Maynes, J.
These cases have been beard upon petitions in error and upon tne arguments of counsel, and the principal decision of the cases, in the main, all turns upon the same state of facts. The actions in the court of common pleas were brought by the Second National Bank, by Isaac N. Walker & Co., and by R. Meier & Co. in separate suits, each claiming to hold Calvin Bronson, then in full life, liable upon certain claims that each held originally against the firm of Charles R. Mes-singer & Company, but which claims had been compromised in the year 1884, at a time when Mr. Messinger practically failed and compromised with his creditors, seeking to set aside that compromise and to hold Calvin Bronson liable, for the reason that this partnership had been concealed and had not been made known to the creditors at the time of the settlement, or at any other time, and averring that they had brought suit as soon as they had ascertained that there was a liability on the part of Bronson.
The facts of the case, somewhat in detail, are these: Messinger & Co., at [198]*198■one time carried on business in the city of Toledo, in the cutting and manufacture of leaf tobacco into smoking tobacco and other brands, and in that firm Calvin ■Bronson had been a member. That firm, however, was dissolved, and for some 'years Charles R. Messinger carried on the business alone, under the firm name •of C. R. Messinger & Company. Finally, in the year 1878, an arrangement was made between Mr. Bronson and Mr. Messinger — as the testimony discloses— whereby Bronson was to let Messinger have about $10,000 in money. He did let him have that money, at different times and in different sums, and received from Messinger certain notes, payable to Bronson, with interest at eight per cent per annum. Messinger testifies that at the time this arrangement was made, at the time he received his money, and as a part of the consideration for receiving it, it was further agreed that Bronson should receive one-fourth of the net profits of the business which was then being carried on; and •the agreement further provided that if the profits should not exceed the amount of eight per cent interest on the notes, that Messinger was to pay eight per cent interest on the notes in that event. It was further agreed, as Mr. Messinger testifies, that Messinger was to receive during that time a certain sum per year for his services m the business — $1,500 a year, I think, at first, and then $2,000 a year. And it was further stated by Mr. Messinger that Mr. Bronson had agreed at the same time to also indorse paper at the bank for Messinger for a certain amount. The testimony discloses that Bronson did, from time to time, indorse notes at the Second National Bank for Mr. Messinger, Messinger having received the money, and the business proceeded, and at the end of the first year (this having occurred, I think in the fall of 1878), upon the first of January, when he took an inventory and the profits were ascertained, Mr. Messinger gave to Mr. Bronson, as he testifies,' a note representing one-fourth of the amount of the net profits from the time the arrangement was made down to the first of January; and he did so during the year 1879; and in the year 1880 the profits were not visible. The business evidently was running behind, for some reason, and in the summer. of 1880, Mr. Bronson, as Messinger testifies, notified him that on the 1st of January, 1881, the arrangement between them would terminate and end. And accordingly, at the end of that time it did, as-he testifies, end and cease. The notes which were given for the profits were paid afterwards by C. R. Messinger.
Messinger continued in business from 1881 to 1884, in June sometime, when he found himself in a failing condition. The business was insolvent. Thereupon a schedule of debts was made out — a statement made out, to be submitted to his creditors, and upon that exhibit Mr. Bronson was represented as a creditor of C. R. Messinger & Co. to the full amount of the notes which had been taken for the original $10,000, and for some sums in addition for which he was held as indorser, and in the compromise which was made, whereby the creditors were to receive 25 per cent on the dollar, he participated with the other creditors. The testimony of Mr. Almon Hall has also been given in the case, in which it- is stated by him that a short time prior to the making of this settlement, he, acting then for Mr. Messinger — and in fact drawing up the articles of compromise afterwards — and perhaps the assignment, I don’t remember about that— sent for Mr. Bronson to call at his office, and there in the presence of Mr. Messinger, they had a conversation, in which Mr. Hall stated to Mr. Bronson that he had learned of this arrangement and stated to him the leading facts in regard to it, and stated to him further, .that that being true, he would be liable to be held as a partner, or could be held as a partner; and Mr. Hall states that Mr. Bronson replied that he had been so advised by his counsel. Upon his examination, Mr. Messinger’s attention was called to this conversation, but he denied having heard it. Also, later on in the trial he was called to the stand on behalf of defendant, and then stated that he didn’t hear it.
