Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
On the threshold plaintiff in error is confronted by former decisions of this court and our court of appeals wherein a construction of the same, or a similar, statute has been given adverse to his contention. Board of County Comrs. v. Graham, 4 Colo. 201; Sargent v. The Board, 21 Colo. 158; Pitkin County v. Sanders, 59 Pac. Rep. 402; 27 Colo. 122; Otero County v. Wood, 11 Colo. App. 19. To invoke the jurisdiction of this court to review the judgment before us he seeks to raise some constitutional questions which appear not to have been suggested when the foregoing cases were considered. It is not entirely clear that any of them is fairly debatable or necessary to a decision of the case, but for the purposes of the opinion we shall treat them as fairly before us, and assume, without so deciding, that plaintiff is a public officer.
1. The title of the act in which section 8 is found is “An Act concerning Fees,” etc. It is said that the provision empowering county commissioners in their discretion to disallow fees in criminal trials and examinations before a justice of the peace is wholly foreign to the title. To our mind it is too'plain for argument that this title “Concerning F'ees” clearly covers the subject matter of the section.
2. Plaintiff further says that he has been deprived of his property without due process of law, which is forbidden by section 25, article 2, of our constitution. His argument is thus summarized by his counsel: (1) When, as deputy district attorney, he prosecutes a case before a justice of the peace and has sworn to a bill alleging his services and filed the same with the clerk of the board of county commissioners, he [174]*174is thereby vested in a property right and interest in and to the fees provided by law for such services; and (2) that the arbitrary action of the board in disallowing these fees, and the refusal of the district court to review this action, operate to deprive him of his property without due process of law.
It is difficult to understand how this constitutional question is in the case, any more than it would be involved in any action where a court rules against a party who is seeking a judgment. The first proposition assumes that the law has absolutely and unconditionally provided him as compensation certain fees; and the second that the board in disallowing them acted arbitrarily, and the district court in declining to review its action denied to plaintiff some right guaranteed by the constitution. If the statute giving to the board discretion over the allowance of fees is not, for some other reason, invalid, or nugatory, it is not void because it conflicts with this section. Plaintiff has merely been unable to collect a fee, the allowance of which the statute has left to the discretion of the board.
3. But it is said that, inasmuch as section 1 of article 6 of the constitution vests judicial power in specified courts, which do not, and cannot, include boards of county commissioners, the statute in question contravenes this section when it purports to confer upon such boards power to allow or disallow fees of a public officer.
This statute has already been recognized as valid by this court, and similar statutes under similar constitutions have been by other courts upheld. Not every act that involves the ascertainment of a fact is a judicial act, and passing on claims against the [175]*175county is an administrative or legislative, rather than a judicial, act.
4. Section 7 of article 14 of the constitution provides that the compensation of all county and precinct officers shall be as provided by law, and section 15 that the general assembly shall, for the purpose of providing for and regulating the compensation of county and precinct officers, classify the several counties according to population and grade and . fix the compensation of officers according to such population. These provisions, it is said, are violated by section 8 and subdivision 6 of the statutes, since the legislature, instead of fixing by general law the compensation of deputy district attorneys, has unlawfully attempted to delegate to county commissioners power to do what it, and it alone, may do.
A district attorney is not a county or precinct, but a district, officer; and if his deputy is an “officer” at all, he is, like his principal, a district officer; therefore, not within the purview of the constitutional provision relied on.
5. Section 30 of article 5 of the constitution forbids the enactment of a law which increases or diminishes the salary or emoluments of a public officer after his election or appointment. After Merwin was appointed to his office, and some of the services were performed for which recovery is sought, the board fixed his salary at one dollar a year. The general fee act which prescribes certain fees for district attorneys was in force when the plaintiff was appointed. The argument is now made that the fees pertaining to the office of district attorney, and to which plaintiff says he would be entitled in the absence of a salary fixed for him by the board, would amount to more than the salary fixed after he entered upon the [176]*176discharge of his duties; hence, in effect, his salary was diminished after his appointment.
