Morris, J.
These cross-libels grow out of a collision in the Brewerton channel of the Patapsco river off North Point, about 8 o’clock on the morning of the'seventeenth March, 1885, between the steamship Berkshire, which was coming up the channel towards Baltimore at about 10J knots an hour, and the steamer Frostburg, which was going down the channel at about I knots an hour heavily laden with coal. The weather was clear, with a strong wind from the north and west, and the steamers had observed each other at a distance of several miles. They came into collision just outside the northern edge of the channel, between buoys Nos. 12 and 14; the Berkshire receiving a blow on her port side about amid-ships, from which she sank in a short time, and the Frostburg having her bow badly stove in. When the Berkshire had just entered into the Brewerton channel, and was about passing buoy No. 10, and when the vessels were a little over a mile distant from each other, there was an interchange of signals. The Berkshire gave a signal of one whistle, which was not heard on board the Frostburg on account of the force of the wind, but the escape of steam, indicating that a signal had been given, was observed. There was some difference among those in the pilot-house of the Frostburg ás to whether the Berkshire had blown a signal of one whistle or two whistles. I think it is quite obvious that Capt. Le Tourneau, who was in command of the Frostburg, desired to take the northerly side of the channel if he could get it. At any rate, notwithstanding the others were in doubt about the Berkshire’s signal, he responded by a signal of two blasts of the Frostburg’s whistle, and put his helm to starboard.
The statutory rule prescribed for the conduct of steam-ships in the situation in which these two then were, requires each to put her helm to port, and it is settled that a steamer which seeks to justify by an interchange of signals a departure from this rule cannot justify herself if she has failed to understand a signal properly given by the other steamer. The departure from the- statutory rule puts on the steamer attempting to justify it the burden of establishing on the part of the other steamer án actual proposition or assent by proper signals to the departure. The Milwaukee, Brown, Adm. 313; The Mary Shaw, 6 Fed. Rep. 923. Any mistake with regard to the signals, no matter how honestly made, is primarily visited upon the steamer which departs from the rule. In this case, in answer to a theory advanced by the owners of the Frostburg, it has been suggested by counsel for the Berkshire that even if the second signal given by the Berkshire was not promptly given after the pilot of that steamer heard the signal of two whistles given by the Frostburg, that as the Frostburg had no right to dictate to him that he should put his helm to starboard when he had already signified his intention to obey the statutory rule, he had a right to disregard the signal of two whistles [453]*453given by the Frostburg, and proceed at his usual speed without giving any answer to it. But this is not so. The moment the Frostburg answered the Berkshire’s port signal with a starboard signal, there was obvious risk of collision. There was an imperative duty on the pilot of the Berkshire to respond promptly, and unless there was at once a further interchange of signals, and unless by the time the vessels had approached within half a mile of each other there was, by a proper interchange of signals, a perfect understanding as to how the vessels were to pass each other, the Berkshire would bo in fault if she did not, in obedience to the twenty-first statutory rule and the third pilot rule, slacken her speed, and, if it became necessary, stop and reverse. The proof, however, is that the officer in charge of the Berkshire, after he heard the signal of two whistles from the Frost-burg, did give another signal of one whistle, to which the Frostburg responded with one whistle, evidencing an agreement to pass each other port to port, in obedience to the statutory rule.
The contention on the part of the Berkshire is that this second interchange of signals took place when the vessels were three-quarters of a mile apart, and the contention on the part of the Frostburg is that it did not take place until the vessels had approached to within about a quarter of a mile of each other. This is the only question of any difficulty in the case, and with regard to it the witnesses are in direct and irreconcilable conflict. Small, the first officer of the Berkshire, who was at the time in charge of her navigation, testifies that, when abreast of the first buoy in the Brcwerton channel, (buoy No. 10,) he blew his first signal of one whistle, and received two whistles in return ; and he says, “I immediately blew one whistle again, and received one whistle from the Frostburg, and she changed her course to go towards the south side of the channel, and I put my wheel a little to port.” He testifies that tlio Frostburg then went over to the south sido of the channel, straightened down, and the two vessels so continued as if about to pass all clear, until, when they wore from one-fourth to one-eighth of a mile apart, the Frostburg took a sudden sheer to the north side of the channel; that he then again blew one whistle, put his helm hard a-port, and reversed his engines full speed astern, but was struck by the Frostburg about amid-ships on his port side. The testimony of Oapt. Lo Tourneau, who was in charge of the Frostburg, is that, when he gave the signal of two whistles in answer to the Berkshire’s first signal, he put his helm to starboard, and steadied down on the north side of the channel until the vessels were about one-quarter of a mile apart, and that up to that time he continued to think the Berkshire intended to pass him on his starboard side, and on the south sido of the channel. His statement is that when about a quarter of a mile distant the Berkshire gave a signal of one whistle, and lie responded with one whistle, and observed the Berkshire heading more to the north side of the channel; that ho put his helm to port, and could see directly that there was going to [454]*454be a collision, and rang to reverse his engines full speed astern; that the Frostburg answered her. port helm but very little, and the reversing of the propeller had a tendency to throw her head still more to port; that at the time of the collision the Frostburg had lost her headway'.