[199]*199Now these are the leading facts in' regard to the oral testimony. There is some negative testimony, or rather, there is testimony that should bear upon this subject. The books of the concern are not in existence. Sometime subsequent to the failure, Mr. C. R. Messinger sold them to the paper dealers. There was a memorandum book, which, it was stated, would throw some light upon this subject, which has been lost and cannot be found. The original notes themselves are lost and the indorsements which were made upon them. The testimony of Mr. Messinger is that whenever he made these notes for profits he at the same time indorsed upon the back of the original notes which had been given by him to Mr. Bronson the words “ interest paid” — and perhaps the testimony is that the majority of them were so indorsed by Mr. Bronson himself.
Now, I believe, in outline, these are the leading points in the case, and the controversy here is whether, upon these facts, Mr. Bronson can be held as a member of the firm of C. R. Messinger & Co., not whether he can as between himself and Mr. C. R. Messinger, but whether he can by the creditors be held as a member of the firm, for the firm debts.
Preliminary to this, and before proceeding further, the question is made as to whether the Second National Bank can recover upon the claims upon which it bases its right to recover finally — for this reason, and growing out of this state of facts. The notes which were originally sued upon were notes which were executed after 1881. ’ Upon its transpiring upon the trial that upon the 1st of January, 1881, this arrangement terminated, it obtained leave of the court of common pleas to amend its pleadings, in which it set up that the original indebtedness — the money loaned — was loaned some time prior to 1881,by the bank to Messinger & Co., and during the time that this arrangement existed, as is claimed between Messinger and Bronson. And a controversy then arose as between the bank and the defendants as to whether there had been a renewal of these notes from time to time, or whether the notes had in fact been paid off and gone out of existence and new loans given by the bank to Bronson and Messinger, in which case there would be no liability, because the indebtedness had accrued after 1881. We think after discussing the matter, that the testimony shows that there was a line of' discounts and an agreement for discounts by the bank to Messinger & Co., of which he availed himself and which was carried forward from the time of the original loans by renewal notes from time to time down to the time that the last notes were given. It may be that they were not always given at the same moment, or even perhaps the-same day, but they were given under the same arrangement. It is true, perhaps, that at the time the notes were paid, that is to say, the business was transacted, by a new note being given or by a check being given by Messinger & Co. to take up the old note and the new note put in the bank, sometimes the new note, perhaps, was not put in the bank for twenty-four hours after the old note was taken up. It was said that at times Messinger would have more than money enough in the bank to pay that particular note, and upon that there was some testimony given; but we are clearly of the opinion that within the rules which should govern the renewal of notes and the continuation of a debt, that there was such a renewal of the notes and continuation of the debt that the plaintiff would have a right to sue.
Coming back to the question as to whether there was in fact a partnership or ■whether there was such an interest that the plaintiff should have a right to hold Bronson as a partner in the firm of Messinger & Co., we will say that we have listened with attention to the able arguments of counsel and we have endeavored to read carefully the leading cases cited by them.
On the part of plaintiff in error in the first case, defendants below — the Bronson estate — the cases cited are: 28 O. S., 319; 13 Rhode Island, 27; 97 N.Y., 159; 71 Ill., 148; and the case of Cox v. Hickman, a leading case in England, which may be found in various reports, but I have it here as found in the House •of Rords cases, vol. 8, page 267.
[200]*200Counsel for defendant in error have cited 7 O. S., 172, and quite a number of text books. They also have referred the court to all the cases in the Ohio,State 'Reports touching the question of liability upon partnership agreements. However, upon an examination of the cases, the leading cases are cited in 7 O. S., and 28 O. S. and the other cases which have been cited.
It would be very interesting, and even instructive, to discuss these various-cases and to see the manner in which the decisions of law seem to grow and expand and become rules. The law of Ohio was at one time supposed to be settled in the case of Wood & Oliver v. Henry Vallette and Harry Lewis, 7 O. S., 172, where in the third division of the syllabus, it is stated:
That a contract between parties to share in the net profits of a business, to the carrying on of which they respectively contribute, necessarily makes them partners as to third persons dealing with the firm.
Afterwards, in the 28 O. S., the Supreme Court commission, in the case of Harvey v. Childs & Potter, 319, give these as syllabi in the case:
The liability of one partner for the contracts of another, when not estopped from denying the liability, is founded on the relation they sustain of being each principal and agent in the joint business. That relation is, therefore, the true test of partnership, and the liability rests on the ground that it was incurred on the express or implied authority of the party sought to be charged.
