Michael Don Brown v. State
Opinion
NO. 07-07-0174-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
MAY 28, 2009
                                       ______________________________
MICHAEL DON BROWN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 26TH DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY;
NO. 07-079-K26; HONORABLE BILLY RAY STUBBLEFIELD, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
          Appellant Michael Don Brown appeals from his conviction by jury of the offense of robbery and his resulting sentence of confinement for a term of twenty-five years. Via three points of error, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction and asserts the trial court erred in failing to properly instruct the jury. We affirm.
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BackgroundAppellant was charged by indictment alleging that, in the course of committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of property, he intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Following a plea of not guilty, the case was tried before a jury.
          Evidence showed that appellant entered a Walgreens store and, after a time, walked behind a counter. A female employee told appellant he was not permitted in that area. Appellant then squatted down, placed one of his hands inside his jacket pocket and pointed at the victim through his jacket pocket. He opened a glass case and removed four cartons of cigarettes. He placed the cartons in his jacket and left the store.
          After hearing the evidence presented at trial, the jury found appellant guilty of robbery. Appellant plead âtrueâ to the two enhancement offenses set forth in the indictment. The jury assessed punishment at twenty-five years of imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The court sentenced appellant accordingly and this appeal followed.
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Analysis
Sufficiency of Evidence
            In appellantâs first two points of error, he contends the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. Appellant was charged pursuant to Penal Code § 29.02(a)(2), which provides a person commits an offense if, in the course of committing theft as defined in Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). Appellant concedes that he committed a theft; however, he denies taking any action that would threaten the victim or put the victim in fear.
          To prove the offense of robbery as charged, there must have been threatened violence to the victim, or intimidation of such a nature that the threatened party was put in fear. See Green v. State, 567 S.W.2d 211, 213 (Tex.Crim.App.1978). The victim's fear may not arise merely from some temperamental timidity, but must result from some conduct of the perpetrator. Devine v. State, 786 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tex.Crim.App.1989). The fear must be of such a nature as in reason and common experience is likely to induce a person to part with his property against his will. Id. at 270. The threat or conduct placing another in fear must be of imminent bodily injury, that is âready to take place, near at hand, ... menacingly near.â Id. (citations omitted). However, proving robbery by showing the defendant placed another in fear does not require an actual threat. See Childress v. State, 917 S.W.2d 489, 494 (Tex.App.âHouston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.) (âThe fact-finder may conclude that an individual was âplaced in fear,â in circumstances where no actual (verbal) threats were conveyed by the accusedâ); Williams v. State, 827 S.W.2d 614, 616 (Tex.App.âHouston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref'd) (noting that a fact finder can determine that an individual perceived fear when accused made no actual threats). Instead, it is sufficient that the alleged robber engage in some conduct that places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Burton v. State, 230 S.W.3d 846, 852-53 (Tex.App.âHouston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Thus, when evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence a defendant intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed the victim in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, we apply an objective standard, asking whether âthe words and conduct of the accused were sufficient to place a reasonable person in the victim's circumstances in fear of imminent bodily injury or death.â Welch v. State, 880 S.W.2d 225, 226 (Tex.App.â Austin 1994, no pet.); see Wilmeth v. State, 808 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.App.âTyler 1991, no pet.) (determining whether defendant's conduct was such that in âreason and common experienceâ the victim would feel fear and be likely to part with property against his will).
Legal Sufficiency
           In reviewing issues of legal sufficiency, an appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inference therefrom, a rational jury could have found each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). If, given all of the evidence, a rational jury would necessarily entertain a reasonable doubt of the defendantâs guilt, due process requires that we reverse and order a judgment of acquittal. Swearingen, 101 S.W.3d at 95, citing Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 423 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 975,113 S.Ct. 1422, 122 L.Ed.2d 791 (1993).
 Factual Sufficiency
            A factual sufficiency review considers whether the evidence supporting guilt, though legally sufficient, is so weak that the juryâs verdict seems clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or evidence contrary to the verdi
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NO. 07-07-0174-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
MAY 28, 2009
                                       ______________________________
MICHAEL DON BROWN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 26TH DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY;
NO. 07-079-K26; HONORABLE BILLY RAY STUBBLEFIELD, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
          Appellant Michael Don Brown appeals from his conviction by jury of the offense of robbery and his resulting sentence of confinement for a term of twenty-five years. Via three points of error, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction and asserts the trial court erred in failing to properly instruct the jury. We affirm.
