Hi OKAS, District Judge,
(after stating the facts.) In considering the questions arising on the errors assigned in this record, we deem it best not to take them up in the order followed to the assignment of errors and in the briefs of counsel, believing that a clearer understanding of the questions involved can be had if we follow the sequence of the events that gave rise to this controversy.
in the petition it ⅛ averred that tbe defendant companies bad knowledge' of the insane condition of John W. Graeter when he sought to become a passenger on the train, leaving St. Louis on the evening of February 16, 1891. Assuming that there was evidence to be submitted to the jury, tending to support this charge of knowledge on part of the defendants, the first question arising upon the facte was that touching ihe duty and rights of the railway company when Graeter sough Í; to become a passenger upon the train. The claim on behalf of the plaintiff waa that as Graeter was then an Insane person, the company liad the right — and, if the company was chargeable with knowledge of his insane condition, it became its duty, for the protection of the other passengers — to refuse to .accept Mm as a passenger. The defendant railway company denied knowledge of Grader's condition when he was admitted as a passenger upon the train. If, upon the evidence, the jury should find that at the time Graeter became a passenger the railway company was not chargeable with knowledge of his insane condition, then it would not ho possible to hold that the company was derelict in its duty in merely permitting him to take passage on the train; and the jury would not, in such case, be called upon to. consider cither the right or duty of the company to refuse to accept Mm as a passenger. If, however, the jury, under the evidence, should find that the railway company was chargeable with knowledge of Graeter’s insanity at the time he sought passage on the train, then the question of the right and duty of the company under such circumstances would properly arise. Upon this aspect of the case the court charged the jury as follows:
“(5) The jury are instructed that the defendant railway company was at the time of the occurrence in question a common carrier of passengers; that, as such common carrier, it was its duty to receive upon its trains all persons who apply for passage, and pay, or offer to pay, the usual and customary-fare; and that such carrier would have no legal right to refuse such transportation to any one on mere suspicion that such person was dangerous to others, from insanity or any other cause, if such person, at the time of offering to become a passenger, was apparently harmless, and conducted himself in no way different from other persons applying for passage.”
From the language used in this instruction the jury might fairly infer the law to be that a common carrier was bound to receive as [120]*120a passenger a person wbo offered to pay the proper fare, if be at that time was apparently harmless, even though the carrier knew he was in fact insane, or had grounds for suspicion that such person, by reason of Ms insanity, might be dangerous to others upon the carrier’s veMcle. Clearly this is not the law. It is well settled that a common carrier is not obliged, as a matter of law, to receive as a passenger an insane or drunken person, or one whose physical or mental condition is such that his presence upon the vehicle of the carrier may cause injury or substantial discomfort to the other passengers. Wood, Ry. Law, 1085; Putnam v. Railway Co., 55 N. Y. 108; Pearson v. Duane, 4 Wall. 605. In the latter case the supreme court states the rule to be that—
“Common carriers of passengers, like the steamship Stevens, are obliged to cany all persons who apply for passage, if the accommodations are sufficient, unless there is a proper excuse for refusal. If there are reasonable objections to a proposed passenger, the carrier is not required to take him.”