The point is not good for several reasons. Nowhere do we find that fees have been fixed for deputy district attorneys, though fees for district attorneys have been (Laws of 1891, 221) prescribed. But plaintiff is not suing for fees belonging to his principal. Unless the board of commissioners has fixed the deputy’s salary, or, in its discretion, allowed certain fees for the deputy’s services, he is entitled to nothing. In other words, unless the board makes him an allowance of fees, or gives him a salary, there is no provision of law for his compensation. Neither the act of 1885 (Session Laws 1885, 176) nor of 1889 (Session Laws 1889, 150), which are the only statutes authorizing the appointment of deputy district attorneys, fixes a salary or provides a compensation or fee, and we are cited to no statute in which such compensation is mentioned, except, as just stated, the sections which the plaintiff himself attacks. If these statutes are invalid, then no provision by law has been made for compensation of deputy district attorneys. As was well said by Mr. Justice Wilson in Otero County v. Wood, supra:
“The right of an officer to have payment of his costs made by the county in a criminal case is purely statutory. At common law the costs made by the defendant, if paid at all, were paid by him; the costs of the prosecution, no matter what the event of the trial, were unpaid. On the part of the state or sovereign, there was neither payment nor recovery of costs.” Bynum v. Board of Commrs., 100 Ind. 90; Board of Commrs. v. Harman, 101 Ind. 551.
Public office is not a contract, or the result of a contract, and where compensation is not fixed at [177]*177time of election or appointment it may be thereafter fixed, and until fixed, no right to compensation, either fees or salary, attaches. Mechem on Public Officers, §§ 855-858.
6. The language of section 8 under which the board claims a discretionary power is in the form of a proviso, and the plaintiff asserts that it is not the office of a proviso to confer a power, but rather to explain, modify or abridge some other provision of the section or act in which it is found.
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Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
On the threshold plaintiff in error is confronted by former decisions of this court and our court of appeals wherein a construction of the same, or a similar, statute has been given adverse to his contention. Board of County Comrs. v. Graham, 4 Colo. 201; Sargent v. The Board, 21 Colo. 158; Pitkin County v. Sanders, 59 Pac. Rep. 402; 27 Colo. 122; Otero County v. Wood, 11 Colo. App. 19. To invoke the jurisdiction of this court to review the judgment before us he seeks to raise some constitutional questions which appear not to have been suggested when the foregoing cases were considered. It is not entirely clear that any of them is fairly debatable or necessary to a decision of the case, but for the purposes of the opinion we shall treat them as fairly before us, and assume, without so deciding, that plaintiff is a public officer.
1. The title of the act in which section 8 is found is “An Act concerning Fees,” etc. It is said that the provision empowering county commissioners in their discretion to disallow fees in criminal trials and examinations before a justice of the peace is wholly foreign to the title. To our mind it is too'plain for argument that this title “Concerning F'ees” clearly covers the subject matter of the section.
2. Plaintiff further says that he has been deprived of his property without due process of law, which is forbidden by section 25, article 2, of our constitution. His argument is thus summarized by his counsel: (1) When, as deputy district attorney, he prosecutes a case before a justice of the peace and has sworn to a bill alleging his services and filed the same with the clerk of the board of county commissioners, he [174]*174is thereby vested in a property right and interest in and to the fees provided by law for such services; and (2) that the arbitrary action of the board in disallowing these fees, and the refusal of the district court to review this action, operate to deprive him of his property without due process of law.
It is difficult to understand how this constitutional question is in the case, any more than it would be involved in any action where a court rules against a party who is seeking a judgment. The first proposition assumes that the law has absolutely and unconditionally provided him as compensation certain fees; and the second that the board in disallowing them acted arbitrarily, and the district court in declining to review its action denied to plaintiff some right guaranteed by the constitution. If the statute giving to the board discretion over the allowance of fees is not, for some other reason, invalid, or nugatory, it is not void because it conflicts with this section. Plaintiff has merely been unable to collect a fee, the allowance of which the statute has left to the discretion of the board.
3. But it is said that, inasmuch as section 1 of article 6 of the constitution vests judicial power in specified courts, which do not, and cannot, include boards of county commissioners, the statute in question contravenes this section when it purports to confer upon such boards power to allow or disallow fees of a public officer.
