[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 11/12/99 No. 99-08145 THOMAS K. KAHN ________________________ CLERK D. C. Docket No. CV 498-241
MESOCAP IND. LIMITED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TORM LINES,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia _________________________ (November 12, 1999)
Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and OWENS*, Senior District Judge.
OWENS, Jr., Senior District Judge:
* Honorable Wilbur D. Owens, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia, sitting by designation. Plaintiff Mesocap Industries Limited (Mesocap) and Tradelink Exports Corp.
(Tradelink), on September 25, 1998, brought this Admiralty action to recover from
defendant Torm Lines (Torm) for damage to Mesocap cargo that Torm carried on its
vessel in 1996 from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria by way of Cotonou, Benin.
Over Mesocap’s opposition, Torm moved under F.R.Civ. P. 12(b)(6) to dismiss
Mesocap’s Complaint because it was filed more than one year after the delivery of
goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered, and is therefore barred
by the one-year limitation period of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), 46
U.S.C.A App. §§ 1300-1315 (1994). The district court granted Torm’s Motion to
Dismiss based on the reasoning in Bunge Edible Oil Corp. v. M/V Torm Rask, 756
F.Supp. 261 (E.D. La. 1991), aff’d 949 F.2d 786 (5th Cir. 1992)(An unreasonable
course deviation by a carrier does not prevent it from invoking COGSA’s one-year
limitation period because the limitation has no conceptual nexus with cargo risk
allocation). Mesocap and Tradelink appeal the district court’s grant of defendant
Torm’s Motion to Dismiss, arguing that Torm’s COGSA time limitation defense is
precluded because Torm substantially deviated from the contract’s delivery terms. We
affirm the district court.
I. Background
2 Mesocap contracted with Torm for the shipment of three containers of goods
from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria aboard Torm’s vessel, the M/V
ESTETURM. The containers were discharged at Cotonou, Benin on March 13, 1996.
On March 16, 1996 Mesocap obtained “a pre-clearance approval/advanced release”
from Torm’s agent at Cotonou permitting the shipment of the three containers to
continue on to Calabar, Nigeria. However, Torm did not ship the containers to
Calabar. Eventually, Mesocap made arrangements with OT Africa Lines to complete
the shipment of the containers, and OT Africa shipped two of the three containers to
Port Harcourt, Nigeria in December, 1996. The cargo in the third container was
discovered to be “moldy and rotten” due to salt water damage. Plaintiffs allege that
the damage, totaling $110, 646.55, took place while aboard Torm’s M/V
ESTETURM.
II. Issue on Appeal
Plaintiffs concede that suit was not brought within COGSA’s one-year
limitation period. The issue presented by this appeal is whether an unreasonable
course deviation by an ocean common carrier prevents the carrier from invoking
COGSA’s one-year limitation for bringing suit on a cargo damage claim.
3 III. Standard of Review
In reviewing an order granting a motion to dismiss, the appellate court must
accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true and may affirm the dismissal of
the complaint “only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts
that could be proved consistent with the allegations.” Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467
U.S. 69, 73, 81 L.Ed.2d 59, 65, 104 S.Ct. 2229 (1984); Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S.
41, 45-46, 2 L.Ed. 80, 85-86, 78 S.Ct. 99 (1957). The Appellate Court reviews the
District Court’s legal conclusions de novo. G.S.W., Inc. v. Long County, 999 F.2d
1508 (11th Cir. 1993).
IV. Discussion
COGSA is a comprehensive statute intended to limit the liability of carriers
engaged in international shipping. Unimac Co., Inc. v. C.F. Ocean Service, Inc.,
43 F.3d 1434, 1436 (11th Cir. 1995). It applies to “all contracts for carriage of
goods by sea to or from ports of the United States in foreign trade.” Id., citing 46
U.S.C.A.App. § 1312. The Statute defines “foreign trade” as “the transportation of
4 goods between the ports of the United States and ports of foreign countries.” Id.
Because the dispute between Mesocap and Torm stems from a contract for the
shipment of goods from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria, COGSA governs
this transaction.