Participation in the profits of a business, though cogent evidence of a partnership, is not necessarily decisive of the question. The evidence must show that the persons taking the profits, shared them as principals in a joint business, in which each has an express or implied authority to bind the other.-
While the first rule is a very simple one, the last rule is inclined to make a man think some before he arrives at a conclusion. What I mean by that is that in my judgment, it leaves the question as to whether there is a partnership one that will necessarily always be in a good deal of doubt, unless it can be shown definitely that there was an express agreement that the parties should become partners; or perhaps a better way of stating it would be that they should so-agree as to what would be done that it would show that they had contributed either capital or labor specifically to carry on the business, with the further agreement that they would be sharers in the profits and losses of the business, which would make an express contract of partnership.
The case in 28 O. S. refers to this case of Cox v. Hickman as having changed the rule in regard to sharing the profits and losses doctrine, as it is called. We have given that case very careful attention and while it has gone so far into-history as to be old enough to establish that doctrine, nevertheless, when it was originally decided, the decision of the House of Cords, in our judgment, did not establish any such doctrine. That case, I may say, was this: Smith & Son, carrying on the business of manufacturing iron in England, had become involved, perhaps insolvent, and, rather than to go into bankruptcy, they made an arrangement whereby they conveyed to trustees all of their property with the agreement that the property should be sold down to four thousand pounds, and that about four thousand pounds of their property should be left in the business, and then that the business should be carried on by the trustees and from time to time the net profits of the business should be divided among the various creditors by the trustees until the whole of the creditors were paid, and then the business itself and all the property remaining should be conveyed by the trustees to Smith & Son. The business had been a profitable one, the good will of the concern, evidently, was deemed to be very valuable, and the creditors seemed to be very desirous to carry out the arrangement, and, of course, Smith & Son were desirous to do so. There was an understanding by the trust agreement whereby the creditors might from time to time be called together in a meeting, and that meeting decided at any time whether the business should proceed or whether it should be stopped and wound up or closed out. Those are the leading facts in [201]*201the case. The business went forward, but did not prove as profitable as was expected, and certain drafts had been drawn upon the trustees and accepted by the parties, and suit was brought upon these against certain of the creditors and the trustees, alleging that they were copartners in the carrying on of this business because they were sharers in’ the profits; that the trustees were liable because they had given the acceptances, and the creditors liable because they were made sharers in the profits, and the court of common pleas held the ■ creditors liable. In the Exchequer Chamber, of six justices, they stood three .to three. Thereupon it went to the House of Eords. And thereupon the House of Eords propounded the question to the twelve judges, and they stood six to six and each of them rendered a long opinion, and thereupon it was held that there was no-liability on the part of the creditors. They did not, in terms, overrule the celebrated case of Waugh v. Carver, found in Smith’s heading Cases, with which we are all familiar, but they held — and that was the substance of the issue joined there — that this was practically the carrying on of the business of Smith & Son through these trustees for the purpose of making money out of the assets and keeping the good will of the business, and that they made dividends from time to-time purely for the purpose of paying the creditors; in short, that it was only a method adopted by Smith & Son for the purpose of carrying out their desire to' have the business pay off the creditors and have something left for themselves. They discuss the question of the profit doctrine, it is true, and they expressed some individual opinions in regard to it, but, so far as the case itself is concerned,, it will be found by carefully reading the case, that that was the basis upon which they rendered their final decision. Of course, during all of this discussion by so> many learned judges there are a great many things said and a great many points made which are instructive, but time will not permit us to go through more of the case.
In the Law Reports, Chancery Division, vol. 7, p. 511, may be found the casfe of Delhasse in re Megevand, in which the question came up, and in which the statement is made by Chief Justice BacoN as follows:
No doubt at one time it might have been said that the law on the subject had been questioned — the ground of sharing the net profits — but the criticisms, which have been passed on .the case of Waugh v. Carver, have thrown such, light upon it that it is not worth while to go back to the case of participation in profits in test of partnership, because the case of Cox v. Hickman has completely-settled the law, and the judgment in that case goes principally on the ground that, the relation of principal and agent must be established before the dormant partner or the person lending his money, can be held to be liable for the debts contracted in the business.