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BackgroundAppellant was charged by indictment alleging that, in the course of committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of property, he intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Following a plea of not guilty, the case was tried before a jury.
          Evidence showed that appellant entered a Walgreens store and, after a time, walked behind a counter. A female employee told appellant he was not permitted in that area. Appellant then squatted down, placed one of his hands inside his jacket pocket and pointed at the victim through his jacket pocket. He opened a glass case and removed four cartons of cigarettes. He placed the cartons in his jacket and left the store.
          After hearing the evidence presented at trial, the jury found appellant guilty of robbery. Appellant plead âtrueâ to the two enhancement offenses set forth in the indictment. The jury assessed punishment at twenty-five years of imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The court sentenced appellant accordingly and this appeal followed.
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Analysis
Sufficiency of Evidence
            In appellantâs first two points of error, he contends the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. Appellant was charged pursuant to Penal Code § 29.02(a)(2), which provides a person commits an offense if, in the course of committing theft as defined in Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). Appellant concedes that he committed a theft; however, he denies taking any action that would threaten the victim or put the victim in fear.
          To prove the offense of robbery as charged, there must have been threatened violence to the victim, or intimidation of such a nature that the threatened party was put in fear. See Green v. State, 567 S.W.2d 211, 213 (Tex.Crim.App.1978). The victim's fear may not arise merely from some temperamental timidity, but must result from some conduct of the perpetrator. Devine v. State, 786 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tex.Crim.App.1989). The fear must be of such a nature as in reason and common experience is likely to induce a person to part with his property against his will. Id. at 270. The threat or conduct placing another in fear must be of imminent bodily injury, that is âready to take place, near at hand, ... menacingly near.â Id. (citations omitted). However, proving robbery by showing the defendant placed another in fear does not require an actual threat. See Childress v. State, 917 S.W.2d 489, 494 (Tex.App.âHouston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.) (âThe fact-finder may conclude that an individual was âplaced in fear,â in circumstances where no actual (verbal) threats were conveyed by the accusedâ); Williams v. State, 827 S.W.2d 614, 616 (Tex.App.âHouston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref'd) (noting that a fact finder can determine that an individual perceived fear when accused made no actual threats). Instead, it is sufficient that the alleged robber engage in some conduct that places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Burton v. State, 230 S.W.3d 846, 852-53 (Tex.App.âHouston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Thus, when evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence a defendant intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed the victim in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, we apply an objective standard, asking whether âthe words and conduct of the accused were sufficient to place a reasonable person in the victim's circumstances in fear of imminent bodily injury or death.â Welch v. State, 880 S.W.2d 225, 226 (Tex.App.â Austin 1994, no pet.); see Wilmeth v. State, 808 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.App.âTyler 1991, no pet.) (determining whether defendant's conduct was such that in âreason and common experienceâ the victim would feel fear and be likely to part with property against his will).
Legal Sufficiency
           In reviewing issues of legal sufficiency, an appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inference therefrom, a rational jury could have found each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). If, given all of the evidence, a rational jury would necessarily entertain a reasonable doubt of the defendantâs guilt, due process requires that we reverse and order a judgment of acquittal. Swearingen, 101 S.W.3d at 95, citing Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 423 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 975,113 S.Ct. 1422, 122 L.Ed.2d 791 (1993).
 Factual Sufficiency
            A factual sufficiency review considers whether the evidence supporting guilt, though legally sufficient, is so weak that the juryâs verdict seems clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or evidence contrary to the verdict is such that the juryâs verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d 273, 283 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008); Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). In a factual sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence, but in a neutral light. Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d 273, 283 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008); Marshall, 210 S.W.3d at 625; Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414. Application
          Appellant concedes he committed theft of the cigarettes. Likewise, it is undisputed the victim was frightened at the time of the incident. The victim testified she âwas very scaredâ because she thought he had âa gun or somethingâ inside his jacket pocket. The victim testified her belief was supported by her experience in a previous robbery several years earlier. The responding officer and the store manager also testified to the victimâs fright. Our inquiry here, then, is whether the evidence presented at trial was factually and legally sufficient to support the juryâs finding that during the course of the theft, appellant knowingly or intentionally threatened or placed the victim in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. In essence, appellantâs contention is that his actions were not sufficient to give a reasonable person such fear.
