Meredith v. Wang

Opinion

FILED SUPERIOR CGURT OF GUAM

:- MIN pm 3.53 c LERKorCOo. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF GUAM IY; RT

DAVID MEREDITH, Superior Court Case No.DM0435-18

Plailltig; DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION IN LIMINE TO vs. EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER YUCHEN JESSICA WANG, IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFF FROM Defendant. OFFERING ANY EXPERT TESTIMONY

The Court here considers Plaintiff David Meredith's Motion in Limine to Exclude Expert

Testimony and Defendant Yuchen Jessica W ang's Motion for Order in Lirnine to Bar Plaintiff

David Meredith from Offering Any Expert Testimony. Having considered the parties' arguments

and applicable law, the Court DENIES Meredith's Motion and GRANTS IN PART Wang's

Motion.

I. PRQCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This case concerns the parties' dissolution of marriage and eventual distribution of

property. Prior to the parties' trial date, Meredith seeks to exclude W ang's expert, Certified

Public Accountant David J. Burger, from testifying at trial pursuant to Guam Rule of Evidence

702. W ang similarly seeks to exclude Meredith from testifying as an expert at trial pursuant to

GuamRules of Evidence 701 and 702.

11. LAW AND DISCUSSION

Under Guam Rule of Evidence 702, DM0435-18 DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE Page 2 EXPERT'S TESTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFF FROM OFFERING ANY EXPERT TESTIMONY

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

The Supreme Court of Guam has interpreted Rule 702 to require that a court determine

"(1) whether the witness is qualified via knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education; and

(2) whether the witness' testimony will assist the trier of fact" before allowing a person to testify

as an expert. In re NA., 2001 Guam 7 1134. Courts interpret the first prong liberally, but "at a

minimum, a proffered expert witness... must possess sldll or knowledge greater than the average

layman...." Waldorf u Shura, 142 F.3d 601, 625 (ad Cir. 1998) (quotations and citations

omitted), see also People u Roten, 2012 Guam 3 1128 (holding that "all you need to be an expert

witness is a body of specialized knowledge that can be helpful to the jury").

To satisfy Rule 702's second prong, an expert witness' testimony must be both relevant

and reliable. Daubert u Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 579 (1993). A court may look

to various factors to determine the reliability of an expert's methodology: testing, peer review,

error rates, and "acceptability" in the relevant scientific community. Kumho tire Co. v

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999). No one factor is conclusive, nor is each factor applicable

in every case. Id.

A . Burger is Qualified to Testify as an Expert Witness.

Meredith seeks to exclude Burger's testimony on the basis that he is unqualified and his

testimony will not assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence. Burger is allegedly

unqualified to testify because he is not certified in the field of forensic accounting and has no 11\

DM0435-18 DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFF'SMOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE Page 3 EXPERT'STESTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFFFROMOFFERING ANY EXPERT TESTIMONY

experience with international or expatriate tax issues. P1.'s Mot. at 5 (Nov. 26, 2019).

Furthermore, "his testimony is unreliable because it [is] not based on sufficient facts, he does

[not] apply any methodologies in making his conclusions, and his CPA credential alone is

insufficient to make any of his opinions scientific and admissible under Daubers." Pl.'s Mot. at 2.

Because of these lack of qualifications, his testimony does not assist the trier of fact to

understand the evidence.

Seeldng to wholesale exclude Burger as an expert based on his lack of qualifications as a

forensic accountant is not justified underRule702.Based onhis resume, CPA accreditation, and

past experience testifying on accounting matters, Burger has specialized knowledge that qualifies

him as an expert on accounting. That expertise allows him to testify about the discrepancies he

sees in the parties' tax statements and financial documents.

That expertise in accounting does not necessarily qualify him to testify as a forensic

accountant expert or to testify on international or expatriate tax issues as those issues may deal

with even more specialized Holds of accounting. As pointed out by Meredith, Burger does not

have the American Institute of CeMfied Public Accountant's Certified in Financial Forensics

credential to demonstrate a specialty in forensic accounting. However, Black's Law Dictionary

defines 'forensic' as "used in or suitable to courts of law or public debate" and the AICPA

follows that definition. FORENSIC, Black's Law Dictionary (nth ed. 2019), see also AICPA

Statement on Standards for Forensic Services https://www.aicpa.org/content/dam/aicpa./

interestareas/forensicandvaluation/resources/standards/downloadabledocuments/ssfs-no-1 .pi

Black's Law Dictionary also expressly defines "forensic accounting" as "[t]he application of

accountancy principles to monetary issues that arise in courts, as in the apportionment of funds DM0435-18 DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE Page 4 EXPERT'S TESTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFF FROM OFFERING ANY EXPERT TESTIMONY

a nd o f fina nc ia l re sp o nsibilitie s u p o n a d ivo rc e o r d isso lu tio n o f a p a rtne rship . " F O R E N S IC

ACCOUNTING, Black's Law Dictionary (1 ltd ed. 2019).

Based on those definitions, Burger has experience applying his accounting skills in courts

of law and for litigation purposes in Guam, the CNMI, and Saipan, demonstrating an expertise in

forensic accounting. As such, the Court finds Burger qualifies as an expert witness in forensic

3cc0uI1ti1'lg.1

The Court must now determine whether Burger's testimony is relevant and reliable.

