Mendoza v. Frauenheim

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: November 25, 2020
• Docket: 3:20-cv-04631
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MARCOS MENDOZA, Case No. 20-cv-04631-EMC

8 Petitioner, ORDER DENYING RESPONDENT’S 9 v. MOTION TO DISMISS

10 SCOTT FRAUENHEIM, Docket No. 10 11 Respondent.

12 13 14 Petitioner Marcos Mendoza has filed a habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. In 15 his petition, he asserts a number of constitutional claims (e.g., ineffective assistance of counsel, 16 prosecutorial misconduct, erroneous evidentiary rulings). Currently pending before the Court is 17 the state government’s motion to dismiss. The government moves to dismiss Claim 16 on the 18 basis that it is not cognizable as it is predicated on state law, not federal law. Alternatively, the 19 government argues that Claim 16 is subject to dismissal under the Younger abstention doctrine or 20 that Claim 16 has not been properly exhausted in state court. 21 Having considered the papers submitted, the Court finds that oral argument on the motion 22 is unnecessary. The Court denies the motion to dismiss but stays the case so that Mr. Mendoza 23 may exhaust Claim 16 in state court proceedings first. 24 I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 25 In his petition, Mr. Mendoza alleges as follows. 26 In March 2013, Mr. Mendoza was found guilty, in a jury trial, of second-degree murder. 27 See Pet. ¶ II.A.13. The victim was Maurillo Garcia; he was killed in August 2011 after being 1 Mendoza, two others were found guilty of second-degree murder. See Pet. ¶¶ II.A.10, .13. 2 In May 2013, Mr. Mendoza filed a direct appeal. See Pet. ¶ II.A.15. The state appellate 3 court initially affirmed in November 2016 and, after a rehearing was granted, again in March 4 2017. See Pet. ¶¶ II.B.4-.5. The California Supreme Court denied his petition for review in May 5 2017. See Pet. ¶ II.B.6. The U.S. Supreme Court later denied his petition for review in January 6 2018. See Pet. ¶ II.B.7. 7 Mr. Mendoza then initiated state habeas proceedings in April 2018. See Pet. II.C.1. The 8 state superior court denied relief in January 2019. See Pet. ¶ II.C.5. The California Supreme 9 Court denied his petition for review in January 2020. See Pet. ¶ II.C.7. 10 In June 2019, while his petition was still under review by the California Supreme Court, 11 Mr. Mendoza moved for re-sentencing with the state superior court pursuant to California Penal 12 Code § 1170.95. This request for relief is still pending. See Pet. ¶ II.D.1-.2. 13 The re-sentencing request is the basis for Mr. Mendoza’s Claim 16 in his federal habeas 14 petition. The following is relevant background for that claim. 15 California Senate Bill 1437, which became effective on January 1, 2019,

16 was enacted to “amend [1] the felony murder rule and [2] the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to 17 ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major 18 participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” Substantively, Senate Bill 1437 19 accomplishes this by amending [California Penal Code] section 188, which defines malice, and section 189, which defines the degrees of 20 murder, and as now amended, addresses felony murder liability. 21 People v. Martinez, 31 Cal. App. 5th 719, 723 (2019). 22 Thus, because of Senate Bill 1437, the statutory scheme for murder in California is as 23 follows: 24 (1) Section 187 defines murder as “the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice 25 aforethought.” Cal. Pen. Code § 187(a). 26 (2) Section 188 provides that “malice may be express or implied. Id. § 188(a). It further 27 provides that, except as stated in § 189(e), “in order to be convicted of murder, a 1 a person based solely on his or her participation in a crime.” Id. § 188(a)(3). 2 (3) Section 189(e) covers the felony murder rule. “A participant in the perpetration or 3 attempted perpetration of a felony listed in subdivision (a) [e.g., robbery] in which a 4 death occurs is liable for murder only if one of the following is proven: (1) The person 5 was the actual killer. (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to 6 kill, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted 7 the actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree. (3) The person was a 8 major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to 9 human life, as described in subdivision (d) of section 190.2.” Cal. Pen. Code § 189(e). 10 In addition to amending §§ 188 and 189, Senate Bill 1437 added California Penal Code § 11 1170.95. That statute “provides a procedure by which those convicted of murder can seek 12 retroactive relief if the changes in the law [above] would affect their previously sustained 13 convictions.” Id. at 722-23. Section 1170.95(a) provides:

14 (a) A person convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences theory may file a petition 15 with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder conviction vacated and to be resentenced 16 on any remaining counts when all of the following conditions apply: 17 (1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed 18 against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony murder or murder 19 under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. 20 (2) The petitioner was convicted of first degree or second 21 degree murder following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could be 22 convicted for first degree or second degree murder.

