COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Fulton, Ortiz and Raphael UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
MICHAEL ALEXANDER PALMER MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0885-21-1 JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ AUGUST 9, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON Michael A. Gaten, Judge
(Joshua A. Goff; Goff Voltin, PLLC, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
Ken J. Baldassari, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Michael Alexander Palmer was convicted of six counts of possession with intent to
distribute cocaine after a confidential informant purchased cocaine from him or an associate
during six separate controlled buys over the course of a month. Palmer assigns error to three of
the circuit court’s decisions, two of which relate to only one of the buys. Palmer argues that the
circuit court erred in (1) denying his motion to strike the evidence relating to the controlled buy
on July 25, 2019 (third controlled buy) because the evidence failed to show he distributed
cocaine, (2) admitting testimonial hearsay statements relating to the third controlled buy in
violation of the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and the rule against hearsay, and
(3) denying the motion to dismiss all six counts after Palmer’s statutory speedy trial rights were
violated. Yet the evidence sufficiently supported Palmer’s conviction for the third controlled
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. buy, the statements were not testimonial hearsay, and his statutory speedy trial rights had been
either waived or tolled. Thus, we affirm Palmer’s convictions.
BACKGROUND
In July and August 2019, the Hampton Police Division provided a confidential informant
money to purchase cocaine in six controlled buys on July 15, 23, 25, and 29, and August 6 and
15. The police orchestrated the controlled buys to focus on Palmer. Before each controlled buy,
the police followed protocols to ensure that the informant purchased the cocaine from Palmer.
Each time, the police searched the informant’s vehicle before and after the buy, provided her
with video and audio surveillance equipment, and monitored the entire buy from start to finish.
Once the police were ready, the informant would call Palmer while the police listened. The
informant called the same number for every controlled buy, which police records showed was
Palmer’s number. The informant and every officer surveilling the buy were shown a recent
photograph of Palmer before each buy. On all but one occasion, Palmer personally delivered the
cocaine to the informant. Yet during the third controlled buy, a woman claiming Palmer sent her
delivered the cocaine.
The third controlled buy proceeded much like the other buys. Before the controlled buy,
the law enforcement officers searched the informant’s vehicle, gave her money and surveillance
equipment, and showed her Palmer’s photograph. They then conducted the controlled call, and
Palmer answered and instructed the informant to go to a local restaurant. Once the informant
arrived, a second call occurred and a female voice told the informant to go to a 7-Eleven. When
the informant arrived at the 7-Eleven, she texted Palmer and asked where he was. She was then
approached by a woman she did not know, later identified as Courtney Bond.
The informant initially refused to purchase cocaine from Bond because she did not know
her. The informant texted Palmer after he did not answer her phone call and told him she would
-2- not talk to Bond. Palmer texted the informant, “Go ahead and deal with [Bond]. She’s okay.
She’s with me.” Palmer also told the informant that Bond was “his b****.” Once both Palmer
and Bond assured the informant that Bond was with Palmer and Palmer had packaged the
cocaine, the informant bought it. After the buy, a detective saw Bond meet up with Palmer. The
police conducted three more controlled buys until indictments were issued for Palmer for six
counts of distribution of a controlled substance.1
Palmer was arrested on September 22, 2019, and remained in custody until his trial on
June 14, 2021. On October 4, 2019, the circuit court appointed counsel for Palmer through the
Public Defender’s Office, and the circuit court continued the case to October 15, 2019, to select a
trial date. Palmer’s counsel agreed to the continuance. Before the October 15 hearing, the
Public Defender’s Office discovered a conflict. The circuit court appointed new counsel at the
October 15 hearing. The circuit court then continued the case to October 28, 2019, to set a trial
date. Palmer did not object to the continuance.
On October 28, the circuit court continued the case for another nine days because
Palmer’s newly appointed counsel did not appear at the hearing. At that October 28 hearing,
Palmer asked the circuit court to waive his appearance at the next hearing, stating, “I’m sure [my
attorney] can get with the Commonwealth and set a date up mutually.” The circuit court granted
Palmer’s request. Palmer then asked whether the time for the new continuance fell to him or the
Commonwealth for speedy trial calculations. The circuit court declined to rule on the speedy
trial calculation issue but noted that “when [it] ha[sn’t] heard anything from the attorney, it
would be difficult for them to say that the delay was due to the Commonwealth.” Palmer
acknowledged this answer and did not object to the continuance.
