COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ MICHAEL BAILEY, No. 08-10-00149-CV § Appellant, Appeal from § v. 383rd District Court § VICTORIA RODRIGUEZ, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC # 2005AG1399) §
OPINION
Michael Bailey appeals an attorney’s fee award of $350 for legal services rendered on behalf
of Victoria Rodriguez. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On September 18, 2009, Michael Bailey filed suit to modify an order affecting the parent-
child relationship with regard to his son. The petition named Victoria Rodriguez as Respondent and
Lucy Lopez and Leslie Bailey as intervenors. Rodriguez filed her original answer on October 16,
2009. On December 10, she filed special exceptions to the references to Lucy Lopez and Leslie
Bailey in paragraphs two and seven of Bailey’s petition. The motion complained that neither Lucy
Lopez nor Leslie Bailey had filed a plea in intervention nor had they been granted leave to intervene
as required by Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 60. Rodriguez also complained that Bailey failed to
allege grounds for intervention as required by Texas Family Code Section 102.004(b) and Texas
Rule of Civil Procedure 47. Rodriguez asked the court to strike the joinder of intervenors and order
Bailey to re-plead. On January 12, 2010, Lucy Lopez, Leslie Bailey, and Hector Holguin filed a
petition in intervention as grandparents of the child. On March 3, 2010, Rodriguez’s attorney, Lyda Ness-Garcia, filed a counterpetition, motion
to strike, and special exceptions, complaining that “[i]ntervenors have failed to establish a legal or
factual basis for their request.” The motion also complained that Bailey failed to “enumerate
standing” under Sections 102.003 and 102.004(b) of the Texas Family Code, and that he failed to
establish a basis for intervention within a separate pleading under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
47 and 60. Rodriguez asked the court to strike the intervenors and order Bailey to replead. She also
pled for reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in connection with the motion. A week later, Bailey
nonsuited the intervention.
At a hearing on March 30, 2010, Ness-Garcia reiterated the arguments made in her motion
with respect to the intervenors and their lack of standing. She acknowledged that the nonsuit
rendered her motion moot, but she argued that the intervention was filed frivolously and asked the
court to award her $518.10 as the amount of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees. Over Bailey’s
objection, the court awarded fees of $350.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s decision to award attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion. We
must determine “whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles;
in other words, whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable.” Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d
108, 109 (Tex. 1990). The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter within his discretionary
authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not
demonstrate that an abuse of discretion occurred. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159, 106 S.Ct. 2279, 90 L.Ed.2d 721
(1986). An abuse of discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting
evidence. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 862 (Tex. 1978); Kirkpatrick v. Memorial Hosp. of Garland, 862 S.W.2d 762, 776 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied). Furthermore, an abuse of
discretion does not occur as long as some evidence of a substantive and probative character exists
to support the trial court's decision. Holley v. Holley, 864 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 1993, writ denied).
WERE THE FEES ORDERED AS SANCTIONS?
Bailey’s arguments on appeal are premised on the basic theory that the trial court must have
awarded the attorney’s fees as a sanction because no other theory would support the award. In seven
issues, he contends the sanction order was erroneous because: (1) the trial court failed to give him
notice that a sanction hearing would be held before imposing the sanction; (2) the trial court violated
his due process rights by failing to provide him a meaningful opportunity to be heard prior to the
assessment of sanctions; (3) the trial court erred in ordering sanctions where Rodriguez failed to
prove Bailey or his attorney acted in bad faith, with the intent to harass, or with an improper purpose;
(4) the trial court erred in awarding sanctions where Rodriguez’s attorney failed to identify in her
motion the sanctionable conduct on which she was basing her request for attorney’s fees; (5) the trial
court erred in awarding sanctions where Rodriguez’s attorney failed to identify in her motion the rule
on which she was basing her request for attorney’s fees; (6) the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to explain the reason for imposing attorney’s fees as a sanction against Bailey; and (7) there
was no evidence to support an award of attorney’s fees.
The general rule is that a party cannot recover attorney’s fees from an adverse party unless
permitted by a statute or rule of procedure, by a contract between the parties, or under equity. See
Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 310-11 (Tex. 2006)(recovery of attorney’s fees
recoverable if permitted by statute or contract between parties); Knebel v. Capital Nat’l Bank, 518
S.W.2d 795, 799 (Tex. 1974)(attorney’s fees can be awarded under equity). Unless attorney’s fees are mandated by statute, the party seeking fees must plead for them. R. Conrad Moore & Associates,
Inc. v. Lerma, 946 S.W.2d 90, 96 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, writ denied). A party should identify
the authority entitling it to attorney’s fees in its pleadings. See O’Connell v. Hitt, 730 S.W.2d 16,
18 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1987, no writ). However, if a party fails to identify the authority, the
party is still entitled to attorney’s fees if he pleads facts which, if true, would entitle him to the relief
sought. Id. The trial court did not specify its reasons for awarding attorney’s fees and Rodriguez
has not favored us with a brief.