          Appellant contends he made no threatening gestures toward the victim, he did not speak to or look at her, or move closer than eight to ten feet from her. He also emphasizes one of the statements the victim provided police, in which she stated, âthe only reason I believe he had a weapon was because I had gotten held up a couple years ago . . . and that man did hold a gun in his jacket.â
           We find the jury rationally could have considered appellantâs actions to be threatening toward the victim. The victim was at the cash register, at the closed end of the counter. Appellant was near the open end of the counter. The victim testified that appellant placed his hand in his jacket and pointed at her with his hand in his pocket when she told him, âyou canât be back here.â She agreed with the prosecutor that he kept the pocket pointed in her direction while he removed the cigarette cartons from the display case. She testified, âwhen he put his hand in his pocket, to me, it was like he had something in his pocket.â Under these circumstances, that the victimâs belief was influenced by her previous experience in which a robber did have a gun in his pocket does not detract from the reasonableness of her fear. Too, contrary to appellantâs contention, the victim said he looked at her during these events. We find the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support appellantâs conviction, and overrule appellantâs first two points of error.
Courtâs Refusal of Appellantâs Requested Jury Instruction
          In appellantâs last point of error, he challenges the trial courtâs denial of his requested instruction. The trial court is required to give the jury a written charge âsetting forth the law applicable to the case; not expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence, not summing up the testimony, discussing the facts or using any argument in his charge calculated to arouse the sympathy or excite the passions of the jury.â Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (Vernon 2006). Error in a criminal jury charge is reviewed under Code of Criminal Procedure Article 36.19. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006). In analyzing a jury charge complaint, we first determine whether error exists in the charge and if so, whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to compel reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Where an objection has been made, reversal is required if the error is âcalculated to injure the rights of defendant.â Id.; Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984). If a defendant does not object to the charge, reversal is required only if the harm is so egregious the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743-44.
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           At the charge conference, appellant requested the inclusion of the following instruction: âYou are not to consider sympathy, bias, or prejudice as part of your deliberations, nor are you to refer to or discuss any matter not in evidence before you.â The trial court denied appellantâs request and submitted the instruction that â[i]n deliberating on the cause you are not to refer to or discuss any matter or issue not in evidence before you.â The latter portion of appellantâs requested charge thus was duplicative of the language contained in the charge submitted to the jury.
          Appellant contends that his requested instruction was necessary to prevent the jury from considering what he characterizes as the victimâs âextreme emotional reactionâ to her encounter with appellant in the Walgreens and to her memories of the previous robbery. However, appellantâs requested instruction did not identify the victimâs testimony concerning the prior robbery and instead, vaguely requested that the jury not consider sympathy, bias, or prejudice in their deliberations. Further, even if appellantâs requested instruction had been included in the courtâs charge, it would not have prevented the jury from considering the victimâs testimony concerning her previous experience as a robbery victim.
          Finally, appellant did not object to the victimâs testimony regarding her previous experience, nor did he request a limiting instruction at the time the evidence was admitted. As a result, the evidence was admitted for all purposes and appellant was not subsequently entitled to a jury instruction limiting the juryâs consideration of that evidence. Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). The trial court did not err by refusing appellantâs requested instruction. We overrule his last point of error.
           Having overruled appellantâs points of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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                                                                                      James T. Campbell
                                                                                                Justice
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NO. 07-09-0213-CV
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
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FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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AT AMARILLO
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PANEL A
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AUGUST 31, 2010
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WEST TEXAS HOSPITALITY, INC. D/B/A
 ENERSERV CONSULTANTS, APPELLANT
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v.
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ENERCON INTERNATIONAL, INC.
