NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
________________ No. 21-2521 _______________
MICHAEL HARRISON, Appellant
v.
THEODORE HARRISON; *RONALD ALAN UNGER; *MICHAEL KRASSENSTEIN; *KRASSENSTEIN & UNGER, LLC
*Dismissed pursuant to Court’s 3/2/22 Order ________________________ On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (District Court No. 2-19-cv-02944) District Judge: Honorable John M. Gallagher ______________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on December 12, 2022 _______________
Before: RESTREPO, McKEE, and SMITH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: August 30, 2023) ______________
OPINION* ______________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. McKEE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal involves a family dispute over the reporting and administration of a
trust. Specifically, Michael Harrison alleges that his father, Dr. Theodore Harrison,
breached his fiduciary duties as the trustee of a trust that Michael’s grandparents created
for Michael’s benefit.1 On appeal, Michael challenges the District Court’s grant of his
father’s motion for summary judgment and denial of his own motion for partial summary
judgment. The District Court concluded that Michael’s breach of fiduciary duty claim
was time-barred, and that determination is the primary focus of this appeal. For the
following reason, we will affirm.2
I.
A. Applicable Statute of Limitations and Date of Accrual
The parties do not dispute that we must apply Pennsylvania’s two-year limitations
period. Michael, however, argues that Florida law must be applied to determine when the
limitations period began.
1 Though Appellant raised several other claims before the District Court, he limits his appeal to the District Court’s dismissal of his breach of fiduciary duty claim. 2 The District Court exercised jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Additionally, “[w]e review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo.” Cranbury Brick Yard, LLC v. United States, 943 F.3d 701, 708 (3d Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
2 It is well settled that a “federal court, sitting in diversity, follows the forum's
choice of law rules to determine the applicable statute of limitations.”3 Although
Pennsylvania courts typically apply the statute of limitations of the forum,4 one exception
is Pennsylvania’s “borrowing statute.”5 Under this statute, “[t]he period of limitations
applicable to a claim accruing outside this Commonwealth shall be either that provided or
prescribed by the laws of the place where the claim accrued or by the law of this
Commonwealth, whichever first bars the claim.”6
Michael appears to partly rely on the borrowing statute to assert that the District
Court should have applied Florida law in examining when the statute of limitations began
to run. But this reliance is misplaced. A plain reading of the statute indicates that two
conditions must be met for it to apply: (1) the cause of action must accrue outside of
Pennsylvania; and (2) the foreign jurisdiction’s statute of limitations must first bar the
claim.7 At minimum, Michael fails to satisfy the first condition. None of the events that
would have allowed Michael to maintain an action occurred in Florida, and he admitted
as much in his complaint.8 In fact, the record indicates the only relevance that Florida has
3 Ross v. Johns-Manville Corp., 766 F.2d 823, 826 (3d Cir. 1985) (citing Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99 (1945)). 4 Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Bendix–Westinghouse Auto. Air Brake Co., 372 F.2d 18, 20 (3d Cir. 1966) (citations omitted); see also Ross, 766 F.2d at 826 (“Pennsylvania courts ordinarily apply the Pennsylvania statute of limitations.”). 5 42 Pa. Con. Stat. Ann. § 5521(b). 6 Id. 7 See also McKenna v. Ortho. Pharm. Co., 622 F.2d 657, 660 (3rd Cir. 1980). 8 See JA 00014 (stating that “the acts, practices, and events giving rise to Plaintiff’s claims occurred in [the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]”).
3 to this litigation is that (1) Michael’s grandparents (the settlors of the trust) resided there
and (2) the trust contains a governing law provision stating that “[a]ll questions
pertaining to the validity, construction, and administration of this trust shall be governed
by the laws of Florida.”9 Because the breach of fiduciary duty claim did not accrue
outside of Pennsylvania, the borrowing statute is irrelevant.10 Accordingly, we decline to
apply Florida law and will look to Pennsylvania’s statute of limitations principles to
determine when the limitations period in this case accrued.
Under Pennsylvania law, the statute of limitations for breach of fiduciary duty
claims is two years.11 “The statute of limitations begins to run against the trust
9 JA 01566. On first impression, the trust’s governing law clause may appear to be dispositive, but it is not. In Pennsylvania, choice of law provisions “do not apply to questions of applicability of the chosen state's statute of limitations unless they expressly so provide.” Unisys Fin. Corp. v. U.S. Vision, Inc., 428 Pa. Super. 107, 112, 630 A.2d 55, 58 (1993) (citing Gluck v. Unisys Corp., 960 F.2d 1168, 1179–80 (3d Cir. 1992)). The governing law clause here contains no express reference to a state’s statute of limitations. Moreover, Pennsylvania courts have adopted Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187, which provides in pertinent part that the forum generally honors the “state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights,” unless “the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice.” See also Churchill Corp. v. Third Century, Inc., 396 Pa. Super. 314, 324, 578 A.2d 532, 537 (1990) (“Pennsylvania courts will uphold choice-of-law provisions in contracts to the extent that the transaction bears a reasonable relation to the chosen forum.”). As discussed above, Florida has no substantial or reasonable relationship to the parties or the trust’s reporting and administration—nothing relevant to this dispute has occurred in Florida except for the creation of the trust. 10 To be sure, we rely on the borrowing statute’s text in our choice of law discussion, as opposed to the significant contacts/interest analysis set forth in Griffith v. United Airlines, Inc., 416 Pa.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
________________ No. 21-2521 _______________
MICHAEL HARRISON, Appellant
v.