We disagree with Bailey’s theory that the only authority for the fee award would be as
sanctions under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 or Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Sections 9.011 or 10.001. His presumption ignores Sections 106.002 and 156.005 of the Texas
Family Code, both of which allow for the award of attorney’s fees. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN .
§ 106.002 (West 2008); TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 156.005 (West 2008). Under Section 106.002, the
trial court has discretion to render judgment for attorney’s fees and costs. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN .
§ 106.002; Farish v. Farish, 921 S.W.2d 538, 546-47 (Tex.App.-- Beaumont 1996, no writ); Wolters
v.
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COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ MICHAEL BAILEY, No. 08-10-00149-CV § Appellant, Appeal from § v. 383rd District Court § VICTORIA RODRIGUEZ, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC # 2005AG1399) §
OPINION
Michael Bailey appeals an attorney’s fee award of $350 for legal services rendered on behalf
of Victoria Rodriguez. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On September 18, 2009, Michael Bailey filed suit to modify an order affecting the parent-
child relationship with regard to his son. The petition named Victoria Rodriguez as Respondent and
Lucy Lopez and Leslie Bailey as intervenors. Rodriguez filed her original answer on October 16,
2009. On December 10, she filed special exceptions to the references to Lucy Lopez and Leslie
Bailey in paragraphs two and seven of Bailey’s petition. The motion complained that neither Lucy
Lopez nor Leslie Bailey had filed a plea in intervention nor had they been granted leave to intervene
as required by Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 60. Rodriguez also complained that Bailey failed to
allege grounds for intervention as required by Texas Family Code Section 102.004(b) and Texas
Rule of Civil Procedure 47. Rodriguez asked the court to strike the joinder of intervenors and order
Bailey to re-plead. On January 12, 2010, Lucy Lopez, Leslie Bailey, and Hector Holguin filed a
petition in intervention as grandparents of the child. On March 3, 2010, Rodriguez’s attorney, Lyda Ness-Garcia, filed a counterpetition, motion
to strike, and special exceptions, complaining that “[i]ntervenors have failed to establish a legal or
factual basis for their request.” The motion also complained that Bailey failed to “enumerate
standing” under Sections 102.003 and 102.004(b) of the Texas Family Code, and that he failed to
establish a basis for intervention within a separate pleading under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
47 and 60. Rodriguez asked the court to strike the intervenors and order Bailey to replead. She also
pled for reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in connection with the motion. A week later, Bailey
nonsuited the intervention.
At a hearing on March 30, 2010, Ness-Garcia reiterated the arguments made in her motion
with respect to the intervenors and their lack of standing. She acknowledged that the nonsuit
rendered her motion moot, but she argued that the intervention was filed frivolously and asked the
court to award her $518.10 as the amount of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees. Over Bailey’s
objection, the court awarded fees of $350.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s decision to award attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion. We
must determine “whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles;
in other words, whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable.” Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d
108, 109 (Tex. 1990). The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter within his discretionary
authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not
demonstrate that an abuse of discretion occurred. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159, 106 S.Ct. 2279, 90 L.Ed.2d 721
(1986). An abuse of discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting
evidence. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 862 (Tex. 1978); Kirkpatrick v. Memorial Hosp. of Garland, 862 S.W.2d 762, 776 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied). Furthermore, an abuse of
discretion does not occur as long as some evidence of a substantive and probative character exists
to support the trial court's decision. Holley v. Holley, 864 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 1993, writ denied).
WERE THE FEES ORDERED AS SANCTIONS?
Bailey’s arguments on appeal are premised on the basic theory that the trial court must have
awarded the attorney’s fees as a sanction because no other theory would support the award. In seven
issues, he contends the sanction order was erroneous because: (1) the trial court failed to give him
notice that a sanction hearing would be held before imposing the sanction; (2) the trial court violated
his due process rights by failing to provide him a meaningful opportunity to be heard prior to the
assessment of sanctions; (3) the trial court erred in ordering sanctions where Rodriguez failed to
prove Bailey or his attorney acted in bad faith, with the intent to harass, or with an improper purpose;
(4) the trial court erred in awarding sanctions where Rodriguez’s attorney failed to identify in her
motion the sanctionable conduct on which she was basing her request for attorney’s fees; (5) the trial
court erred in awarding sanctions where Rodriguez’s attorney failed to identify in her motion the rule
on which she was basing her request for attorney’s fees; (6) the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to explain the reason for imposing attorney’s fees as a sanction against Bailey; and (7) there
was no evidence to support an award of attorney’s fees.