The law imposes upon a common carrier the duty of exercising a very Mgh degree of care and foresight for the safe transportation of the passengers who intrust themselves to him for that purpose; and in the performance of this duty, wMch the carrier cannot evade or escape from, the carrier certainly has the right to exclude from his veMcle any one whose condition is such that a possibility of danger may be thrown upon the other passengers if he is admitted as a passenger. It would cast an unjust burden on the carrier to hold, on the one hand, that he must exercise the Mghest degree of care and caution for the protection of Ms passengers, and, on the other hand, to hold that he has not the right to exclude from Ms veMcle one whose condition is such that he may cause danger to the other passengers, simply because, at the moment he offers himself as a passenger, he is qMet, well-behaved, or apparently harmless. The fact is made clear, beyond dispute, that when Graeter took passage on the railway train, on the eveMng of February 16, 1891, he was then a dangerous lunatic, liable at any moment to be seized with a homicidal frenzy; and he was therefore a wholly unfit person to be at large, or to take passage on a railway train, unaccompanied with proper attendants to restrain him from injuring others. The railway company, in view of the undisputed facts of the case, had unquestionably the legal right to refuse to accept Graeter as a passenger; and, if it had knowledge of Ms actual condition, it was derelict in its duty, in consenting to accept him as a passenger-without taking sufficient precautions to protect the other passengers from Ms murderous attack. In its application to the facts of tMs case, the instruction we are considering is faulty and misleading, in that it improperly limits the right of a common earner to refuse to accept an insane person as a passenger, and fails to state clearly what the duty of the carrier woMd be in case a person known to the company to be insane offers himself as a passenger, unaccompaMed by friends or attendants. Having been accepted as a passenger, then the railway company, as soon as it became chargeable with knowledge of Graeteris insane condition, — whether that knowledge was acquired before or at the time he became a passenger, or from Ms-[121]*121acts subsequent to the beginning of the journey,- — was charged with the duty of exercising proper care fox* the protection of the other persons upon its train.
In defining the measure of care required of the company under these circumstances, the court ruled as follows:
‘‘The dofendiints in this case wore bound to use the utmost caro and diligence that prudent and careful men, skilled in the discharge of the duties of their employes were engaged, in, should have exercised to protect the plaintiff’s intestate from any and all assaults that might be made upon him by any one while he was a passenger upon the train, or on the cars of the defendants, or either of them; and if they, or cither of them, failed to exercise such care, and by reason of such failure he was killed, then the jury should find for the plaintiff, in such sum as ilie testimony in the case warrants, not exceeding the amount'sued, for.”
The degree of care demanded of a common carrier or other person in the performance of a duty to another is defined by the law. What a party should do to fulfill the degree of care the law imposes upon him, under given circumstances, is ordinarily a question of fact, for the determination of the jury.
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Hi OKAS, District Judge,
(after stating the facts.) In considering the questions arising on the errors assigned in this record, we deem it best not to take them up in the order followed to the assignment of errors and in the briefs of counsel, believing that a clearer understanding of the questions involved can be had if we follow the sequence of the events that gave rise to this controversy.
in the petition it ⅛ averred that tbe defendant companies bad knowledge' of the insane condition of John W. Graeter when he sought to become a passenger on the train, leaving St. Louis on the evening of February 16, 1891. Assuming that there was evidence to be submitted to the jury, tending to support this charge of knowledge on part of the defendants, the first question arising upon the facte was that touching ihe duty and rights of the railway company when Graeter sough Í; to become a passenger upon the train. The claim on behalf of the plaintiff waa that as Graeter was then an Insane person, the company liad the right — and, if the company was chargeable with knowledge of his insane condition, it became its duty, for the protection of the other passengers — to refuse to .accept Mm as a passenger. The defendant railway company denied knowledge of Grader's condition when he was admitted as a passenger upon the train. If, upon the evidence, the jury should find that at the time Graeter became a passenger the railway company was not chargeable with knowledge of his insane condition, then it would not ho possible to hold that the company was derelict in its duty in merely permitting him to take passage on the train; and the jury would not, in such case, be called upon to. consider cither the right or duty of the company to refuse to accept Mm as a passenger. If, however, the jury, under the evidence, should find that the railway company was chargeable with knowledge of Graeter’s insanity at the time he sought passage on the train, then the question of the right and duty of the company under such circumstances would properly arise. Upon this aspect of the case the court charged the jury as follows:
“(5) The jury are instructed that the defendant railway company was at the time of the occurrence in question a common carrier of passengers; that, as such common carrier, it was its duty to receive upon its trains all persons who apply for passage, and pay, or offer to pay, the usual and customary-fare; and that such carrier would have no legal right to refuse such transportation to any one on mere suspicion that such person was dangerous to others, from insanity or any other cause, if such person, at the time of offering to become a passenger, was apparently harmless, and conducted himself in no way different from other persons applying for passage.”