AND PAUL SAXTON, APPELLEES
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 FROM THE 99TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
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NO. 2008-545,369; HONORABLE WILLIAM SOWDER, JUDGE
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Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
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           Appellant, West Texas Hospitality, Inc. d/b/a WTH Consultants ("WTH"), appeals the trial court's order issued in favor of Appellee, Enercon International, Inc. and Paul Saxton (collectively "Enercon") dismissing WTH's suit based upon a forum selection clause in a written contract.  In a single issue, WTH asserts the trial court erred in its finding that there was an enforceable written contract between the parties. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Background
           In February 2008, WTH[1] filed its Original Petition alleging Enercon[2]  wrongfully retained monies paid by WTH in anticipation of execution of a written contractual agreement. WTH asserted actions for conversion, collection, and quantum meruit/unjust enrichment. In its Amended Special Appearance, Motion to Dismiss, and Original Answer filed in January 2009, Enercon sought to dismiss WTH's suit based upon a forum-selection clause contained in a written agreement which required any suit to be filed in Minnehaha County, South Dakota. WTH responded by contending that there was no written agreement because Enercon never signed the proposed contract as presented by WTH. In support of their respective arguments, the parties submitted evidence through affidavits and exhibits attached to their pleadings.
           In January 2008, WTH approached Enercon asking for a proposed contract to review. Enercon offered its "Authorized Affiliate Agreement" ("Agreement"). Among other things, the Agreement provided that WTH would pay $43,900 to Enercon[3] in return for the right to sell Enercon products throughout the United States on a non-exclusive basis in addition to receiving training, customer support, a demonstration kit, startup quantities of Enercon's promotional materials and a "product credit" up to $45,000. WTH's "product credit" would be used on materials and services purchased from Enercon for projects approved by Enercon within 120 days of completion of WTH's initial training. The Agreement also provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
14. CHANGES TO AGREEMENT: This agreement may not be changed except by written consent of all parties and may not be changed orally.
16. ACCEPTANCE OF CONTRACT AND EXECUTION DATE: [WTH] shall sign duplicate originals of the Agreement and submit both originals with full payment to [Enercon]. Should [Enercon] reject the Agreement, [WTH] will be notified of such fact in writing and full payment shall be returned promptly. Should [Enercon] accept the agreement, [Enercon] will date and sign the duplicate originals of the agreement submitted and return one of the fully executed originals for [WTH] at [WTH's] address shown above. The Agreement shall be binding upon all parties the date [Enercon] dates and signs the duplicate originals, which shall be the "execution date of the Agreement." [WTH] shall have a right of rescission for three days from the date of the agreement.
18. SOLE AGREEMENT: There are no other agreements or understandings, either oral or in writing between the parties effecting this agreement or relating to the sale of the Product(s), except as otherwise specifically provided herein . . . . This agreement contains all the oral written agreements, representations and arrangements between the parties hereto. It is understood between the parties that there are no representations or warranties made or implied except as specifically set forth herein.
21. SUIT VENUE: This agreement is performable in Minnehaha County, South Dakota. Any claim, cause of action, or other legal suit arising from, or as a result of this agreement shall be brought in State Court in Minnehaha County, South Dakota . . . .
24. EXECUTION KNOWING AND VOLUNTARY: The parties hereby acknowledge and represent that they (a) have fully and carefully read this agreement prior to execution; (b) have been, or have had the opportunity to be fully apprised by any attorneys of their choice of the legal effects and meaning of this document and all terms and conditions hereof, . . . (d) are executing this agreement with full knowledge of the ramifications thereof.Â
30. SUPERCEDE: This contract supercedes and replaces any previous contract or agreement between the parties herein.
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           The Agreement also contained two signature blocks, one each for Enercon and WTH. Each signature block was prefaced by the statement "Accepted by [Enercon]" and "Accepted by [WTH]," respectively.Â
           Kirit Desai, on behalf of WTH, made a number of handwritten changes to the proposed contract. Specifically, he extended the time within which Enercon was required to apply WTH's "product credit" from 120 days to 150 days of completion of WTH's initial training. He also amended the Agreement's terms regarding termination as follows: "This agreement may also be terminated by circumstances beyond [Enercon's] control that make it impossible or impractical for the business activities contemplated by this agreement to be continued, in which case the remaining balance from the payments made will be refunded if termination happens within 150 days from the payment." (Emphasis supplied on handwritten changes). In addition, Desai amended a number of the time-specific provisions in the termination paragraph to make ten day time limits, ten business days. (Emphasis supplied on handwritten changes).Â
           On March 3, 2008, Desai signed the modified contract and, on March 4, wired his first installment of $26,000. The following day, Enercon received the modified contract signed by WTH and invoiced WTH for $43,900.[4] Prior to making their second installment payment, WTH ordered $5,000 worth of Enercon products. Enercon responded by invoicing WTH for "HiBrite Fixtures, Lamps, Retro Kit and freight, $5002.75," and stamped the invoice "PAID."