And the judges of the court proceed to discuss the case and deliver opinions-seriatim, and Eord Thesiger, who, I believe, is the author of Pollock on Contracts, also discusses the question. He concurred in reversing the Cox v. Hickman case. He speaks of an act which had been passed, and says:
Now, apart from the act, the law applicable to this case has been laid down in tolerably distinct terms by the House of Eords in Cox v. Hickman, and it is-perfectly true that the House of Eords in that case laid it down that the proposition that a participation in profits constitutes an invariable test of partnership is-not one which can be maintained. Lord Cranworth gives as the test that which, no doubt, must now be taken as the proper test to be applied in all these cases, namely, that the real ground of liability as a partner is that the trade has been carried on by persons acting on behalf of the person whom it is attempted to-make liable as a partner. But, in the very same page in which these words occur, Eord CraNworth also says that the participation in profits is in general a sufficiently accurate test, and that the right of participation in profits affords cogent, often conclusive evidence of a partnership. If that be so, it follows as a logical consequence that if, in addition to participation in profits, the arrangement pro[202]*202-vides for a participation in losses, and also contains stipulations tantamount to the ordinary stipulations which one would expect to find in the case of a dormant partner, it is an a fortiori reasoning in such a case in favor of a partnership, and Ford Cranworth’s words “cogent, and often conclusive” must be changed into the words “still more cogent and often more conclusive evidence of such a partnership.”
And then are discussed some of the facts in that case, or an agreement which was entered into .by those parties. Again he says, and I read from page 530:
“And I observe that Mr. Justice Findley, in his book on partnership, in speaking of the different propositions which may be deduced from the decision in Cox v. Hickman, says, among other things, ‘ that prima facie the relation of principal and agent is constituted by an agreement entitling one person to share the profits made by another to an indefinite extent.” ’
And the judge remarks:
“That appears to me tobe an accurate expression of the law as evolved from Cox v. Hickman
Coming back to Ohio, to the case in 7 O. S., we find that case decided upon a contract. Henry Vallette, who was evidently constructing the White Water Valley canal in the state of Iowa, entered into an agreement with one Harry Fewis, at Cincinnati, whereby he agreed to make a loan to Fewis in the sum of ,$1,000 and draw for the same in merchandise as he would want it. He further agreed to use his influence in getting his contractors to patronize Fewis’ store and buy their goods of him. In consideration of the foregoing, Fewis agreed to pay Vallette in merchandise, half the profits made in his store or in any other store that he might establish on the line of the canal within the next twelve months. Fewis agreed to keep books so as to be able to arrive at the exact amount of the profits. And it was further provided that Vallette should not be responsible for .any loss connected with the concern more than the profits and that nothing in the agreement should be construed to make a partnership between Fewis and Vallette. Now, it was very evident that Vallette was intending to make all the profits out ■of the business that he could, as he was going to have half of the profits, and he put in the money and was going to take it out in goods from time to time. The court held in that case, following Waugh v. Carver, that a participation in the profits constituted Vallette a partner and he was held liable for the debts. That ■case to-day is law in Ohio; it has not been disturbed in any court so far as we know; that is to say, it has not been overruled in any form.
Now, the case of Harvey v. Childs & Potter is this — and they refer to the case of Wood v. Vallette, and also to the case of Leggett v. Hyde, 58 N. Y., 272, to establish the same doctrine, and, as I understand it, refer to it as having decided that the original case was proper.
This case of Harvey v. Childs was this: Potter was purchasing hogs from time to time; at any rate, he desired to purchase some hogs for shipment and he went to Childs and asked him to loan him the money to make the purchase; he asked Childs to advance the money and take an interest in the hogs, which he refused. Potter then proposed that if Childs would let him have the money to pay for some hogs that he had bought and also some others that he wished to buy, sufficient to make two car-loads, that he, Childs, should take possession of the .hogs when delivered at Foudonville and take them to Pittsburg and sell them .and take his pay out of the proceeds and that he might have one-half the net profits of the transaction. Childs accepted the proposition and advanced to Potter .$¡2,500. Afterwards, without the knowledge of Childs, Potter bought the hogs of Harvey on his own credit and they constituted a part of the two car-loads referred to. Childs sold the hogs in Pittsburg and appropriated the,proceeds to reimburse himself for the money he had advanced. No profits were made. The avails of the sale were insufficient to pay the amount advanced by Childs and Potter paid ■-the deficiency to him. Harvey brought suit against Childs and Potter, claiming [203]*203that they were copartners in the transaction. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the state, and the syllabus of that decision I have already read., In deciding the case the court referred to the case of Cox v. Hickman, and also to the case of Eastman v. Clark, 53 N. H., 276, that is, it commences on page 276 and is very lengthy. Speaking of the case of Wood v. Vallette, they say:
In the absence of any known stipulation to the contrary, every party of a trading firm, within the scope of the joint business, in contemplation of law, is •clothed with implied authority to enter into simple contracts on behalf of the firm in furtherance of the business of the partnership, and thereby bind each member of the firm. Where, therefore, as in the case of Wood v, Vallette, 7 O. S., 172, and the case of Leggett v. Hyde, 58 N. Y., 272, money is advanced, to be uséd in •a trading business, and returned in a year with a share of the profits made during that time, it may well be implied that the business was conducted in behalf and by the authority of the person advancing the money and sharing the profits,' for it is to the continuing trade, in the ordinary way, that he looks for his profits.