From the language used in this instruction the jury might fairly infer the law to be that a common carrier was bound to receive as [120]*120a passenger a person wbo offered to pay the proper fare, if be at that time was apparently harmless, even though the carrier knew he was in fact insane, or had grounds for suspicion that such person, by reason of Ms insanity, might be dangerous to others upon the carrier’s veMcle. Clearly this is not the law. It is well settled that a common carrier is not obliged, as a matter of law, to receive as a passenger an insane or drunken person, or one whose physical or mental condition is such that his presence upon the vehicle of the carrier may cause injury or substantial discomfort to the other passengers. Wood, Ry. Law, 1085; Putnam v. Railway Co., 55 N. Y. 108; Pearson v. Duane, 4 Wall. 605. In the latter case the supreme court states the rule to be that—
“Common carriers of passengers, like the steamship Stevens, are obliged to cany all persons who apply for passage, if the accommodations are sufficient, unless there is a proper excuse for refusal. If there are reasonable objections to a proposed passenger, the carrier is not required to take him.”
The law imposes upon a common carrier the duty of exercising a very Mgh degree of care and foresight for the safe transportation of the passengers who intrust themselves to him for that purpose; and in the performance of this duty, wMch the carrier cannot evade or escape from, the carrier certainly has the right to exclude from his veMcle any one whose condition is such that a possibility of danger may be thrown upon the other passengers if he is admitted as a passenger. It would cast an unjust burden on the carrier to hold, on the one hand, that he must exercise the Mghest degree of care and caution for the protection of Ms passengers, and, on the other hand, to hold that he has not the right to exclude from Ms veMcle one whose condition is such that he may cause danger to the other passengers, simply because, at the moment he offers himself as a passenger, he is qMet, well-behaved, or apparently harmless. The fact is made clear, beyond dispute, that when Graeter took passage on the railway train, on the eveMng of February 16, 1891, he was then a dangerous lunatic, liable at any moment to be seized with a homicidal frenzy; and he was therefore a wholly unfit person to be at large, or to take passage on a railway train, unaccompanied with proper attendants to restrain him from injuring others. The railway company, in view of the undisputed facts of the case, had unquestionably the legal right to refuse to accept Graeter as a passenger; and, if it had knowledge of Ms actual condition, it was derelict in its duty, in consenting to accept him as a passenger-without taking sufficient precautions to protect the other passengers from Ms murderous attack. In its application to the facts of tMs case, the instruction we are considering is faulty and misleading, in that it improperly limits the right of a common earner to refuse to accept an insane person as a passenger, and fails to state clearly what the duty of the carrier woMd be in case a person known to the company to be insane offers himself as a passenger, unaccompaMed by friends or attendants. Having been accepted as a passenger, then the railway company, as soon as it became chargeable with knowledge of Graeteris insane condition, — whether that knowledge was acquired before or at the time he became a passenger, or from Ms-[121]*121acts subsequent to the beginning of the journey,- — was charged with the duty of exercising proper care fox* the protection of the other persons upon its train.
In defining the measure of care required of the company under these circumstances, the court ruled as follows:
‘‘The dofendiints in this case wore bound to use the utmost caro and diligence that prudent and careful men, skilled in the discharge of the duties of their employes were engaged, in, should have exercised to protect the plaintiff’s intestate from any and all assaults that might be made upon him by any one while he was a passenger upon the train, or on the cars of the defendants, or either of them; and if they, or cither of them, failed to exercise such care, and by reason of such failure he was killed, then the jury should find for the plaintiff, in such sum as ilie testimony in the case warrants, not exceeding the amount'sued, for.”