           On April 7, Desai sent an internal e-mail to another WTH officer, and expressed concern that they had "not received a signed copy of [their] agreement with Enercon." Desai wanted to start a countdown of the number of days remaining to recover their $43,900 from Enercon, i.e., "[h]ow much time we have left and how much sales we have to generate within that time."
           On April 7, Enercon and WTH exchanged a number of e-mails related to the deadline for WTH's "product credit." Paul Saxton sent an e-mail to Desai indicating that WTH's "product credit" was good for 120 days from completion of WTH's initial training. In response, Desai indicated that he had altered the Agreement as tendered by Enercon to permit WTH 150 days on the "product credit" deadline. Desai also indicated that his calculations indicated the "product credit" would not expire until August 18 and asked Saxton to verify there was a $42,000 "product credit" remaining. Saxton responded to Desai saying: "Did I sign that? I don't recall . . . I don't know why this would have been changed as we already increased it to 120 days from the usual 90 days."
           On May 6, WTH made a second installment payment to Enercon, deducting $5,002.75 for the products purchased in March. WTH also requested Enercon's services to design projects and Enercon invoiced WTH for their services.[5]
           In August, WTH had yet to receive an executed copy of the Agreement as amended by Desai and the deadline was approaching for WTH's use of its "product credit." On August 4, Desai sent an e-mail to Saxton indicating that the "product credit" deadline was approaching and asked for an extension to complete a project and close on others. Saxton responded he had checked the Agreement and the "product credit" deadline of 120 days had already expired. Desai responded by sending a copy of his amendments to the Agreement and asserted that the "product credit" deadline of 150 days had not expired. Desai's calculations indicated that WTH had until August 18 to use the remaining credit of $42,000.[6]
           On August 25, Desai received a letter from Enercon's attorney stating, in pertinent part, as follows:
I am writing with regard to invoices/purchase orders you recently sent to our client. My client is unable to fill the orders as submitted on your desired terms for three reasons.
First, as my client noted in prior correspondence, the invoices/purchase orders you submitted were submitted outside of the 120-day-product-credit window set forth in the Enercon Affiliate Agreement as it was offered to you. The unauthorized alterations you made to the Agreement that you signed were not effective to extend this period.
Second, as noted in the Affiliation Agreement, your product credit must be used "only on complete Enercon approved, engineered, and designed products."Â The document you have submitted are for products and quantities vastly different from those approved by my client.
Third, your orders involve at least one entity that my client has never heard of and therefore could not have possibly approved.
My client therefore cannot provide these materials as currently requested on a product-credit basis.
           Following submission of the parties' pleadings and exhibits, the trial court heard counsel's argument in a short hearing on Enercon's motion to dismiss. Enercon acknowledged that it did not sign the Agreement but asserted WTH was bound by its terms because WTH had signed. Although the Agreement signed by WTH contained Desai's changes, Enercon contended WTH performed under their Agreement without the changes made by Desai. WTH contended the contract signed by Desai and returned to Enercon was a counter-offer that was not accepted because it was never signed by Enercon. WTH asserted that, because the counter-offer was not executed by Enercon, there was no written agreement between the two companies and the forum selection clause was unenforceable.Â
           Thereafter, the trial court entered its order denying Enercon's Special Appearance and granting Enercon's motion to dismiss stating "[t]his dismissal is based upon the forum selection clause contained in the Authorized Affiliate Agreement between the parties." This appeal followed.  Â
           Standard of Review
           A motion to dismiss is the proper procedural mechanism for enforcing a forum-selection clause against a party to the contract who violated the clause in filing suit. Ramsay v. Tex. Trading Co., 254 S.W.3d 620, 626 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2008, pet. denied). While we review the trial court's ruling on a motion to dismiss for abuse of discretion; see In re Lyon Fin. Servs., 257 S.W.3d 228, 231-32 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam), to the extent that our review involves the construction or interpretation of an unambiguous contract, the standard of review is de novo. Phoenix Network Techs. (Europe) Ltd. v. Neon Sys., Inc., 177 S.W.3d 605, 610 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). This is so because "a trial court has no 'discretion' in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts"; Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992), and "abuses its discretion" if it misinterprets or misapplies the law. Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580, 598 (Tex. 2008).
