, 447 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011).
-3- Second, it appears that the trial court used the wrong number of
overnights in the guidelines worksheets. In a point the former wife conceded in the trial
court, the former husband is entitled to 128 overnight visits with the children. The
worksheets, however, say that the former husband gets 126 overnights. This
discrepancy seems to stem from confusion over whether the children were enrolled in
public or private school (the parenting plan is based on the Pinellas County school
calendar despite the children apparently being enrolled in private school). Because
each party's support obligation is based on the percentage of overnights that a child has
with the other parent, the use of an incorrect overnight figure can affect the ultimate
support obligation. Thus, it is important to use the correct figure. In preparing new
guidelines worksheets on remand, the trial court shall use the correct number of
overnights. See Liguori v. Liguori, 210 So. 3d 117, 119 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016).
Third, while we take no issue with the trial court's decision to base the
retroactive support award on the earlier guidelines worksheet that was prepared in
conjunction with the former wife's motion for temporary relief, see § 61.30(17)(a), we
cannot ascertain whether the amount of that award is supported by the evidence
because that guidelines worksheet does not appear in the record and there are no other
portions of the record from which we can review the trial court's calculation in this
regard, see Voronin v. Voronina, 975 So. 2d 1228, 1229 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); Smith,
912 So. 2d at 705.
For these reasons, we reverse the portions of the amended final judgment
awarding ongoing and retroactive child support and remand for a new hearing on these
issues. In recalculating the ongoing support obligation, the parties should prepare and
-4- file guidelines worksheets based on their current financial information, see Fla. Fam. L.
R. P. 12.285(k), and the trial court shall determine their respective financial situations
and recalculate their support obligations in keeping with the record and related findings
and the child support guidelines, see Long v. Long, 916 So. 2d 823, 824 (Fla. 2d DCA
2005). The former husband is entitled to credit for any previous overpayments. See,
e.g., Sierra v. Ellison, 677 So. 2d 406, 408 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996). If the court again
chooses to award retroactive support, the amount of any such award must be supported
by evidence in the record, and the former husband shall be entitled to credit against that
obligation to the extent that he can offer competent substantial evidence of actual
payments qualifying under section 61.30(17)(b). Additionally, the court is free on
remand to revisit any other part of the amended final judgment to the extent that doing
so is necessary for it to make "sufficient findings to permit meaningful review" of the
recalculated child support obligations. See Sumlar, 827 So. 2d at 1083. We affirm the
balance of the final judgment but remand with instructions to include the required finding
with respect to consent to mental health treatment for the children.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with instructions.
NORTHCUTT and ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, JJ., Concur.
-5-