The general rule is that a party cannot recover attorney’s fees from an adverse party unless
permitted by a statute or rule of procedure, by a contract between the parties, or under equity. See
Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 310-11 (Tex. 2006)(recovery of attorney’s fees
recoverable if permitted by statute or contract between parties); Knebel v. Capital Nat’l Bank, 518
S.W.2d 795, 799 (Tex. 1974)(attorney’s fees can be awarded under equity). Unless attorney’s fees are mandated by statute, the party seeking fees must plead for them. R. Conrad Moore & Associates,
Inc. v. Lerma, 946 S.W.2d 90, 96 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, writ denied). A party should identify
the authority entitling it to attorney’s fees in its pleadings. See O’Connell v. Hitt, 730 S.W.2d 16,
18 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1987, no writ). However, if a party fails to identify the authority, the
party is still entitled to attorney’s fees if he pleads facts which, if true, would entitle him to the relief
sought. Id. The trial court did not specify its reasons for awarding attorney’s fees and Rodriguez
has not favored us with a brief.
We disagree with Bailey’s theory that the only authority for the fee award would be as
sanctions under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 or Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Sections 9.011 or 10.001. His presumption ignores Sections 106.002 and 156.005 of the Texas
Family Code, both of which allow for the award of attorney’s fees. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN .
§ 106.002 (West 2008); TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 156.005 (West 2008). Under Section 106.002, the
trial court has discretion to render judgment for attorney’s fees and costs. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN .
§ 106.002; Farish v. Farish, 921 S.W.2d 538, 546-47 (Tex.App.-- Beaumont 1996, no writ); Wolters
v. White, 659 S.W.2d 885, 887-88 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1983, writ dism’d); see also In the
Interest of Pecht, 874 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1994, no writ)(holding that reasonable
attorney’s fees may be awarded as costs in any suit affecting the parent-child relationship, and the
decision to award such fees is within the discretion of the trial court). In addition, Section 156.005
of the Texas Family Code authorizes an attorney fee award in modification proceedings when the
court believes the suit was frivolous. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 156.005 (“If the court finds that
a suit for modification is filed frivolously or is designed to harass a party, the court shall tax
attorney's fees as costs against the offending party.”). We overrule Issues One through Six.
IS THE EVIDENCE SUFFICIENT? As a prerequisite to the recovery of attorney’s fees for any underlying cause of action, the
party seeking fees must prove the reasonableness of the fees. Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19,
21 (Tex. 1998). Reasonableness of fees must be supported by competent evidence. Peeples v.
Peeples, 562 S.W.2d 503 (Tex.Civ.App.--San Antonio 1978, no writ). Here, there were no findings
of fact entered to support the award of attorney's fees and costs. We must therefore presume the trial
court made all findings necessary to support its order. Holt Atherton Industries, Inc. v. Heine, 835
S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992).
Factors considered by the court when determining the amount of reasonable fees include: (1)
the time and labor required, novelty and difficulty of the question presented, and the skill required;
(2) the likelihood that acceptance of employment precluded other employment; (3) the fee
customarily charged for similar services; (4) the amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the
time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the
professional relationship with the client; (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer
performing the services; and (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. Arthur Anderson & Co. v.
Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). Ness-Garcia did not testify, nor did she
present an affidavit, itemized statements, exhibits, or any other offer of proof as to the
reasonableness of her fees. The record is devoid of evidence relating to her experience, the time and
labor involved, the difficulty of the task, her hourly rates, rates customarily charged for similar
services, or her fee agreement with Rodriguez. While a party need not offer proof of all the factors
above, Ness-Garcia did not offer proof under any of them. She referenced a “case ledger”
presumably detailing her time spent preparing the motions and fees incurred. But it was not offered
as an exhibit, was not introduced into evidence and does not appear in the record. We have only her
request for fees of $518.10. Under these facts, we are not persuaded Rodriguez provided more than a scintilla of evidence
as to the reasonableness of the amount of fees requested. Finding legally insufficient evidence to
support the award, we must conclude that the trial court abused its discretion. We sustain Issue
Seven and reverse and render that Rodriguez take nothing.
July 29, 2011 ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.