Torm argues that the district court correctly concluded that COGSA bars
Mesocap’s recovery. The relevant provision of COGSA’s one-year limitation
period, 46 U.S.C.A.App. § 1303(6), provides that “the carrier and the ship shall be
discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought
within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have
been delivered.” Torm argues that Mesocap’s claim is barred because Mesocap
had custody and control of the cargo no later than December 1996 when Mesocap
made arrangements with OT Africa Lines to transport the cargo to Contonou,
Nigeria and Mesocap did not file its complaint until September 25, 1998, more
than one year after delivery**. Mesocap acknowledges that if COGSA applies, the
carrier is discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage since suit was
not brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods
** Note, however, that Cerro Sales Corp. v. Atlantic Maritime Enterprises Inc., 403 F.Supp. 562, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), holds that the delivery date is of no importance and the limitations period runs from the date the goods should have been delivered. citing Western Gear Corporation v. States Marine Lines, Inc., 362 F.2d 328 (9th Cir. 1966). 5 should have been delivered, but argues that Torm unreasonably deviated from the
contract nullifying the contract of carriage and making COGSA inapplicable, citing
Unimac Co., Inc. v. C.F. Ocean Service, 43 F.3d 1434, 1437 (11th Cir. 1995).
Torm concedes, for the purposes of appeal, that it unreasonably deviated
from the contract of carriage, but argues that, as a matter of law, it nevertheless
must prevail. The issue, then, is whether an unreasonable course deviation by a
carrier prevents it from invoking COGSA’s one-year limitation period.
The effect of a deviation on the COGSA time bar is unsettled in this circuit.
Two district court cases from the Southern District of Florida have reached
different conclusions on this issue, See Birdsall, Inc. v. Tramore Trading Co., Inc.,
771 F.Supp. 1193, 1198-1199 (S.D. Fla. 1991)(upholding the COGSA one-year
time limitation despite a deviation), and Allstate Insurance Co. v. International
Shipping Corp., 1982 A.M.C. 1763, 1769 (S.D. Fla. 1981)(holding that a deviation
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 11/12/99 No. 99-08145 THOMAS K. KAHN ________________________ CLERK D. C. Docket No. CV 498-241
MESOCAP IND. LIMITED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TORM LINES,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia _________________________ (November 12, 1999)
Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and OWENS*, Senior District Judge.
OWENS, Jr., Senior District Judge:
* Honorable Wilbur D. Owens, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia, sitting by designation. Plaintiff Mesocap Industries Limited (Mesocap) and Tradelink Exports Corp.
(Tradelink), on September 25, 1998, brought this Admiralty action to recover from
defendant Torm Lines (Torm) for damage to Mesocap cargo that Torm carried on its
vessel in 1996 from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria by way of Cotonou, Benin.
Over Mesocap’s opposition, Torm moved under F.R.Civ. P. 12(b)(6) to dismiss
Mesocap’s Complaint because it was filed more than one year after the delivery of
goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered, and is therefore barred
by the one-year limitation period of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), 46
U.S.C.A App. §§ 1300-1315 (1994). The district court granted Torm’s Motion to
Dismiss based on the reasoning in Bunge Edible Oil Corp. v. M/V Torm Rask, 756
F.Supp. 261 (E.D. La. 1991), aff’d 949 F.2d 786 (5th Cir. 1992)(An unreasonable
course deviation by a carrier does not prevent it from invoking COGSA’s one-year
limitation period because the limitation has no conceptual nexus with cargo risk
allocation). Mesocap and Tradelink appeal the district court’s grant of defendant
Torm’s Motion to Dismiss, arguing that Torm’s COGSA time limitation defense is
precluded because Torm substantially deviated from the contract’s delivery terms. We
affirm the district court.
I. Background
2 Mesocap contracted with Torm for the shipment of three containers of goods
from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria aboard Torm’s vessel, the M/V
ESTETURM. The containers were discharged at Cotonou, Benin on March 13, 1996.
On March 16, 1996 Mesocap obtained “a pre-clearance approval/advanced release”
from Torm’s agent at Cotonou permitting the shipment of the three containers to
continue on to Calabar, Nigeria. However, Torm did not ship the containers to
Calabar. Eventually, Mesocap made arrangements with OT Africa Lines to complete
the shipment of the containers, and OT Africa shipped two of the three containers to
Port Harcourt, Nigeria in December, 1996. The cargo in the third container was
discovered to be “moldy and rotten” due to salt water damage. Plaintiffs allege that
the damage, totaling $110, 646.55, took place while aboard Torm’s M/V
ESTETURM.