           Forum-selection Clause
           The trial court's order does not contain a specific finding of the existence of a written agreement, nor did the trial court make findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, as the parties' briefs make clear, the trial court's order of dismissal clearly rests on the legal conclusion that WTH is bound to the forum-selection clause in the Agreement on which Enercon relies.Â
           As the party seeking to enforce a contractual forum-selection clause, Enercon had the initial burden of establishing that it and WTH agreed to an exclusive forum and the agreement applied to WTH's claims. Phoenix Network, 177 S.W.3d at 611-12 & n.6. See Barnett v. Network Solutions, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 200, 203 (Tex.App.--Eastland 2001, pet. denied).[7] If Enercon met these prerequisites, the burden would then shift to WTH to make a "strong showing" overcoming the prima facie validity of the forum-selection clause. Phoenix Network, 177 S.W.3d at 611.
           To establish the existence of an enforceable contract, a party must prove (1) an offer, (2) acceptance of the offer, (3) mutual assent or "meeting of the minds" regarding the subject matter and essential terms of the contract, and (4) consideration, or mutuality of obligations. See Domingo v. Mitchell, 257 S.W.3d 34, 39 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2008, pet. denied). In determining whether the parties have formed a contract through offer, acceptance and mutual assent to the contract terms, we rely on the objective standard of what the parties said and how they acted, not on their subjective state of mind. Id.; Texas Disposal Sys. Landfill, Inc. v. Waste Mgmt. Holdings, Inc., 219 S.W.3d 563, 589 (Tex.App.-Austin 2007, pet. denied). Moreover, as with any other contract, "the parties' intent is governed by what they said, not by what they intended to say but did not." Feiss v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 746 (Tex. 2006) (emphasis in original).Â
           Enercon's initial offer, the Agreement, expressly states WTH must accept by signing "duplicate originals of the Agreement." (Emphasis added). Thereafter, Enercon would accept by "dat[ing] and sign[ing] the duplicate originals of the agreement submitted and return one of the fully executed originals for [WTH] at [WTH's] address shown above." The Agreement then would "be binding upon all parties the date [Enercon] dates and signs the duplicate originals, which date shall be the 'execution date of Agreement.'" As such, the Agreement would be the parties' "sole agreement," embodying "all representations or warranties made or implied except as specifically set forth [therein]." Any changes to its terms were required to be "by written consent of all parties."
           The unambiguous language of the Agreement, then, required that Enercon sign, date, and deliver a duplicate original to WTH before it became an enforceable contract binding on either party. "If an instrument, even though signed, is delivered with the understanding that it is not to be binding as a contract until signed by another, the failure of the other person to sign the instrument destroys the very existence of the contract." Baccus v. Plains Cotton Cooperative Association, 515 S.W.2d 401, 402-03 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1974, no writ) (citing Thomason v. Berry, 276 S.W. 185 (Tex. Comm'n App. 1925, judgmt. adopted)).[8] Because Enercon failed to offer any evidence that it signed and delivered[9] the Agreement to WTH in the manner required, Enercon failed in its initial burden of proving the parties mutually assented to the Agreement or the forum-selection clause contained therein.
           Furthermore, although WTH signed the Agreement, Desai did so only after altering its terms. See Paragraph 16 of the Agreement ("Affiliate shall sign duplicate originals of the Agreement"). As such, Enercon also failed to offer any evidence WTH ever accepted Enercon's original offer--the Agreement.[10]Â
           Enercon asserts that WTH's orders for goods and services constituted acceptance of the original Agreement. However, while the invoices, themselves, could be evidence of individual contracts in their own right; see A.F. Knight v. Virginia Mirror Co., 463 S.W.2d 428, 429 (Tex. 1971); F.H. Berry v. Pierce Petroleum Corp., 120 Tex. 452, 39 S.W.2d 824, 825-26 (1931), they may not act as a substitute for acceptance under the Agreement because the subject matter of the Agreement does not permit acceptance by any other means including performance. Neither was there any evidence of any change to the method of acceptance by "written consent of all parties."[11] To the contrary, in his letter to WTH, Enercon's attorney relies on the terms of the original Agreement offered to WTH while describing Desai's handwritten terms as "unauthorized alterations."Â
           While Enercon correctly points out that "it is not necessary in order to constitute a 'contract in writing' that the agreement be signed by both parties; one may sign and the other may accept by his acts, conduct or acquiescence in the terms of the agreement"; see Pierce v. Pickett, 432 S.W.2d 586, 589 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo 1968, no writ), this rule does not apply here where "at least one of the parties has sufficiently expressed his intention not to be bound without [a signature]," and "the parties have made [signatures] necessary at the time they express their assent and as a condition modifying that assent." Simmons, 286 S.W.2d at 418 (quoting Corbin on Contracts, Vol. 1, §§ 31 and 32, pp. 85 and 92). Here, in the absence of the written consent of the parties to a different mode of acceptance, Enercon and WTH were expressly required to sign and deliver the Agreement to each other before there was an enforceable contract. Id. at 418-19.[12] See Birchminster, 517 S.W.2d at 612.