But such cases are plainly distinguishable from one where money is advanced, to be embarked in a single transaction, where no credit is contemplated. In such case there is no ground for the implied authority to incur debts, such as exist in regard to a general trading business.
And thereupon he proceeds to discuss the facts of this particular case between Childs and Potter, and holds that there was no contemplation that the parties would carry on a general business — it was simply to be a purchase of two carloads. There was no opportunity given to buy on credit. The money for the purchase of the whole two car-loads was supposed to be in the hands of Potter, by Childs, and the car-loads were to be purchased with that money. The court holds that there was no general liability, that is. to say, Childs was not liable as a partner.
Now, coming back to the case before us, we, after a very full and careful discussion of thematter, think that under these two decisions in Ohio — the 7th and the 28th O. S. — that upon the-facts of the case we ought to affirm the judgment of the court of common pleas. It seems to us distinctly evident that the money which was advanced by Mr. Bronson was advanced with the expectation that it was to be used in the business of C. R. Messinger & Co. That was a growing business. It was the expectation of the parties that it would be carried forward in the usual and ordinary manner of carrying forward a commercial business of that kind; that leaf tobacco would be purchased to be manufactured into cut tobacco and that the tobacco would be sold under the expectation that profits would be realized and Bronson was to have one-fourth of them. In order to carry forward that business he was not only willing to advance this $10,000, but he was willing also to become security to the bank to the further extent of $10,000 — giving his credit to the concern. -It was further provided that Messinger was to have a certain sum of money for giving his active attention to the business; and that, certainly, would not have been necessary had it been Messinger’s business only and exclusively, because it seems to us that he would have been entitled to carry on his own business without any arrangement of that kind. . It is true that it might be claimed that that was simply done to reduce the amount of profits in some -form, fmt that is not the natural view to take of it. The natural view, we think, to be taken is that Messinger had to give his active attention to the business, and as between him and Bronson, he was to be allowed some $2,000 a year for his services as active manager of the concern. Now, it seems to us that on that state •of facts there was a community of interests in that concern; it seems to us certain that there was an authority granted there by Mr. Bronson that this money might be used in the concern and that Mr. Messinger might go forward and contract debts for the benefit of the concern and out of the contracting of these debts might ultimately expect to make a profit, so that, trying the tests that are laid [204]*204down by tbe authorities for testing the question as to whether there was a partnership or not, so far as third parties, at least, are concerned, we think that the-.weight of authority — we think that under the Ohio rules and the decisions of the Supreme Court as laid down in 7 O. S., that our duty is to affirm the judgment.
Jas. H. Southard, Guy W. Kinner, for Bronson estate.
Almon Hall, Pratt & Wilson, for Creditors.
We therefore hold that the judgment of the court of common pleas should be affirmed, and the costs in error will be paid by the plaintiff in error, and reasonable cau-se will be certified for the filing of the petition in error, so that there will be no penalty.
_ In the case of Isaac N. Walker v. C. R. Messinger el al., and the case of R.. Meier & Company v. Charles R. Messinger et al., the two cases, it is found by the court that the debts accrued .subsequent to the 1st of January, 1881. It being shown that this agreement had terminated at that time, the court below held that there was no liability on the part of Bronson during his lifetime, or of his estate afterwards, to Walker orto Meier & Co., and in those cases judgment was rendered, in the court below for Bronson, and in each of those cases the judgment of the court of common pleas will be affirmed at the costs of the plaintiffs in error.