The degree of care demanded of a common carrier or other person in the performance of a duty to another is defined by the law. What a party should do to fulfill the degree of care the law imposes upon him, under given circumstances, is ordinarily a question of fact, for the determination of the jury. It is therefore the duty of the court to instruct the jury as to the degree of care required of the party to the particular case, in order that the jury may determine whether the obligation which the law imposes has been fairly met. A common carrier of passengers is bound to exercise, for the protection of his passengers, a higher degree of care and foresight than is imposed upon persons not, engaged in that business. In the instruction given by the court the statement is that the defendants were bound to use the. utmost care and diligence that prudent and careful men should have exercised to protect the plaintiff’s inte?,!ate from any and all assaults that might be made upon him by any one while he was a passenger on the train. The jury were not instructed that, as a common carrier of passengers, the railway company was, hound to the exercise of the highest degree of care. The inairuction was that the company was bound to use the utmost care that prudent men should exercise. The care that prudent men should exercise is dependent largely upon the relation they occupy towards the person to whom the exercise of care is due. Degrees of care may be predicated of one who is a common carrier, or of one who is not, but cannot be of prudent men; for the law does not cast upon prudent men any particular degree of care, nor the duty of exercising any greater care than is imposed upon men in general. The degree of care imposed by the law is determined by the relation existing between the parties, as that of carrier and passenger, master and servant, and the like, but not by the character of the individuals occupying the relations named. The instruction, therefore, wholly fails to give to the jury the test to he applied in determining the question of negligence on the part of the railway company. In no part of the charge did the court give any other definition of the degree of care demanded of the company in the performance of its contract of transportation than that contained in the instruction last quoted. Counsel for plaintiff: submitted an instruction which correctly defined the degree of care demanded of the railway company as a common carrier of passengers; but the court refused to give it, substituting therefor the charge we are now considering, which, in our [122]*122judgment, fails to state with clearness and accuracy the degree of care imposed by the law upon the railway company.
Taking the charge given to the jury in its entirety, it is open to the criticism that it fails to properly inform the jury of the duty and obligation resting upon the railway company. The charge is largely devoted to instructing the jury that the company had not the legal right, or was not called upon, to do this or that; but it fails to state what the company had a right to do, provided certain conditions of fact were found by the jury to exist. Thus the evidence proved that G-raeter was violently insane some weeks before February 16th, and that, when he sought passage on the railway train at St. Louis, he had not recovered therefrom. There was also evidence tending to show that knowledge of his insanity, and of the delusions to which he was subject, was brought home to the conductor and other employes on the train, possibly on the evening of February 16th, and certainly before the train reached Bald Knob station, the next day, being the piace were Meyer got on the train. The court did not affirmatively instruct the jury that if the company became chargeable, through its employes, with knowledge of Graeter’s insane condition, it had the right, and that it might be its duty, to place Graeter under guard or restraint, or to remove him from the cars, if such action was required for the protection of the other passengers from possible harm. On the contrary, every paragraph of the charge contains a limitation, expressed negatively, either upon the right of the company to act, or upon its duty to act. The evidence fads to show that the company took any action for the protection of the other passengers until after Meyer was killed, and the character of the charge, in that it negatived the right and duty of the company in so many particulars, must have impressed the jury with the belief that the facts proven were not sufficient in law to confer upon it the right to take any steps whatever for restraining, guarding, isolating, or removing the insane person previous to the killing of Meyer, and that all the company could lawfully do was to wait and see what might happen. Upon this question of the right of the company after it had knowledge of Graeter’s insanity, the court, at the request of the defendants, gave the following instructions:
“(6) Hie law does not require of a common carrier to provide keepers, or other means of restraint or confinement, in anticipation of one of its passengers becoming suddenly insane while on his journey. If such event occurs after the passenger has begun his journey as an apparently sane person, it would be the duty of the carrier to refuse to carry such passenger any further than was necessary to place him in charge of some county or municipal officer, and to use all reasonable care to prevent his doing injury to other passengers in the meantime.