In considering all the testimony bearing on this irreconcilable conflict, it is to be borne in mind that the accepted rule is that all testimony from recollection with regard to time and distances in collision cases is at best but conjecture, and usually entitled to but slight weight, unless supported by corroborating circumstances. We have, in support of the inherent probability of Small’s testimony, the fact that he had shown himself careful in obeying the rule with regard to signals, by giving to the Frostburg at the distance of at least a mile the proper signal, and he did this at the earliest moment after he entered the channel. He then shaped his course to take the northerly side of the channel. Under the circumstances it would have been negligence in the highest degree—reckless—to have failed promptly to reply to the contrary signal from the Frostburg. He was in a situation far more dangerous than if he had neglected to give any signal at all, and had formed no purpose of taking either side of the channel. He had already shown himself a cautious man, and is proved to have been an experienced man, and it is hard to believe that he at once abandoned all that his.
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Morris, J.
These cross-libels grow out of a collision in the Brewerton channel of the Patapsco river off North Point, about 8 o’clock on the morning of the'seventeenth March, 1885, between the steamship Berkshire, which was coming up the channel towards Baltimore at about 10J knots an hour, and the steamer Frostburg, which was going down the channel at about I knots an hour heavily laden with coal. The weather was clear, with a strong wind from the north and west, and the steamers had observed each other at a distance of several miles. They came into collision just outside the northern edge of the channel, between buoys Nos. 12 and 14; the Berkshire receiving a blow on her port side about amid-ships, from which she sank in a short time, and the Frostburg having her bow badly stove in. When the Berkshire had just entered into the Brewerton channel, and was about passing buoy No. 10, and when the vessels were a little over a mile distant from each other, there was an interchange of signals. The Berkshire gave a signal of one whistle, which was not heard on board the Frostburg on account of the force of the wind, but the escape of steam, indicating that a signal had been given, was observed. There was some difference among those in the pilot-house of the Frostburg ás to whether the Berkshire had blown a signal of one whistle or two whistles. I think it is quite obvious that Capt. Le Tourneau, who was in command of the Frostburg, desired to take the northerly side of the channel if he could get it. At any rate, notwithstanding the others were in doubt about the Berkshire’s signal, he responded by a signal of two blasts of the Frostburg’s whistle, and put his helm to starboard.
The statutory rule prescribed for the conduct of steam-ships in the situation in which these two then were, requires each to put her helm to port, and it is settled that a steamer which seeks to justify by an interchange of signals a departure from this rule cannot justify herself if she has failed to understand a signal properly given by the other steamer. The departure from the- statutory rule puts on the steamer attempting to justify it the burden of establishing on the part of the other steamer án actual proposition or assent by proper signals to the departure. The Milwaukee, Brown, Adm. 313; The Mary Shaw, 6 Fed. Rep. 923. Any mistake with regard to the signals, no matter how honestly made, is primarily visited upon the steamer which departs from the rule. In this case, in answer to a theory advanced by the owners of the Frostburg, it has been suggested by counsel for the Berkshire that even if the second signal given by the Berkshire was not promptly given after the pilot of that steamer heard the signal of two whistles given by the Frostburg, that as the Frostburg had no right to dictate to him that he should put his helm to starboard when he had already signified his intention to obey the statutory rule, he had a right to disregard the signal of two whistles [453]*453given by the Frostburg, and proceed at his usual speed without giving any answer to it. But this is not so. The moment the Frostburg answered the Berkshire’s port signal with a starboard signal, there was obvious risk of collision. There was an imperative duty on the pilot of the Berkshire to respond promptly, and unless there was at once a further interchange of signals, and unless by the time the vessels had approached within half a mile of each other there was, by a proper interchange of signals, a perfect understanding as to how the vessels were to pass each other, the Berkshire would bo in fault if she did not, in obedience to the twenty-first statutory rule and the third pilot rule, slacken her speed, and, if it became necessary, stop and reverse. The proof, however, is that the officer in charge of the Berkshire, after he heard the signal of two whistles from the Frost-burg, did give another signal of one whistle, to which the Frostburg responded with one whistle, evidencing an agreement to pass each other port to port, in obedience to the statutory rule.