1 Although Palmer was indicted for distribution, the circuit court ultimately convicted him of six counts of possession with the intent to distribute cocaine. -3- In a very brief hearing on November 6, 2019, in which both the Commonwealth and
Palmer’s counsel were present, the Commonwealth told the circuit court that “[t]he attorneys
have picked April 16th and 17th[, 2020,] for a jury” trial date. Palmer’s counsel did not object to
this date. Before the April trial date, the circuit court continued Palmer’s trial over his objection
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The circuit court continued Palmer’s trial twice thereafter.
Palmer objected to one of those continuances. At a motions hearing on January 22, 2021, Palmer
moved to dismiss the case on speedy trial grounds. The circuit court denied the motion. The
circuit court then continued the trial to Saturday, June 12, 2021. On June 14, 2021, Palmer’s trial
began.
As a preliminary matter at trial, Palmer’s counsel moved to reconsider the circuit court’s
denial of his motion to dismiss for a speedy trial violation. The circuit court denied Palmer’s
motion to reconsider, finding that Palmer’s statutory speedy trial right had not been violated.
The Commonwealth then presented evidence on all six counts.
During the trial, the informant testified about each controlled buy. When discussing the
third controlled buy, the informant testified that she refused to buy the cocaine from Bond at
first. Instead, when Bond arrived at the 7-Eleven and approached the informant’s vehicle, the
informant told Bond “I don’t know you and I’m not getting anything from you. Who are you?”
Bond responded that Palmer sent her. Bond told the informant that Palmer “bagged [the cocaine]
up.” Palmer’s counsel objected to this testimony, arguing it was testimonial hearsay and that
Palmer had no opportunity to confront Bond about her statements.2 The circuit court overruled
the objection after the Commonwealth argued that it was a co-conspirator’s statement in
furtherance of a conspiracy. At the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence, Palmer’s counsel
moved to strike the evidence as to the third controlled buy count. He argued that no evidence
2 Bond did not testify at the trial. -4- proved Palmer sold the cocaine or that Bond and Palmer conspired to do so. Further, there was a
reasonable hypothesis of innocence that Palmer gave Bond the cocaine as an accommodation.
The circuit court denied the motion. Palmer presented no evidence and again moved to strike the
evidence, which the circuit court denied.
The circuit court found Palmer guilty on all six counts and sentenced him to eight years’
active incarceration. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Whether evidence is admissible “generally lie[s] within the trial court’s sound discretion
and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of [that] discretion.” Jasper v.
Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 749, 754 (2007) (second alteration in original) (quoting Breeden v.
Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 169, 184 (2004)). Yet whether evidence is “‘testimonial hearsay’
. . . is a question of law reviewed de novo.” Id. at 755 (alteration in original) (quoting Michels v.
Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 461, 465 (2006)).
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party below and accord to that party “the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible
from the evidence.” Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148 (2008). We will only reverse a
conviction if it was “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Id. In reviewing a
sufficiency challenge, “we do not substitute our own judgment for that of the factfinder.” Pulley
v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 104, 123 (2021), petition for reh’g filed, No. 220070 (Va. June 2,
2022). Sufficiency of the evidence challenges come down to “whether ‘any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting
Mollenhauer v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 318, 333 (2021)). Lastly, “[w]hether an alternative
hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact and, therefore, is binding on appeal
-5- unless plainly wrong.” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 12-13 (1997) (citation
omitted).
Finally, “[a] statutory speedy trial challenge presents a mixed question of law and fact.”
Ali v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 16, 29 (2022) (quoting Young v. Commonwealth, 297 Va.
443, 450 (2019)), petition for appeal filed, No. 220393 (Va. June 30, 2022). Thus, we review
legal questions de novo, while deferring to the circuit court’s factual findings. Id.
B. Bond’s Statements as Testimonial Hearsay
Palmer contends that the circuit court erred in admitting Bond’s statements to the
informant because the statements were inadmissible testimonial hearsay and Palmer did not have
an opportunity to confront Bond about them. But the statements were admissible as an exception
to the hearsay rule allowing co-conspirator statements made in furtherance of a conspiracy and
were not testimonial. Thus, the Confrontation Clause’s protections did not apply, and the circuit
court did not err in admitting the statements.
The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause “guarantees that a criminal defendant will
have the opportunity ‘to be confronted with the witnesses against him.’” Cody v.
Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 638, 657 (2018) (quoting U.S. Const. amend. VI). But “the
Confrontation Clause applies only to ‘testimonial’ statements.” Id. Testimonial statements are
the “sort [that] cause the declarant to be a ‘witness.’” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821
(2006). When determining whether a statement is testimonial, we objectively evaluate all
relevant circumstances “in which the encounter occur[ed] and the statements and actions of the
parties.” Adjei v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 727, 744 (2014) (alteration in original) (quoting
Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 359 (2011)). Yet many “hearsay exceptions ‘cover[]
statements that by their nature [are] not testimonial—for example, business records or statements
in furtherance of a conspiracy.’” Pulley, 74 Va. App. at 122 (alterations in original) (quoting
-6- Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 56 (2004)). Thus, if Bond’s statements were in
furtherance of a conspiracy, they are not testimonial under the Confrontation Clause.
The hearsay rule does not exclude a “statement by a co-conspirator of a party during the
course and in furtherance of the conspiracy” even if the declarant is available as a witness. Va.
R. Evid. 2:803. To admit a co-conspirator’s statement, the Commonwealth must establish “a
prima facie case of conspiracy . . . independent of the [hearsay] declarations themselves.”
Rabeiro v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 61, 63 (1990). Prima facie evidence is “evidence which
on its first appearance is sufficient to raise a presumption of fact or establish the fact in question
unless rebutted.” Wilkerson v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 808, 820 (2000) (quoting Babbitt v.
Miller, 192 Va. 372, 379-80 (1951)). We consider whether the evidence sufficiently established
the existence of a conspiracy in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. Rabeiro, 10
Va. App. at 64. “On factual issues relating to the admissibility of evidence, the burden of
persuasion is proof by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 64-65.
“Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted action to
commit an offense.” Id. at 66 (quoting Falden v. Commonwealth, 167 Va. 542, 544 (1937)).
The existence of a conspiracy “can be inferred from . . . overt conduct.” Poole v.
Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 510, 513 (1988) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Harris, 433 F.2d 333, 335 (4th Cir. 1970)). A factfinder may conclude that a conspiracy existed
where the Commonwealth shows “that the defendants ‘by their acts pursued the same object, one
performing one part and the others performing another part so as to complete it or with a view to
its attainment.’” Pulley, 74 Va. App. at 120 (quoting Carr v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 106,
118 (2018)).
Bond’s statements alone cannot prove the conspiracy existed. Yet circumstances and acts
outside of those statements established that Palmer and Bond conspired to distribute cocaine.
-7- Palmer orchestrated and coordinated the buy with the informant, and he told the informant where
to go. Bond did not appear at the informant’s vehicle until after the informant texted Palmer that
she had arrived. The informant refused to buy the cocaine from Bond until Palmer reassured her
that Bond was working with him. A detective then saw Bond and Palmer meet up shortly after
the sale. Further, the informant purchased drugs twice from Palmer directly in the ten days
before the third controlled buy, using a nearly identical process. All of these circumstances
showed that Palmer and Bond pursued the same object, that is, cocaine distribution, and took
steps to achieve it. As a result, the Commonwealth sufficiently proved a prima facie case that a
conspiracy between Bond and Palmer existed. Thus, Bond’s statements were admissible as
co-conspirator statements in furtherance of a conspiracy and were, by nature, nontestimonial. In
sum, this Court affirms the circuit court’s admission of Bond’s statements.
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence for the Third Controlled Buy
Palmer argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion to strike the evidence on
the third controlled buy count because the evidence merely revealed suspicious circumstances
and the circuit court ignored a reasonable hypothesis of innocence. He contends that the
evidence only showed that Bond sold the cocaine to the informant and Bond and Palmer met up
shortly after the sale. These circumstances, while suspicious, fail to prove he committed the
crime. Moreover, even if the circuit court credited the inadmissible statements Bond made to the
informant, it overlooked a reasonable hypothesis of innocence that Palmer gave Bond the
cocaine as an accommodation and she sold it without his knowledge.
We disagree with Palmer and find that the evidence sufficiently proved Palmer possessed
the cocaine with the intent to distribute.
To convict a defendant of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute,
the Commonwealth must prove that the defendant “‘intentionally and consciously possessed’ the
-8- drug, either actually or constructively, with knowledge of its nature and character, together with
the intent to distribute it.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 93, 95, 100-01 (1996) (quoting
Wilkins v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 293, 298 (1994)). “Constructive possession may be
shown by defendant’s acts, declarations or conduct which support the inference that the
contraband was ‘subject to his dominion or control.’” Wilkins, 18 Va. App. at 298 (quoting
Josephs v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 87, 99 (1990) (en banc)). Because directly proving
intent is often impossible, the Commonwealth must demonstrate it with circumstantial evidence
that is “consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence and exclude[s] every reasonable
hypothesis of innocence.” Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 524 (1988) (quoting Wells
v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 549, 551 (1986)).