This statute has already been recognized as valid by this court, and similar statutes under similar constitutions have been by other courts upheld. Not every act that involves the ascertainment of a fact is a judicial act, and passing on claims against the [175]*175county is an administrative or legislative, rather than a judicial, act.
4. Section 7 of article 14 of the constitution provides that the compensation of all county and precinct officers shall be as provided by law, and section 15 that the general assembly shall, for the purpose of providing for and regulating the compensation of county and precinct officers, classify the several counties according to population and grade and . fix the compensation of officers according to such population. These provisions, it is said, are violated by section 8 and subdivision 6 of the statutes, since the legislature, instead of fixing by general law the compensation of deputy district attorneys, has unlawfully attempted to delegate to county commissioners power to do what it, and it alone, may do.
A district attorney is not a county or precinct, but a district, officer; and if his deputy is an “officer” at all, he is, like his principal, a district officer; therefore, not within the purview of the constitutional provision relied on.
5. Section 30 of article 5 of the constitution forbids the enactment of a law which increases or diminishes the salary or emoluments of a public officer after his election or appointment. After Merwin was appointed to his office, and some of the services were performed for which recovery is sought, the board fixed his salary at one dollar a year. The general fee act which prescribes certain fees for district attorneys was in force when the plaintiff was appointed. The argument is now made that the fees pertaining to the office of district attorney, and to which plaintiff says he would be entitled in the absence of a salary fixed for him by the board, would amount to more than the salary fixed after he entered upon the [176]*176discharge of his duties; hence, in effect, his salary was diminished after his appointment.
The point is not good for several reasons. Nowhere do we find that fees have been fixed for deputy district attorneys, though fees for district attorneys have been (Laws of 1891, 221) prescribed. But plaintiff is not suing for fees belonging to his principal. Unless the board of commissioners has fixed the deputy’s salary, or, in its discretion, allowed certain fees for the deputy’s services, he is entitled to nothing. In other words, unless the board makes him an allowance of fees, or gives him a salary, there is no provision of law for his compensation. Neither the act of 1885 (Session Laws 1885, 176) nor of 1889 (Session Laws 1889, 150), which are the only statutes authorizing the appointment of deputy district attorneys, fixes a salary or provides a compensation or fee, and we are cited to no statute in which such compensation is mentioned, except, as just stated, the sections which the plaintiff himself attacks. If these statutes are invalid, then no provision by law has been made for compensation of deputy district attorneys. As was well said by Mr. Justice Wilson in Otero County v. Wood, supra:
“The right of an officer to have payment of his costs made by the county in a criminal case is purely statutory. At common law the costs made by the defendant, if paid at all, were paid by him; the costs of the prosecution, no matter what the event of the trial, were unpaid. On the part of the state or sovereign, there was neither payment nor recovery of costs.” Bynum v. Board of Commrs., 100 Ind. 90; Board of Commrs. v. Harman, 101 Ind. 551.
Public office is not a contract, or the result of a contract, and where compensation is not fixed at [177]*177time of election or appointment it may be thereafter fixed, and until fixed, no right to compensation, either fees or salary, attaches. Mechem on Public Officers, §§ 855-858.
6. The language of section 8 under which the board claims a discretionary power is in the form of a proviso, and the plaintiff asserts that it is not the office of a proviso to confer a power, but rather to explain, modify or abridge some other provision of the section or act in which it is found.
This contention, as a general proposition, is good; but in giving effect to any provision of a statute the intent of the legislature governs. The form in which such intent is expressed, is not controlling. The previous portions of the section relate to the compensation of county commissioners, and these, as well as former, sections, contain nothing whatever with respect to costs claimed in criminal trials or examinations. It was the obvious intention of the law making body to preserve pre-existing provisions of statutes which conferred upon commissioners the authority which they assert in this case; and while the power here conferred is in the form of a proviso, it is clear that the general assembly intended to continue in the board the same discretionary power in the matter of allowing fees which, theretofore, under the statutes and decisions of this court, they possessed. We are clearly of opinion that this portion of the section, though in the form of a proviso, confers a power upon the board. Sutherland on Statutory Construction, § 223; Carroll v. The State, 58 Ala. 396; Georgia R. & B. Co. v. Smith, 128 U. S. 174; Otero County v. Wood, supra.