II. Issue on Appeal
Plaintiffs concede that suit was not brought within COGSA’s one-year
limitation period. The issue presented by this appeal is whether an unreasonable
course deviation by an ocean common carrier prevents the carrier from invoking
COGSA’s one-year limitation for bringing suit on a cargo damage claim.
3 III. Standard of Review
In reviewing an order granting a motion to dismiss, the appellate court must
accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true and may affirm the dismissal of
the complaint “only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts
that could be proved consistent with the allegations.” Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467
U.S. 69, 73, 81 L.Ed.2d 59, 65, 104 S.Ct. 2229 (1984); Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S.
41, 45-46, 2 L.Ed. 80, 85-86, 78 S.Ct. 99 (1957). The Appellate Court reviews the
District Court’s legal conclusions de novo. G.S.W., Inc. v. Long County, 999 F.2d
1508 (11th Cir. 1993).
IV. Discussion
COGSA is a comprehensive statute intended to limit the liability of carriers
engaged in international shipping. Unimac Co., Inc. v. C.F. Ocean Service, Inc.,
43 F.3d 1434, 1436 (11th Cir. 1995). It applies to “all contracts for carriage of
goods by sea to or from ports of the United States in foreign trade.” Id., citing 46
U.S.C.A.App. § 1312. The Statute defines “foreign trade” as “the transportation of
4 goods between the ports of the United States and ports of foreign countries.” Id.
Because the dispute between Mesocap and Torm stems from a contract for the
shipment of goods from Savannah, Georgia to Calabar, Nigeria, COGSA governs
this transaction.
Torm argues that the district court correctly concluded that COGSA bars
Mesocap’s recovery. The relevant provision of COGSA’s one-year limitation
period, 46 U.S.C.A.App. § 1303(6), provides that “the carrier and the ship shall be
discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought
within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have
been delivered.” Torm argues that Mesocap’s claim is barred because Mesocap
had custody and control of the cargo no later than December 1996 when Mesocap
made arrangements with OT Africa Lines to transport the cargo to Contonou,
Nigeria and Mesocap did not file its complaint until September 25, 1998, more
than one year after delivery**. Mesocap acknowledges that if COGSA applies, the
carrier is discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage since suit was
not brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods
** Note, however, that Cerro Sales Corp. v. Atlantic Maritime Enterprises Inc., 403 F.Supp. 562, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), holds that the delivery date is of no importance and the limitations period runs from the date the goods should have been delivered. citing Western Gear Corporation v. States Marine Lines, Inc., 362 F.2d 328 (9th Cir. 1966). 5 should have been delivered, but argues that Torm unreasonably deviated from the
contract nullifying the contract of carriage and making COGSA inapplicable, citing
Unimac Co., Inc. v. C.F. Ocean Service, 43 F.3d 1434, 1437 (11th Cir. 1995).
Torm concedes, for the purposes of appeal, that it unreasonably deviated
from the contract of carriage, but argues that, as a matter of law, it nevertheless
must prevail. The issue, then, is whether an unreasonable course deviation by a
carrier prevents it from invoking COGSA’s one-year limitation period.
The effect of a deviation on the COGSA time bar is unsettled in this circuit.
Two district court cases from the Southern District of Florida have reached
different conclusions on this issue, See Birdsall, Inc. v. Tramore Trading Co., Inc.,
771 F.Supp. 1193, 1198-1199 (S.D. Fla. 1991)(upholding the COGSA one-year
time limitation despite a deviation), and Allstate Insurance Co. v. International
Shipping Corp., 1982 A.M.C. 1763, 1769 (S.D. Fla. 1981)(holding that a deviation
nullifies the time limitation), aff’d on other grounds, 703 F.2d 497 (1983)(holding
that no one-year limitation period was applicable to the action, hence, no need to
reach any other issues (such as whether a deviation nullifies the time limitation)),
but this court has not specifically addressed the issue. This court, however, has
addressed the COGSA’s $500 per package limitation on liability, but in doing so
declined to reach the one year limitation in Unimac Co., Inc. v. C.F. Ocean
6 Service,43 F.3d 1434, 1437 n.5 (11th Cir. 1995)(“we need not decide whether a
deviation would strip a carrier of both the $500 limitation on liability and the
statute of limitations, or as the Fifth Circuit has held, merely of the liability
limitation, and not of the one-year statute of limitations”). Further, while this court
in Hale Container Line, Inc. v. Houston Sea Packing Co., 137 F.3d 1455 (11th Cir.