The contention on the part of the Berkshire is that this second interchange of signals took place when the vessels were three-quarters of a mile apart, and the contention on the part of the Frostburg is that it did not take place until the vessels had approached to within about a quarter of a mile of each other. This is the only question of any difficulty in the case, and with regard to it the witnesses are in direct and irreconcilable conflict. Small, the first officer of the Berkshire, who was at the time in charge of her navigation, testifies that, when abreast of the first buoy in the Brcwerton channel, (buoy No. 10,) he blew his first signal of one whistle, and received two whistles in return ; and he says, “I immediately blew one whistle again, and received one whistle from the Frostburg, and she changed her course to go towards the south side of the channel, and I put my wheel a little to port.” He testifies that tlio Frostburg then went over to the south sido of the channel, straightened down, and the two vessels so continued as if about to pass all clear, until, when they wore from one-fourth to one-eighth of a mile apart, the Frostburg took a sudden sheer to the north side of the channel; that he then again blew one whistle, put his helm hard a-port, and reversed his engines full speed astern, but was struck by the Frostburg about amid-ships on his port side. The testimony of Oapt. Lo Tourneau, who was in charge of the Frostburg, is that, when he gave the signal of two whistles in answer to the Berkshire’s first signal, he put his helm to starboard, and steadied down on the north side of the channel until the vessels were about one-quarter of a mile apart, and that up to that time he continued to think the Berkshire intended to pass him on his starboard side, and on the south sido of the channel. His statement is that when about a quarter of a mile distant the Berkshire gave a signal of one whistle, and lie responded with one whistle, and observed the Berkshire heading more to the north side of the channel; that ho put his helm to port, and could see directly that there was going to [454]*454be a collision, and rang to reverse his engines full speed astern; that the Frostburg answered her. port helm but very little, and the reversing of the propeller had a tendency to throw her head still more to port; that at the time of the collision the Frostburg had lost her headway'.
In considering all the testimony bearing on this irreconcilable conflict, it is to be borne in mind that the accepted rule is that all testimony from recollection with regard to time and distances in collision cases is at best but conjecture, and usually entitled to but slight weight, unless supported by corroborating circumstances. We have, in support of the inherent probability of Small’s testimony, the fact that he had shown himself careful in obeying the rule with regard to signals, by giving to the Frostburg at the distance of at least a mile the proper signal, and he did this at the earliest moment after he entered the channel. He then shaped his course to take the northerly side of the channel. Under the circumstances it would have been negligence in the highest degree—reckless—to have failed promptly to reply to the contrary signal from the Frostburg. He was in a situation far more dangerous than if he had neglected to give any signal at all, and had formed no purpose of taking either side of the channel. He had already shown himself a cautious man, and is proved to have been an experienced man, and it is hard to believe that he at once abandoned all that his. experience in the management of steam-vessels and his constant experience in this particular channel must have taught him was necessary for safety. His statements are supported directly by the testimony of Gapt. March, and of Hatch, the second officer of the Berkshire. Shea, the quartermaster, who was at the wheel in the pilot-house with him, did not take notice of the whistles, but corroborates Small very distinctly as to the steering and the course of the Berkshire. Small, from the first, never denied that he perfectly understood that the first signal from the Frostburg was a signal of two whistles, and it is most difficult to believe that he would have failed to repeat his signal, or to do anything, until the vessels were within a quarter of a mile of each other, each pursuing a course which he knew must result in danger.^ His statements are also supported by the testimony of a disinterested witness, Gapt. Griggs, of the tug Tigress, who was observing the vessels from about a mile distant from the point of collision.
To’show that the second interchange of signals took place at a distance of not greater than a quarter of a mile, a very strong argument has been presented by the able and learned counsel for the Frost-burg, based on the testimony given in court by Gapt. Le Tourneau, and other witnesses who were on board the Frostburg, and if I could accept that testimony the argument would be convincing. But as this testimony as to distance is based largely on conjecture, and is a matter in which so slight a valuation in distance results in such a vital difference to the litigants, the statements of the witnesses must [455]*455be weighed with great care, and compared with statements made by them when the importance of this fact may not have been so plainly seen. There were four persons in the pilot-house of the Frostburg, viz., Gapt. Le Tourneau, Bowling, the first mate, a quartermaster who has disappeared, and a Mr. Lapsley, a passenger. Bowling testifies with reserve and hesitation. lie says he expressed no opinion when the character of the Berkshire’s first signal was inquired about by Gapt. Le Tourneau, and he alleges that ho could not see the Berkshire when she blew the second signal because of the other persons in the pilot-house obstructing his view, and that he did not see her until she was close across the Frostburg’s bows. He says, however, that for three minutes before the collision the Frostburg’s helm had been hard a-port; that the Frostburg started very slowly to answer the port helm, and that after her engines were reversed she paid no attention to her helm, but fell off more to port. Lapsley, it is true, testifies that the vessels were a quarter of a mile apart when the second exchange of signals took place; but he testifies also that it was four minutes between that interchange and the collision. The earlier statements of Gapt. Le Tourneau give no hint that the collision was attributable to any fault on the part of the Berkshire. The statement he made a few hours after the collision was that he could not say that the Berkshire was to blame; that his own vessel was unmanageable and would not steer. And in the deliberate official report made by him some weeks later he stated that the cause of the casualty was “ unaccountable.”