23 (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of first or second degree murder because of changes to Section 24 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019. 25 Cal. Pen. Code § 1170.95. 26 In Claim 16, Mr. Mendoza asserts that he was found guilty of second-degree murder based 27 on the natural and probable consequences doctrine. According to Mr. Mendoza, under that 1 “[i]t was only required to find that he harbored the intent to assault.” Pet., Claim 16, ¶ 13. Mr. 2 Mendoza argues that, under the § 1170.95 procedure, the second-degree murder conviction must 3 be vacated because, under the new criteria, the government must show that “he acted with malice 4 aforethought” with respect to the killing of Mr. Garcia, and “[t]he State cannot hope to do so 5 here.” Pet., Claim 16, ¶¶ 11, 16. 6 Mr. Mendoza filed a § 1170.95 petition for re-sentencing in Santa Clara Superior Court. 7 See Pet., Claim 16, ¶ 17. The superior court “has found that [Mr. Mendoza] stated a prima facie 8 case for relief under section 1170.95 and set a hearing date to resolve the matter. The petition 9 remains pending.” Pet., Claim 16, ¶ 17. Mr. Mendoza implicitly acknowledges that his request 10 for relief with the superior court is predicated on state law but contends that “[a]ny failure by the 11 state court to grant relief on the petition would amount to a violation of [his] federal rights under 12 the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments” – i.e., due process. Pet., Claim 16, ¶ 17. 13 II. DISCUSSION 14 A. Government’s Arguments 15 In its motion to dismiss, the government targets Claim 16. 16 First, the government contends that Claim 16 is really a state law claim, not a federal one, 17 and therefore cannot be the basis for federal habeas relief. According to the government, Mr. 18 Mendoza cannot turn “a state law claim into a federal one merely by citing, in passing, broad 19 constitutional principles.” Mot. at 2; see also Langford v. Day, 110 F.3d 1380, 1389 (9th Cir. 20 1996) (“Langford may not . . . transform a state-law issue into a federal one merely by asserting a 21 violation of due process. We accept a state court's interpretation of state law, and alleged errors in 22 the application of state law are not cognizable in federal habeas corpus.”); cf. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) 23 (“The Supreme Court, . . . a circuit court, or a district court shall entertain an application for a writ 24 of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on 25 the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United 26 States.”). 27 Second, the government asserts that, even if Claim 16 raises a federal constitutional claim, 1 because of the pending state court re-sentencing proceedings. See generally ReadyLink 2 Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 758 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that Younger 3 “abstention [is] appropriate when (1) there is ‘an ongoing state judicial proceeding,’ (2) those 4 ‘proceedings implicate important state interests,’ and (3) there is ‘an adequate opportunity in the 5 state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges’”; also, “[t]he requested relief must seek to 6 enjoin – or have the practical effect of enjoining – ongoing state proceedings”). 7 Finally, the government argues that, at best, Claim 16 has not been properly exhausted in 8 state court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A) (“An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf 9 of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it 10 appears that – (A) the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State.”). 11 The government maintains: “When a petition contains both exhausted an unexhausted claims, it is 12 considered a ‘mixed petition,’ and must be dismissed for failure to exhaust,” or Mr. Mendoza “can 13 elect to delete the unexhausted claim from his petition and proceed only on the exhausted claims.” 14 Mot. at 5. 15 B. Exhaustion 16 As noted above, Mr. Mendoza implicitly acknowledges that, at present, his request for 17 relief with the superior court is predicated on state law only. However, he asserts that, should the 18 superior court deny him relief, then he could have a due process claim. See Pet., Claim 16, ¶ 17 19 (alleging that “[a]ny failure by the state court to grant relief on the petition would amount to a 20 violation of [his] federal rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments” – i.e., due process”). 21 The state court has not ruled on whether he should be granted relief under §1170.95 and whether 22 the failure to grant such relief would violate his federal constitutional rights. Those claims would 23 have to be exhausted in the state appellate process before it could be presented to this Court. 24 Thus, the question for this Court is how to proceed given that, at present, Mr. Mendoza presents a 25 mixed petition. 26 In his opposition, Mr. Mendoza proposes that, under Kelly v. Small, 315 F.3d 1063 (9th 27 Cir. 2003), he delete Claim 16 from his petition; that he litigate his exhausted claims; and that, if 1 could “stay proceedings at that time, rather than issue a final order, to allow [him] to finish 2 exhausting Claim 16.” Opp’n at 4. Mr. Mendoza recognizes that Kelly “anticipates staying the 3 proceedings prior to resolving the exhausted claims” but argues that “nothing in those cases . . . 4 suggesting staying after resolution of the exhausted claims would be improper.” Opp’n at 4-5 5 (emphasis added). 