THEODORE HARRISON; *RONALD ALAN UNGER; *MICHAEL KRASSENSTEIN; *KRASSENSTEIN & UNGER, LLC
*Dismissed pursuant to Court’s 3/2/22 Order ________________________ On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (District Court No. 2-19-cv-02944) District Judge: Honorable John M. Gallagher ______________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on December 12, 2022 _______________
Before: RESTREPO, McKEE, and SMITH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: August 30, 2023) ______________
OPINION* ______________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. McKEE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal involves a family dispute over the reporting and administration of a
trust. Specifically, Michael Harrison alleges that his father, Dr. Theodore Harrison,
breached his fiduciary duties as the trustee of a trust that Michael’s grandparents created
for Michael’s benefit.1 On appeal, Michael challenges the District Court’s grant of his
father’s motion for summary judgment and denial of his own motion for partial summary
judgment. The District Court concluded that Michael’s breach of fiduciary duty claim
was time-barred, and that determination is the primary focus of this appeal. For the
following reason, we will affirm.2
I.
A. Applicable Statute of Limitations and Date of Accrual
The parties do not dispute that we must apply Pennsylvania’s two-year limitations
period. Michael, however, argues that Florida law must be applied to determine when the
limitations period began.
1 Though Appellant raised several other claims before the District Court, he limits his appeal to the District Court’s dismissal of his breach of fiduciary duty claim. 2 The District Court exercised jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Additionally, “[w]e review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo.” Cranbury Brick Yard, LLC v. United States, 943 F.3d 701, 708 (3d Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
2 It is well settled that a “federal court, sitting in diversity, follows the forum's
choice of law rules to determine the applicable statute of limitations.”3 Although
Pennsylvania courts typically apply the statute of limitations of the forum,4 one exception
is Pennsylvania’s “borrowing statute.”5 Under this statute, “[t]he period of limitations
applicable to a claim accruing outside this Commonwealth shall be either that provided or
prescribed by the laws of the place where the claim accrued or by the law of this
Commonwealth, whichever first bars the claim.”6
Michael appears to partly rely on the borrowing statute to assert that the District
Court should have applied Florida law in examining when the statute of limitations began
to run. But this reliance is misplaced. A plain reading of the statute indicates that two
conditions must be met for it to apply: (1) the cause of action must accrue outside of
Pennsylvania; and (2) the foreign jurisdiction’s statute of limitations must first bar the
claim.7 At minimum, Michael fails to satisfy the first condition. None of the events that
would have allowed Michael to maintain an action occurred in Florida, and he admitted
as much in his complaint.8 In fact, the record indicates the only relevance that Florida has
3 Ross v. Johns-Manville Corp., 766 F.2d 823, 826 (3d Cir. 1985) (citing Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99 (1945)). 4 Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Bendix–Westinghouse Auto. Air Brake Co., 372 F.2d 18, 20 (3d Cir. 1966) (citations omitted); see also Ross, 766 F.2d at 826 (“Pennsylvania courts ordinarily apply the Pennsylvania statute of limitations.”). 5 42 Pa. Con. Stat. Ann. § 5521(b). 6 Id. 7 See also McKenna v. Ortho. Pharm. Co., 622 F.2d 657, 660 (3rd Cir. 1980). 8 See JA 00014 (stating that “the acts, practices, and events giving rise to Plaintiff’s claims occurred in [the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]”).
3 to this litigation is that (1) Michael’s grandparents (the settlors of the trust) resided there
and (2) the trust contains a governing law provision stating that “[a]ll questions
pertaining to the validity, construction, and administration of this trust shall be governed
by the laws of Florida.”9 Because the breach of fiduciary duty claim did not accrue
outside of Pennsylvania, the borrowing statute is irrelevant.10 Accordingly, we decline to
apply Florida law and will look to Pennsylvania’s statute of limitations principles to
determine when the limitations period in this case accrued.