“(7) Nor even then would the carrier be justified in binding such person, or putting him under physical restraint, or off the train, unless forewarned by such conduct, as would reasonably indicate to prudent persons that such passenger would probably do violence to those around him. If, on the contrary, such passenger was neither violent in word or act, and the only outward expression of a disordered mind was an expression of fear and apprehension of violence from others, which apprehension was apparently removed when assured that his fears were groundless, the carrier would not have been justi-. fied, in law, in exercising any physical restraint over such passenger.
“(8) The law does not require of the carrier that it do more than to protect its passengers from dangers and annoyances which are the usual and reasonable results of a given condition of affairs; and if the jury find from -the evi-[123]*123Pence in tills case that a person of ordinary prudence would not have anticipated or reasonably apprehended, that a failure to eject Graeter from the train, or to physically restrain him, would result in Ms suddenly killing one of his follow passengers, then the defendant carrier is not guilty of negligence, and the plaintiff cannot, recover.
“(9) And if the jury find from the evidence that the killing of Meyer by Graeter, under the circumstances, was an occurrence of such an unusual, rare, and unexpected character as would not have been looked for or anticipated by a prudent person as the direct consequence of a failure to restrain Graeter beforehand, then it was not a danger of such character as the law requires a carrier to protect its passengers against. Consequently the omission or failure of the carrier to guard against such an occurrence would not be negligence for which the carrier would be liable or answerable.”
It cannot be disputed that Graeters insanity was such that be ought not to have been permitted to travel, unattended and unguarded, upon, railway passenger trains. If the defendant railway company became at any time chargeable with knowledge of G-raetor's actual condition, then certainly the company would be charged with the duty of doing whatever a high degree of care would demand lor the protection of the other passengers upon the train. If the evidence failed to show that the company had become changeable with knowledge of Graeters actual, condition at any time before the killing of Meyer, then no ground would exist for holding it responsible for the consequences of Graeterb act; but from the time the company had become chargeable with knowledge of Ms condition, then the obligation rested upon the company to do whatever was reasonably within Its power for the protection of the others upon the train. Under such circumstances the company owes a duty to the insane passenger, as well as to the others; and what action should be taken is, of course, dependent largely upon the circumstances of the particular case. If the safety and reasonable comfort of the other passengers will not be imperiled thereby, the company may carry the insane person to the end of his journey, or he may be removed from the train at the first station where he may be properly cared for; but whether lio be carried on the train a longer of a shorter distance, the company is bound, so long as he is on the train, to do whatever, ⅛ the way of restraint or isolation, is reasonably demanded for the safety and comfort of the other passengers.
The sixth and seventh instructions given by the court are open to a construction which would place too narrow a limit upon the power and right of the carrier in dealing with an insane person upon its trains. In the seventh charge the right of the carrier to exercise physical restraint over or to put an insane person, off the train is limited to cases wherein the conduct of the insane man indicates that he will probably do violence to those about him. In the performance of its contract of transporte tí on with the other passengers, the carrier ⅛ under obligation to use a high degree of care, and a reasonable possibility as well as a probability of danger may call for action on, part of the canier. Furthermore, in the seventh charge it ⅛ said that the carrier would not have been justified, in law, in re-straining the insane person, if he was neither violent in word or act, and the only outward expression of a disordered mind was an expression of fear and apprehension of [124]*124violence. The jury might well infer from this statement that the-law forbade the carrier from exercising any physical restraint over an insane person, so long as he remained quiet, whereas,, if the carrier knows that in fact the person is violently insane, and may at any moment do violence to others, it is justified, and in fact it may be its imperative duty, to exercise proper restraint, although at the time the person may be quiet, and apparently harmless; and it is for the jury to decide, under the evidence, what the situation demands of the carrier, in the performance of its legal duty to the other passengers.
In the eighth charge it is said that if a person of ordinary prudence would not have anticipated that a failure to eject Graeter from the train, or to restrain him, would result in his suddenly killing one of his fellow passengers, then the company could not be charged with negligence. The better statement would have been that if the employes of the defendant company, in the exercise of the high degree of care demanded of them, could not have reasonably anticipated that the failure to eject or restrain Graeter might result in his.doing injury to his fellow passengers, then the non-action of the company could not be held to be negligence.