Moreover, in felony cases, “every principal in the second degree and every accessory
before the fact” may be convicted as if “a principal in the first degree,” except in certain murder
cases. Code § 18.2-18. To prove a defendant is a principal in the second degree, the
Commonwealth must show (1) the defendant consented to the crime’s purpose and (2) “his
words, gestures, signals or actions” encouraged or helped “the person committing the crime to
commit it.” Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 265, 269 (1986); Hall v. Commonwealth, 225
Va. 533, 536 (1983).
Despite Palmer’s arguments to the contrary, the record contains ample evidence to
support the circuit court’s finding that Palmer possessed the cocaine with the intent to distribute
it as a principal in the second degree. Palmer’s recitation of the facts omits that the informant
called his number to set up the controlled buy, he told the informant where to get the cocaine,
and he assuaged the informant’s concerns about Bond. In fact, the informant refused to buy from
Bond until Palmer assured her that he had sent Bond. Further, the informant identified Palmer as
the person she spoke to on the phone to coordinate the buy and as the person she had purchased
-9- drugs from directly two days earlier. Bond also told the informant that Palmer had sent her, and
Palmer bagged the cocaine himself. As described in section B, those statements were
admissible, and the circuit court could properly consider them. Overall, Palmer’s acts and
declarations show that he controlled the cocaine, and thus constructively possessed it with the
intent to distribute it. Thus, the Commonwealth presented extensive evidence that Palmer
intended his words or actions to advise and help Bond commit the crime.
Lastly, Palmer’s reasonable hypothesis of innocence argument fails because no evidence
in the record shows that he gave Bond an accommodation. Even overlooking the evidence that
Palmer orchestrated the buy, Palmer failed to meet his burden of proving an accommodation in
the circuit court. A defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that
he provided an accommodation, that is, distributed drugs “motivated by a desire to accommodate
a friend, without any intent to profit or to induce or to encourage the use of drugs.” Winston v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 901, 905 (1993) (quoting Stillwell v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 214,
219 (1978)). Palmer did not put on any evidence at trial that he gave Bond the cocaine as an
accommodation. Thus, Palmer’s argument fails.
In sum, a reasonable factfinder could have found sufficient evidence to convict Palmer
for possession with an intent to distribute cocaine. Therefore, the circuit court did not err in
denying Palmer’s motion to strike and we affirm Palmer’s conviction for the third controlled
buy.
D. Palmer’s Statutory Speedy Trial Challenge
Palmer argues that he was incarcerated for a period well over the speedy trial statutory
maximum, despite his objections. But most of the 631 days between Palmer’s arrest and trial can
be attributed either to Palmer’s own agreement or the judicial emergency’s tolling of the
- 10 - statutory deadline. As a result, the circuit court did not err in denying Palmer’s motion to
dismiss based on statutory speedy trial grounds.
Relevant here, a trial must commence within five months from the defendant’s date of
arrest if the defendant is accused of a felony, was not arrested until after an indictment issued,
and was held in custody continuously after his arrest. Code § 19.2-243. “The five month
requirement of Code § 19.2-243 translates to 152 and a fraction days.” Ballance v.
Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 1, 6 (1995). “If a defendant is not tried within the time specified in
Code § 19.2-243, the burden is on the Commonwealth to explain the delay.” Godfrey v.
Commonwealth, 227 Va. 460, 463 (1984).
“The Commonwealth must prove that the delay was based on ‘one of the reasons
enumerated in [Code § 19.2-243] or on appellant’s waiver, actual or implied, of his right to be
tried within the designated period.” Baker v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 19, 22 (quoting
Norton v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 97, 99 (1994)), aff’d, 26 Va. App. 175, 176 (1997) (en
banc). Generally, the time between the probable cause finding or arrest and the initial trial date
is not a continuance and counts against the Commonwealth for speedy trial purposes. Turner v.
Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 72, 79 (2017). Further, “[a] defendant does not waive his right to a
speedy trial merely because he remains silent or does not demand that a trial date be set within
the prescribed period.” Godfrey, 227 Va. at 463. Nor does a defendant waive his speedy trial
right when his counsel provided dates outside the statutory period after the trial court granted the
Commonwealth’s continuance motion over the defendant’s objection. Baker, 25 Va. App. at
20-21, 25 (reasoning that supplying the trial court with available trial dates was not the defendant
concurring to the requested continuance).