1998), quoted Unimac for the following proposition: “The doctrine of deviation
provides that, when a ship deviates from the contract of carriage or varies the
conduct in the carriage of goods, increasing the risk of shipment of the goods,
COGSA does not apply because the bill of lading, which acts as the contract of
carriage, is nullified,” it did not distinguish between the $500 liability limitation
and the one-year limitation as Unimac indicated was necessary. Id. at 1469.
Furthermore, all discussion in Hale Container Line, Inc., related to the $500
liability limitation (not the time limitation). Id.
The Fifth Circuit specifically addressed the issue at hand when it held that
the deviation doctrine only nullifies COGSA’s $500 per package liability
limitation, not its one-year statute of limitation. See Bunge Edible Oil Corp. v.
M/V Torm Rask, 756 F.Supp. 261, 266 (E.D. La. 1991), aff’d 949 F.2d 786, 788
(5th Cir. 1992). The filing limitation provision, the court reasoned, had little to do
with the parties’ risk of loss allocation with respect to the cargo. Id. Hence, an
7 unreasonable deviation logically disturbs only the parties’ expectations concerning
the risk of loss, but not their expectations about when they can sue. Id. No
justification exists, then, to nullify COGSA’s limitation period merely because a
carrier veers off course. Id. at 263-66. Accord: Francosteel Corp. v. N.V.
Nederlandsch Amerikaansche, Stoomvart-Maatschappij, 57 Cal. Rptr. 867, 1967
A.M.C. 2440 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 931, 19 L.Ed.2d
282, 88 S.Ct. 293 (1967); Birdsall, Inc. v. Tramore Trading Co., Inc., 771 F.Supp.
1193, 1198-1199 (S.D. Fla. 1991).
While some courts side with Mesocap on this issue, those cases can be
distinguished or are unpersuasive. See Northwestern Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Galin, 1988
AMC 878, 879 (S.D. N.Y. 1987), citing Cerro Sales Corp. v. Atlantic Maritime
Enterprises Inc., 403 F.Supp. 562, 566 (S.D. N.Y. 1975) (“An unreasonable
deviation deprives the ocean carrier of COGSA’s one-year time limitations”).
Neither Northwestern nor Cerro provide a basis or rationale for so holding.
Additionally, Yang Machine Tool Co., v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 58 F.3d 1350 (9th
Cir. 1995), General Electric Co. Int’l Sales Division, v. S.S. Nancy Lykes, 706
F.2d 80 (2nd Cir. 1983), Sedco, Inc. v. SS Strathewe, 800 F.2d 27, 32, 1986 AMC
2801 (2nd Cir. 1986), Asahi America, Inc. v. M/V Arild Maersk, 602 F.Supp. 25,
1986 AMC 53 (S.D.N.Y. 1985), and Nemeth v. General Steamship Corp., 694 F.2d
8 609, 613 (9th Cir. 1982), cited by Mesocap, did not specifically discuss whether an
unreasonable deviation eliminated the one-year statute of limitations defense; they
only dealt with the $500 liability limitation. Finally, the Court in Yutana Barge
Lines, Inc., v. Northland Services, Inc., 574 F.Supp. 1003 (W.D. Wash. 1983), held
that since an unreasonable deviation deprives the carrier of contractual and
statutory limitations of liability (because the deviation subjects the cargo to risks
the shipper did not anticipate), a defendant may not rely upon its (1) time-bar, (2)
package/customary freight unit limitation, and peril of the sea defenses. Yutana, at
1005-1006.
This court is persuaded by the reasoning in Bunge. An unreasonable course
deviation, while increasing the risk of loss (hence the need for elimination of the
per package limitation defense), has no bearing on a plaintiff’s ability to timely file
a lawsuit. In other words, a deviation in the delivery terms creates no greater risk
that plaintiff will not be able to file suit within the statutory period. Accordingly,
this court joins the Fifth Circuit in concluding that an unreasonable course
deviation does not nullify COGSA’s one year statute of limitation.
AFFIRMED