6 The Court declines to adopt Mr. Mendoza’s proposal inasmuch as he suggests that the 7 Court should litigate his exhausted claims now instead of staying them pending exhaustion of 8 Claim 16 in state court. Mr. Mendoza has not cited any authority to support his specific 9 suggestion, simply referring instead to a court’s general discretion “to stay proceedings as an 10 incident to its power to control its own docket.” Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706 (1997). 11 Moreover, as the government points out, Mr. Mendoza’s approach promotes piecemeal litigation. 12 That, however, is not the end of the matter as Mr. Mendoza has made clear that, if the 13 Court were to reject the above proposal, he still seeks a stay of these proceedings so that he can 14 exhaust Claim 16 in state court. The government argues that a stay (whether under Kelly or under 15 the Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005), standard instead) is inappropriate because Claim 16 is a 16 state law claim and therefore not cognizable on federal habeas. See Reply at 4 (arguing futility). 17 But simply because Claim 16 at present is a state law claim does not mean that Mr. Mendoza 18 could not have a federal due process claim if the state court were to deny him relief at 19 resentencing. Because the government has not articulated any other basis to oppose a stay, the 20 Court grants Mr. Mendoza’s request for a stay. Specifically, the Court finds that a stay under 21 Rhines is appropriate. 22 Under Rhines, a court should stay a mixed petition (instead of dismissing it) if (1) the 23 petitioner has good cause for his failure to exhaust, (2) his unexhausted claim is potentially 24 meritorious, and (3) there is no indication that the petitioner engaged in intentionally dilatory 25 litigation tactics. See id.; see also Blake v. Baker, 745 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the 26 government does not dispute that Mr. Mendoza has good cause for his failure to exhaust, see id. at 27 982 (noting that “good cause turns on whether the petition can set forth a reasonable excuse, 1 Mr. Mendoza engaged in intentionally dilatory litigation tactics. Instead, the government’s only 2 argument is that a Rhines stay is inappropriate because his § 1170.95 “resentencing claim is not 3 cognizable on federal habeas.” Reply at 4; see also Salazar v. Spearman, No. 2:19-CV-08996- 4 JAK(SHK), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78950, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2020) (finding a Rhines stay 5 inappropriate because “whether Petitioner is entitled to relief under . . . § 1170.95 is solely a 6 matter of state law” and thus is “not cognizable on federal habeas review”; adding that 7 “Petitioner[’s] attempt to ‘federalize’ the claim by stating in the Petition that his rights to due 8 process and a fair trial were violated is unavailing”); Esparza v. Lizarraga, No. 2:17-cv-03168- 9 AB-MAA, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 188452, at *7-8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2019) (concluding a Rhines 10 stay was inappropriate because claim based on § 1170.95 was plainly meritless and citing several 11 Central District cases in support; “Petitioner does not invoke any federal basis for this 12 resentencing claim and does not show that any fundamental unfairness has taken place or would 13 take place if his resentencing claim were denied by the California state courts”). 14 At this juncture in the proceedings, the Court cannot say that Mr. Mendoza’s due process 15 claim would be “‘plainly meritless.’” Dixon v. Baker, 847 F.3d 714, 722 (9th Cir. 2017) (stating 16 that, “[i]n determining whether a claim is ‘plainly meritless,’ principles of comity and federalism 17 demand that the federal court refrain from ruling on the merits of the claim unless ‘it is perfectly 18 clear that the petitioner has no hope of prevailing’”; adding that “‘[a] contrary rule would deprive 19 state courts of the opportunity to address a colorable federal claim in the first instance’”). 20 Although resentencing under § 1170.95 is a state remedy, it could potentially give rise to a due 21 process claim if relief were warranted under the statute but denied. See People v. Torres, 46 Cal. 22 App. 5th 1168, 1180 (2020) (in discussing defendant’s resentencing request pursuant to § 1170.95, 23 stating that “[t]here is . . . a possibility that Torres was punished for conduct that is not prohibited 24 by section 190.2 as currently understood, in violation of Torres’s constitutional right to due 25 process” – because federal due process forbids a state from convicting a person of a crime without 26 proving the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt) (emphasis added); see also Lyons v. 27 Pliler, No. C 98-1890 CRB (PR), 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3970, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 1999) 1 the violation “constitutes an arbitrary deprivation of a state-created liberty interest”). 2 III. CONCLUSION 3 For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies the motion to dismiss but stays proceedings in 4 the case under Rhines so that Mr. Mendoza may exhaust Claim 16. 5 This order disposes of Docket No. 10. 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 9 Dated: November 25, 2020 10 11 ______________________________________ EDWARD M. CHEN 12 United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27