But a defendant’s agreement with or failure to object to a court setting a trial date outside
the statutory speedy trial period “constitutes a continuance of the trial date under Code
- 11 - § 19.2-243(4).” Heath v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 389, 394 (2001); Commonwealth v. Hutchins,
260 Va. 293, 298 (2000). Moreover, Code § 19.2-243’s restrictions do not apply to speedy trial
deadline calculations when a defendant or his counsel requests the continuance, concurs to the
Commonwealth’s continuance motion, or fails to timely object to that motion. Code
§ 19.2-243(4). Either a defendant or his counsel may waive his statutory speedy trial right.
McCray v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 334, 342 (2004). Further, this Court has charged to a
defendant the delay between appointing new counsel for the defendant and the new trial date.
Ballance, 21 Va. App. at 6. Additionally, we recently concluded that the judicial emergency
orders based on the COVID-19 pandemic tolled statutory speedy trial deadlines under Code
§ 19.2-243(7), beginning March 16, 2020, and continuing through June 22, 2022. See Ali, 75
Va. App. at 30; In re: Fortieth Order Extending Declaration of Judicial Emergency in Response
to COVID-19 Emergency (Va. May 27, 2022); In re: Order Declaring a Judicial Emergency in
Response to COVID-19 Emergency (Va. Mar. 16, 2020).
In assessing statutory speedy trial violation claims, “we will confine our review to the
record that comes before us” which “must reflect the reason for any delay of defendant’s trial.”
Godfrey, 227 Va. at 463-64. Under Code § 19.2-243, Palmer’s September 22, 2019 arrest
triggered the speedy trial clock. Between Palmer’s arrest and his trial on June 14, 2021, 631
days elapsed. In calculating the time, twelve days were attributed to the Commonwealth for the
time between Palmer’s arrest and the first hearing where Palmer had counsel appointed. Then,
Palmer’s counsel concurred to an eleven-day continuance between October 4, 2019, and October
15, 2019. After new counsel was appointed, Palmer did not object to the thirteen-day
continuance from October 15 to October 28, 2019. Though Palmer questioned the circuit court
- 12 - at the October 28 hearing about the speedy trial time calculation when his counsel failed to
appear, he did not object to the following nine-day continuance.3
On November 6, 2019, Palmer’s counsel and the Commonwealth set the trial for April
16, 2020, which was outside the statutory speedy trial period. Under Code § 19.2-243(4) and
Hutchins, 260 Va. at 298, Palmer concurred to the 162-day continuance because his counsel
concurred to a trial date outside the statutory speedy trial deadline.4 Finally, between April 16,
2020, and Palmer’s trial on June 14, 2021, 424 days of the statutory speedy trial calculations
were tolled by the judicial emergency. Thus, twelve days were attributed to the Commonwealth
between Palmer’s arrest and the first hearing where Palmer had counsel appointed. Palmer then
either agreed to or did not object to continuances for 195 days between the first hearing and the
original trial date. For the remaining 424 days, the Commonwealth proved that the delay was
based on a reason outlined in Code § 19.2-243: the judicial emergency resulting from the
COVID-19 pandemic. Factoring in Palmer’s agreed-to continuances and the tolled speedy trial
deadline, 619 of the 631 days between Palmer’s arrest and his trial did not count against the
Commonwealth for purposes of speedy trial calculations.
CONCLUSION
Overall, Bond’s statements were not testimonial hearsay because they were
co-conspirator’s statements made in furtherance of the conspiracy, the evidence was sufficient to
convict Palmer of possession with the intent to distribute cocaine for the third controlled buy,
3 Even if we attributed these two continuances to the Commonwealth as an unexcused delay due to Palmer’s lack of counsel, the days would come nowhere near the speedy trial deadline. 4 Absent Palmer’s presence in the courtroom and a colloquy with the judge, it is unclear Palmer knew his counsel waived his speedy trial rights. Though the record binds us to conclude Palmer waived those rights, we note that “[t]he trial judge remains ultimately responsible for setting and controlling the docket and ensuring that no speedy trial violations occur.” McCray, 44 Va. App. at 344 n.2. - 13 - and the speedy trial deadline was either waived by Palmer or tolled by the judicial emergency.
Thus, this Court affirms the defendant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
- 14 -