           WTH's response to Enercon's motion to dismiss and arguments made by WTH's counsel at the hearing belie Enercon's assertion that WTH waived its argument on appeal that Enercon's signatures were required before the Agreement would be enforceable. This issue was argued in WTH's pleadings and at the hearing.[13] The trial court's order stated that it considered the evidence, pleadings and argument of counsel. As a result, we conclude the issue was not waived. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). See also Piazza v. City of Granger, 909 S.W.2d 529, 532 (Tex.App.--Austin 1995, no writ) (issue whether statutory notice was defective not waived where counsel argued notice was invalid and copy of notice was attached to pleading); FDIC v. Attayi, 745 S.W.2d 939, 942 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ) (issue whether guarantee agreement specifically provided for renewal not waived where counsel argued debt in issue had been renewed and copy of guaranty attached to pleading).[14] Likewise, here, WTH argued the issue and incorporated an attached copy of the Agreement into its response.
           Because Enercon failed in its initial burden of establishing that the parties mutually assented to the Agreement or its forum-selection clause, WTH's sole issue is sustained.
Conclusion
           We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.Â
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                                                                                  Patrick A. Pirtle
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[1]WTH is a Texas corporation doing business in Lubbock County, Texas. Kirit Desai, WTH's President, resides in Lubbock County.
[2]Enercon is a South Dakota corporation with its principal place of business in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Paul Saxton, Enercon's President, resides in Ohio.Â
[3]Enercon's proposed Agreement required that WTH pay Enercon two installments equaling $43,900.Â
[4]The invoice stated "$43,900 for 1 HiBrite Dealership - HiBrite dealership NON EXCLUSIVE, Out-of-state sale, exempt from sales tax."Â
[5]These invoices were as follows:Â (1) dated August 27 and stamped PAID, $400 for 1 Survey Fee United Supermarket Out-of-state sale, exempt from sales tax; (2) dated August 28 and stamped PAID, $400 for Sonic Drive-In survey, Out-of-state, exempt from sales tax; (3) dated May 21 and stamped PAID, $400, 1 Survey Fee, Shamrock Chevrolet Survey, Out-of-state, exempt from sales tax; and (4) dated May 21 and stamped PAID, $400, 1 Survey Fee, Survey Fee Gene Messer, Out-of-state, exempt from sales tax.
[6]The record also contains two e-mails between Desai and Nelsi Rodriquez, an Enercon employee. Desai sent Rodriquez an e-mail stating: "I am sorry I should have called you to let you know that I found my copy [of the Agreement] on my computer. Thanks for your help." Rodriquez responded: "I take that you no longer need the affiliate agreement, you found it?"
[7]See also Reuben Lowing v. Williams, No. 07-03-0393-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 62, at *5 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2005, no pet.) (not designated for publication).
[8]"Evidence of mutual assent in written contracts generally consists of signatures of the parties and delivery with the intent to bind." Baylor Univ. v. Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tex. 2007) (collected cases cited therein). Parties may provide that the signature of each party is a prerequisite to a binding written contract; In re Bunzl, 155 S.W.3d 202, 209 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2004, no pet.) (citing Corbin on Contracts § 2.10 at 165 (Joseph M. Perillo rev. 1993), and, "[w]here parties to a written contract intend that it shall not be binding until it is signed by the parties, the signatures of both parties are required to give effect to the contract." Birchminster Resources v. Corpus Christi Management Co., 517 S.W.2d 608, 611 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1974, writ dism'd) (citing Simmons & Simmons Constr. Co. v. Rea, 155 Tex. 353, 286 S.W.2d 415, 418-19 (1955).