Now Gapt. Le Tourneau had been a sea-captain for a great many years, and is a man of good education and intelligence. If the collision was brought about, as it is now attempted to persuade the court, from the Berkshire approaching so near to the Frostburg before repeating her signal that a collision was then unavoidable, is it not highly probable that this justification would at once have suggested itself to a man of Gapt. Le Tourneau’s experience and intelligence? If it had been the fact, as his theory now is, that when he heard the signal of one whistle the collision was so imminent that he immediately reversed his engines at full speed, is it credible that it would not have occurred to him that the other vessel was in fault, and that he was not to blame? And, moreover, if it be supposed that Small could have recklessly brought the vessels into this situation without giving any warning, when Gapt. Le Tourneau did get Small’s second whistle, seeing, as he now says he did, the imminent danger that threatened, and knowing how badly his own vessel steered, is it not highly probable that, instead of answering with one whistle and consenting to attempt what he saw was so dangerous, he would have blown danger signals, or repeated his starboard signals?
It seems to me that the fact that he promptly assented to the poft signal, and attempted to act in obedience to it, is significant proof that at that time he did not think the vessels were as dangerously [456]*456near to each other as he does now. Moreover, with regard to the Frostburg, the facts proved with respect to her navigation from the time she left Baltimore on that morning until the collision, show conclusively that it was fraught with danger to run her in that channel at seven knots an hour. Her sheering from side to side was noticed and commented on by every one who noticed her on her way down from, the harbor. Her- wheel worked so stiffly that those who had her in charge were unable to keep her steadied on any proper course; and it is proved that she actually came into contact with the two vessels which she overtook and passed in the channel just previous to this collision. It is proved that from the moment she started on her voyage there was great difficulty in the management of her steering apparatus,—at all events, in the hands of those who, on that morning, had just taken charge of her, and were all without any experience of the peculiar.difficulties in steering her,—and I think it plainly appears that, when all the incidents leading to the disaster were perfectly fresh in his mind, it was solely to that unmanageableness that Capt. Le Tourneau attributed the collision, and not at all to any delay on the part of the Berkshire in giving him the proper passing signals. At the joint rate of speed at which the vessels were approaching each they would pass over a half .mile in one minute and three-quarters, and making all reasonable allowance for loss of speed resulting from reversing both engines, the time stated by all the witnesses to have elapsed between the exchange of signals is quite sufficient'to lead to'the conclusion that those witnesses are correct who state that the vessels were as much as half a mile apart when the Berkshire blew her second signal. It is true that strong testimony against this theory is to be found in the evidence given, by the witness Lee, but, as against the weight of other testimony and circumstances, I incline to think that he must have confused some of the signals, and perhaps heard the third signal which Small states that he gave.
A careful consideration of all the evidence has brought me to the opinion that this collision was occasioned in the first place by Oapt. Le Tourneau taking the first signal of the Berkshire for a signal of two whistles, and, although there was some doubt about it, immediately putting his helm to starboard; and in the second place, and proximately, notwithstanding the Berkshire gave a second signal of one whistle promptly, and at a sufficient distance to have enabled both steamers, if properly steered, to have passed in safety, because the Frostburg at that moment refused to obey her helm, and continued to advance towards the north side of the channel, and because the reversal of her propeller threw her head still more to the north side of the channel, and rendered it impossible for the Berkshire to clear her, although the Berkshire, in the attempt, had run quite outside of the buoys on the north side of the channel before the collision took place.
[457]*457With regard to the subsequent maneuvers of the Berkshire in attempting to get her into shoal water, I see no reason to doubt that her captain acted in the emergency with the best judgment he had an opportunity of forming, and as he is an experienced and competent commander, the libelants are not responsible for any mistake of judgment on Ms part after the disaster occurred, unless it was so plainly wrong that it would have been rejected by any skillful and competent navigator placed in like circumstances. This has not been shown. In my judgment the Frostburg was solely to blame for this collision.