7. It is, moreover, said that, if such be the proper construction, the discretion conferred is not an arbi[178]*178trary one, but must be exercised reasonably, and, if abused, is subject to a review by the courts. A construction of the same, and a similar, statute was. given by this court and the court of appeals in the cases already cited wherein it was ruled that the allowance of fees in cases covered thereby was wholly discretionary with the board and not subject to review by the courts. It is true that counsel now contend that these decisions are not based on reason or well considered precedents, but we are unable to concur in their view. They are justified by authority and are sound in principle. Indeed, not a single case has been cited where such a statute as the one before us has received a different construction. The cases apparently most strongiy relied on by plaintiff in error (Davis v. Commrs., 4 Mont. 292, and Hedges v. Commrs., 4 Mont. 280) are clearly distinguishable. By the provisions of the Montana statute an appeal from the order of the county commissioners was expressly authorized. Besides this, the allowance of fees was made conditional only upon a certificate of probable cause by a judicial officer, which was obtained in the cases there under consideration. In harmony with our conclusion are the cases of Dillon v. Whatcom County, 12 Wash. 391; Griggs v. Commrs. Weston County, 5 Wyo. 274.
8. The fact that the board did not spread upon its records the reason for disallowing the fees is not important. The allegations of the complaint that the fees were claimed for services performed in criminal trials and preliminary examinations before justices of the peace, bring the case squarely within the provision of the statute which gives to the board exclusive power, in its discretion to disallow those fees. We fail to perceive in what respect plaintiff [179]*179was injured by the failure of the board :to give ati'y reason for its action since, in any'event, that action was conclusive.
9. Neither is the position tenable that section 8 of the act concerning fees, approved on the 6th of April, 1891, is repealed by the act providing a compensation for district attorneys, approved fourteen days thereafter. If necessary, they should be construed in pari materia. They are, however, not reptignant. No fees are prescribed for deputy district attorneys under the latter act, and the only provision for their compensation is that which gives to the board of county commissioners power to prescribe their salary. This is not inconsistant with section 8 of the prior act, which gives to them discretionary power to allow fees.
10. Another contention of plaintiff in error, either in this or another case between- the same parties [post p. 181) is that this is an equitable suit on the part of the plaintiff, not to review a discretionary action of the defendant in error, but for appropriate • relief where the board has absolutely refused to exercise the power vested in it. That is to say, the fixing by the board of plaintiff’s salary at one dollar a year is equivalent to no action at all, and therefore the judgment should be vacated, and another one rendered for a reasonable sum in his favor.
This contention is not good. If the action taken by the board is, in legal effect, no action at all,' theh the proper remedy is mandamus to compel actiórij not an action to recover on a quantum memit. The court might, in such a case, compel the board to take action, but not to act in a particular way. And this leads us to remark that, as a conclusive reason whv plaintiff is not entitled to maintain this action, [180]*180the legislature has not attempted to confer upon the courts jurisdiction to determine the amount of the compensation to which he is entitled. The general assembly itself has not fixed for deputy district attorneys, as such, any fees, or prescribed any definite salary, but, on the contrary has conferred upon the county commissioners power to fix the salary of the class to which plaintiff belongs at a sum not exceeding $1,500 a year. So that while, if the matter could properly be brought before us for review, we might agree with counsel that the action of the commissioners in fixing the plaintiff’s salary at one dollar a year was wholly inexcusable and entirely inadequate, still the fact that our judgment was different from theirs would not authorize us on this hearing to substitute our judgment for theirs, and enter judgment in an amount which we deemed a reasonable compensation. Where one enters into a public office for which no compensation has been providedby law, he is presumed to give his services. And where such compensation is conditional, as here, his right thereto does not attach until the condition is fulfilled or performed. 13 Central Law Journal, 444 and cases cited: People v. Superior Court of New York, 5 Wendell, 115; Garfield County v. Leonard, 26 Colo., 145.
The judgment of the district court was in accordance with the prior decisions of this court, and was the only one which could have been entered under the laws of this state, and for that reason it is affirmed, and the writ of error is dismissed.
Afirmed.