Meredith argues that Burger's report is based on insufficient facts and data, that his conclusions

a r e no t the p r o d u c t o f a p p lie d s p e c ia liz e d k no w le d g e , a nd tha t he imp r o p e r ly o p ine s o n the

reliability of other witnesses. PL's Mot. at 6-10. Addressing Meredith's first concern, Burger

states that his conclusions are based on a review of the parties' tax transcripts and/or income tax

returns for the years 2008 to 2018 but admits that "[f]or some of the years, there are some

substantial differences between the details on the transcript and the summary totals on the

transcripts such that we have insufficient information to determine what is included in taxable

income." Pl.'s Mot., Ex. A. Wang argues that although Burger lacks certain facts and data due to

Meredith's delay in providing the relevant financial documents, his testimony is still based on

sufficient facts and data. De£'s Opp'n at 11. The Court agrees. Burger's expertise not only helps

him analyze the financial documents and information in his possession, but it also gives him the

ability to determine the information and documents he is missing and account for those

dl screpancies .

1 Meredith also argues that Burger is not qualified to give an expert opinion on international or expatriate tax issues. Wang did not argue that Burger was qualified to testify on these issues, but instead contended that his lack of experience with these issues did not disqualify him as a forensic expert. The Court agrees and notes Burger's limited qualifications on testifying about these issues if they arise. DM0435-18 DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE Page 5 EXPERT'S TESTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFF FROM OFFERING ANY EXPERT TESTIMONY

As to his methodology, Burger states that his conclusions are calculated "with a

reasonable degree of accounting certainty and to the best of my ability with the information

presented...." P1.'s Mot., Ex. A at 2. However, an "expert's bald assurance of validity is not

enough. Rather, the party presenting the expert must show that the expelt's findings are based on

sound science...." Daubers u Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1316(9th Cir.1995).

In reviewing Burger's report, the Court cannot determine what technique or theory he

used to arrive at his conclusions beyond his assertion of "accounting certainty," This is not

sufficient. "Accounting certainty" does not give the Coup a sufficient framework to analyze

Burger's report's reliability i.e. to see if his methodology has been tested, peer reviewed, and so

on.

However, the Court cannot say that Burger's methodology "suffer[s] from serious

methodological flaws" sufficient to exclude his report at this juncture. Obrey u Johnson, 400

F.3d 691, 696 (9th Cir. 2005). The evidence of calculations in his report shows Burger used some

sort of methodology, the Court simply does not have enough information to determine which

methodology. Burger's report therefore seems to suffer in articulating his methodology, not

necessarily in using an unreliable accounting method.

Be c a u s e "[ a ] m o t i o n i n l i m i ne s ho u l d o nl y be g r a nt e d w he r e t he e vi d e nc e i s c l e a r l y

inadmissible for any purpose" and trial courts have considerable discretion to admit or exclude

evidence under Rule 702, the Court defers a ruling on the admissibility of Burger's report until

trial "so that questions of foundation, relevancy and potential prejudice may be resolved in

proper context." Thomas u Sheehan,514 F. Supp. 2d 1083, 1087 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (quotations and

citations omitted); In re NA., 2001 Guam 71145. If deemed reliable at trial, the Court is inclined m

DM0435-I8 DECISION AND ORDER RE PLAINTIFPS MOTION IN LIMINE TO BXCLUDE Page 6 EXPEKI"STBSTIMONY AND DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR ORDER IN LIMINE TO BAR PLAINTIFF FROM OFFERING ANY EXPEKI' TESTIMONY

to find Burger's report relevant to the case at hand since it provides insight and an explanation

intothe parties'Elnnmcialpictluejthemebyassistingthetrieroffactindistributilngthepartics'

property at the time of divorce.

B. Meredith Will Not Testiiir he an Expert Witness.

As a threshold IHBHCT, because the parties agree that Meredith will not testify as an expert

witness, the Court excludes Meredith Hom testifying as an expert at tnlaL

W ang, however, seeks further assurances that Meredi th wi l l not offer "any opinion

testimony based on specialized knowledge and not merely personal observation." De£'s Reply at

2 (Jan. 7, 2020). She cites to his "prior questionable testimony... regarding tax indemnity, foreign income exclusion, and the process of foreigners owning land in Taiwan." Id.

i The Court declines to limit Meredith's testimony now without evidence of what he will

testify about at trial, but it reminds the parties that a lay witness' testimony is "limited to those

opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (b)

helpful to a clam understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of fact in issue,

an and (c) not based on scient'c, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of

Rul e 702. People vs Roted, 2012 Guam 3 1126,

In. CUNCLUSION

Based on the aforementioned reasons, the Court DENIES M eredith's M otion and

GRANTS IN PART Wan+g'sMotion.

SO ORDERED this 12th day of May 2020.

Hgt{\ELyzE M. IRIARTE Judge, Superior Court of Guam Appearing Attorneys: Vanessa Williams, Esq., for David Meredith; Daniel J. Berman, Esq_., for Yuchen Jessica Wang