Under Pennsylvania law, the statute of limitations for breach of fiduciary duty
claims is two years.11 “The statute of limitations begins to run against the trust
9 JA 01566. On first impression, the trust’s governing law clause may appear to be dispositive, but it is not. In Pennsylvania, choice of law provisions “do not apply to questions of applicability of the chosen state's statute of limitations unless they expressly so provide.” Unisys Fin. Corp. v. U.S. Vision, Inc., 428 Pa. Super. 107, 112, 630 A.2d 55, 58 (1993) (citing Gluck v. Unisys Corp., 960 F.2d 1168, 1179–80 (3d Cir. 1992)). The governing law clause here contains no express reference to a state’s statute of limitations. Moreover, Pennsylvania courts have adopted Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187, which provides in pertinent part that the forum generally honors the “state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights,” unless “the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice.” See also Churchill Corp. v. Third Century, Inc., 396 Pa. Super. 314, 324, 578 A.2d 532, 537 (1990) (“Pennsylvania courts will uphold choice-of-law provisions in contracts to the extent that the transaction bears a reasonable relation to the chosen forum.”). As discussed above, Florida has no substantial or reasonable relationship to the parties or the trust’s reporting and administration—nothing relevant to this dispute has occurred in Florida except for the creation of the trust. 10 To be sure, we rely on the borrowing statute’s text in our choice of law discussion, as opposed to the significant contacts/interest analysis set forth in Griffith v. United Airlines, Inc., 416 Pa. 1, 203 A.2d 796 (1964), as the latter approach is used to resolve substantive choice of law conflicts. See Nat'l Union Fire Ins. of Pittsburgh, PA v. Nicholas, 438 Pa. Super. 98, 106, 651 A.2d 1111, 1115 (1994); Ario v. Underwriting Members of Lloyd's of London Syndicates 33, 205 & 506, 996 A.2d 588, 593 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2010). 11 42 Pa. Con. Stat. Ann. § 5524(7).
4 beneficiary with respect to a suit against the express trustee, if at all, when he knows the
trust has been repudiated or reasonably should have known it.”12 Here, the record
indicates that, at the latest, Michael was aware that there was a potential issue regarding
his father’s reporting and accounting of the trust (or lack thereof) by June 11, 2017, when
he explicitly accused his father, in an email, of breaching his fiduciary duties. Therefore,
the limitations period expired at the latest on June 11, 2019—Michael filed this action on
July 8, 2019.13
B. Tolling of the Statute of Limitations
Michael asserts that the discovery rule should have been applied to toll the
limitations period, but this claim also fails. The discovery rule tolls the accrual of claims
until a “plaintiff knew or, exercising reasonable diligence, should have known (1) he or
she was injured and (2) that the injury was caused by another.”14 But again, Michael’s
June 11, 2017 email demonstrates that he was clearly aware that Dr. Harrison’s failure to
produce an accounting of the trust may have had legal consequences. That Michael may
not have understood the full scope of the trust’s value at the time does not defeat this
12 Weis-Buy Servs., Inc. v. Paglia, 411 F.3d 415, 422 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Rose, 346 F.2d 985, 989–990 (3d Cir. 1965)). 13 Furthermore, we recognize that on June 19, 2017, Dr. Harrison sent Michael an email indicating that the two had engaged in settlement discussions, and requesting that they pause these discussions while he and his wife went away for vacation. However, in Pennsylvania, “mere negotiations toward an amicable settlement afford no basis for an estoppel.” Nesbitt v. Erie Coach Co., 416 Pa. 89, 93, 204 A.2d 473, 475 (1964). 14 Adams v. Zimmer US, Inc., 943 F.3d 159, 163 (3d Cir. 2019) (citing Coleman v. Wyeth Pharms., 2010 PA Super 158, 6 A.3d 502, 510–11).
5 point. Indeed, a lack of knowledge of “the full extent of the injury . . . or [the] precise
cause” does not toll the statute of limitations.15
Finally, Michael contends that the statute of limitations should also be tolled
because his father “continues to breach his fiduciary duties to Appellant to this day, as he
continues to allow the Trust to report income under [Michael’s] social security number,
and continues to refuse to make distributions of the Trust’s funds.”16 In Pennsylvania, the
statute of limitations “is only tolled by active and continuing fraud concealed by the
perpetrator thereof until the victim knows or has reason to know or investigate the
circumstances.”17 As established above, Michael accused his father of breaching his
fiduciary duties in the June 11, 2017 email. Because Michael was aware of a potential
injury by this date, we may not rely on Dr. Harrison’s alleged continuous breaches to toll
the statute of limitations. Accordingly, this claim also fails.18
15 Gleason v. Borough of Moosic, 609 Pa. 353, 362, 15 A.3d 479, 484 (2011) (citation omitted). 16 Appellant Br. at 43. 17 Iacaponi v. New Amsterdam Cas. Co., 258 F. Supp. 880, 883 (W.D. Pa. 1966) (citing Rush v. Butler Fair & Agric. Ass’n., 391 Pa. 181, 137 A.2d 245 (1957)) (emphasis added); see also Barr v. Luckenbill, 351 Pa. 508, 513, 41 A.2d 627, 629 (Pa. 1945) (“If, in addition to the commission of an initial wrong, the wrongdoer is guilty of some act of concealment or deception, the running of the statute does not begin until discovery, or when there might have been discovery had reasonable diligence been exercised.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). 18 Given that the breach of fiduciary duty claim is time-barred, we decline to address it on the merits.
6 II.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of Dr.
Theodore Harrison’s motion for summary judgment and denial of Michael Harrison’s
motion for partial summary judgment.