In the ninth charge it is stated that, if the killing of Meyer by Graeter was an occurrence of such unusual character as would not have been anticipated as a direct consequence of a failure to restrain Graeter beforehand, then the company was not required to guard against the same. In order to charge the company with the duty of restraining Graeter, it was not necessary that it should foresee that if Graeter was not restrained he would kill Meyer. If the situation was such that the company should have foreseen a reasonable possibility of injury being caused to any of the passengers by the presence of Graeter on the train, then the obligation to take proper action for the protection of the passengers arose, although the company could not possibly anticipate which one of the passengers might be injured by Graeter in case he was not restrained, nor whether his violence would cause death or not.
It is not-necessary to examine each one of the instructions that were excepted to, and the giving of which is assigned as error. What has been already said is sufficient to show in what particulars we deem the instructions given to the jury to be insufficient, and in some degree misleading. So far we have considered the case as though the railway company was the sole defendant.
In defining the duty and obligation resting upon the Pullman’s Palace-Oar Company, the court, at the request of that company, gave the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that Pullman’s Palace-Oar Company, one of the defendants herein, is not a common carrier, and is not burdened with the heavy and exceptional obligations of a common carrier, for the protection of its passengers from injury; that the extent of its obligation for the protection of its passengers from injury is to maintain a reasonable watch to protect those passengers from any known danger reasonably probable to arise under the circumstances.”
It has been repeatedly held that sleeping-car companies are not ordinarily either common carriers of passengers nor innkeepers. [125]*125The character and extent of the obligations resting upon them have not yet been defined with exactness, and may in some particulars be dependent upon the relation existing between them and the railway company upon whose line their cars are used. As the record now is in this case, we do not deem it advisable to enter upon the consideration of the relation existing botwen Meyer and the Pullman Company, it being sufficient to say that assuming, without so deciding, that the instruction last quoted correctly states the extent of the obligation resting upon the sleeping-car company, nevertheless the court did not instruct the jury that the company had the right, if need arose, to restrain or eject from the car an insane person, and the jury would naturally infer from the entire charge that the rights of the sleeping-car company were in this particular even more limited than those of the railway company. For these reasons the judgment must be reversed as to both defendants.
During the introduction of the evidence on the trial of the case the plaintiff offered the deposition of Orpheus Evarts, the medical superintendent of the Cincinnati Sanitarium, a private hospital for the care of insane persons, to which hospital Oraeter was taken on the 4th of March next after the killing of Meyer, which was excluded on objection made by the defendants. The testimony of the witness tended to show Graeter’s condition while lie was at the hospital, but, in reply to the question whether he could state whether Graeiet-’s insanity preceded the occurrence on the train, he answered that he could not. If the testimony would throw any light upon the question of Graeter’s mental condition prior to February 16, 1891, then it would he admissible, because the defendants,' in their answers, denied that his insanity antedated that time. The mere fact that the witness did not see Graeter for some two weeks after the time Meyer was killed would not necessarily render .his testimony inadmissible. If by reason of his knowledge he was an expert in mental diseases, and could give an intelligent ojiinion as to the probable length of time that Graeter’s insanity had existed, his testimony would have been competent; and therefore the objection taken, that the knowledge of the witness was not acquired until after the date of Meyer’s death, was not wrell taken. We are not, however, prepared to say that the objection of immaferialitv was not well founded. The trial court was in a position to better judge, in view of the whole evidence adduced, which is not before ns, whether the testimony would throwr any light upon the matters in dispute or not.’ So far as we can now see, the court might have admitted the testimony without impropriety, but we are not prepared to say that it was clearly error to reject it.
For the errors pointed out in the instructions given the jury, the judgment is reversed, at cost of defendants in exaur, and the case is remanded to the circuit court, with instructions to grant a new trial