[9]Where there is no delivery of the contract, there is no mutual assent and, hence, no contract. Baylor Univ., 221 S.W.3d at 635. "If the reduction of the agreement to writing is thus made necessary, an assent to the writing as a sufficient one must also be manifested; this manifestation commonly consists of signing and delivery." Simmons, 286 S.W.2d at 418. See Baccus, 515 S.W.2d at 402. "An acceptance which resides solely within the exclusive knowledge of the acceptor without being communicated to the offeror is ordinarily no binding acceptance." Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc. v. Cruse, 165 S.W.3d 21, 26 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). See Tex. Association of Counties County Government Risk Management Pool v. Matagorda County, 52 S.W.3d 128, 132 (Tex. 2000); Peden Industries v. Dahlstrom Corp., 520 S.W.2d 876, 877 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1975, no writ).
[10]"It is an established rule of contracts that when a specific mode of acceptance is given within an offer, the offeree must convey his acceptance in the precise mode expressed within the offer in order to create a binding agreement." Abraham Investment Company v. Payne Ranch, Inc., 968 S.W.2d 518, 525 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1998, pet. denied). See Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc.,v. Cruse, 165 S.W.3d 21, 25 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Morrow v. De Vitt, 160 S.W.2d 977, 983 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo 1942, writ ref'd w.o.m.). "The acceptance must be identical with the offer; otherwise there is no binding contract;" Domingo v. Mitchell, 257 S.W.3d 34, 39 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2008, pet. denied); Gilbert d/b/a Consulting Economists v. Pettiette, 838 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ), and "any attempt to change an offer operates as a rejection and counteroffer." Komet v. Graves, 40 S.W.3d 596, 601 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, no pet.); Harris v. Balderas, 27 S.W.3d 71, 77 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, pet. denied). See United Concrete Pipe Corp. v. Spin-Line Co., 430 S.W.2d 360, 364 (Tex. 1968) ("It is well settled that an acceptance must not change or qualify the terms of the offer. If it does, the offer is rejected.")  Â
[11]Neither can the e-mails between Desai and Rodriquez constitute any acceptance even if they could be interpreted as Enercon suggests which is doubtful. Further, the Agreement expressly provided that it contained "all oral written agreements, representations and arrangements between the parties hereto."Â
[12]Neither Bocchi Americas Associates, Inc. v. Commerce Fresh Marketing Inc., 515 F.3d 383 (5th Cir. 2008) nor McCarty v. C.H. Langdeau, 337 S.W.2d 407 (Tex.App.--Austin 1960, writ ref'd n.r.e.), are of any avail to Enercon. Neither court was required to determine whether acceptance occurred in conformity with an express contractual provision requiring the parties' signatures before the contract was enforceable. See 515 F.3d at 391-92; 337 S.W.2d at 412.
[13]In WTH's response to Enercon's motion to dismiss, WTH asserted "[Enercon] never signed the [agreement] and never assented to the terms of the [agreement] either verbally or by course of conduct. . . .  Plaintiff and Defendant have never entered into a written contract." WTH also incorporated by reference into their response Desai's affidavit and the Agreement including paragraph "16. ACCEPTANCE OF CONTRACT AND EXECUTION DATE" as well as WTH's internal e-mails wherein the only method of acceptance discussed was by signature and execution of the Agreement by both parties. At the hearing, WTH's counsel asserted "[t]here is no contract . . . no meeting of the minds. . . . He never signed it; the guy never signed it. . . . If there is no contract, then the Forum Selection Clause is poof."Â
[14]Neither does Century 21 Real Estate Corp. v. Hometown Real Estate Co., 890 S.W.2d 118, 124 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1994, writ denied) nor Wohlfahrt v. Holloway, 172 S.W.3d 630, 640 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1052, 127 S.Ct. 666, 166 L.Ed.2d 514 (2006) require a different result as Enercon suggests. In Century 21, the appellate court refused to allow International to assert on appeal that Hometown was a "consumer" under the DTPA when, before the trial court, International had asserted only that International was a seller of goods and services to Hometown. In Wolhlfahrt, the appellate court refused to permit Wohlfahrt to assert on appeal the court was bound to set post-judgment rates under a statutory provision different than that argued before the trial court. 172 S.W.2d at 639-40.
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