SUPERSEDING MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND REMEDY ORDER
DALY, District Judge.
Plaintiffs have moved for clarification and modification of the Court’s remedy order of June 2, 1980. The motion is GRANTED, and the Court accordingly issues this superseding memorandum of decision and remedy order, incorporating herein the clarifications plaintiffs have requested, to the extent they are appropriate.
This Court has found the defendant City of Bridgeport liable to plaintiffs for intentional discrimination in the terms and conditions of plaintiffs’ employment under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983, The Model Cities Act and CETA; the Court also found the defendant Bridgeport Housing Authority liable to plaintiffs under the Model Cities Act for its failure to attempt to effect compliance with the Act.1 The City has discriminated against plaintiffs, who do the same work as Bridgeport Police Department officers, by denying them pay, status, promotional opportunities, fringe and pension benefits, and discipline and discharge rights equal to those enjoyed by Police Department officers.
The purpose of a remedy under Title VII2 is to make whole the victims of unlawful discrimination, Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 421, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2373, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975), and to put them in their “rightful place,” Franks v. Bowman Transp. Co., 424 U.S. 747, 768, 96 S.Ct. 1251, 1266, 47 L.Ed.2d 444 (1976), that is the position they would have held absent the defendant’s discriminatory practices. That position in this case is one of parity with the Police Department officers in the terms enumerated above. The question presently before the Court, then, is how best to accomplish this statutory objective in the circumstances of this case.
Plaintiffs have suggested two alternatives and acknowledged the Court’s discretion to allow the defendants to choose between them. The first alternative would be to incorporate the plaintiffs into the Bridgeport Police Department. The second alternative would be to establish a housing authority police force pursuant to Conn. Gen.Stat. § 8-44b.3 Although the latter [763]*763would be administratively the more complex solution, it is the one the City favors. Partly because of the legal and administrative complexities of such a remedy, and partly because of its deficiencies as equitable relief, this Court would consider any sanction of it a poor exercise of the Court’s discretion.
To the extent that the Court’s remedy order were fashioned in conformity with the state law, the Housing Police would be subject to two possibly conflicting lines of authority. Because the statute provides that members of a housing authority police force are employees of the housing authority, it presumably contemplates the existence of some of the incidents of the employer-employee relationship between the housing police officers and the housing authority.4 The statute also provides, however, that housing police are “subject to the ultimate supervision and control of the chief of police in the municipality in which the housing authority operates.” Since supervision and control (along with payment of wages) are indicia of an employer-employee relationship for purposes of Title VII analysis, federal law would regard plaintiffs as employees of the City. Thus the City would be obliged to afford the Housing Police terms and conditions of employment equal to those of Police Department officers, but would not necessarily negotiate those terms with the Housing Police. The Housing Authority, on the other hand, although obliged to negotiate with the Housing Police,5 would be powerless (absent some drastic changes in its financial position and its relationship with the City) to effect any terms it negotiated with its “employees.”
It is probably true that the City and the Housing Authority could cooperate in a manner that would avoid this and similar problems. And it is certainly clear that this Court could fashion a remedy order that might require them to do so. But the need for imbedding an already sufficiently complicated situation in such a potential administrative morass is not at all apparent. The Court has not only “broad power as a court of equity to remedy the vestiges of past discriminatory practice,” Rios v. Enterprise Ass’n Steamfitters Local 638, 501 F.2d 622, 629 (2d Cir. 1974), but also “the duty to render a decree which will so far as possible . bar like discrimination in the future,” Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 418, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2372,45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975), quoting Louisiana v. United States, 380 U.S. 145, 154, 85 S.Ct. 817, 822, 13 L.Ed.2d 709 (1965). Without continuous court supervision, the kind of administrative complexity described above seems to offer greater opportunities for further discrimination than would a simpler solution.
For these reasons, and in light of the fact that the City has not articulated its reasons for preferring this alternative and [764]*764none are readily apparent,6 the Court rejects the Housing Authority Police Force alternative. An order incorporating plaintiffs into the Bridgeport Police Department, on the other hand, would put plaintiffs in their rightful place, the position they would have held absent discrimination, without subjecting all the parties to the administrative complexity and uncertainty of the statutory housing police force alternative. Accordingly, it is this alternative the Court chooses: the City must swear in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department all plaintiffs who are current members of the Housing Authority Police Force.7
Members of the Housing Police Force whose police powers have been terminated8 or who have been terminated for disciplinary reasons9 need not necessarily be sworn in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department in good standing. However, one of the conditions of plaintiffs’
employment that this Court found discriminatory was their lack of job security. And the City has acknowledged that plaintiffs have not enjoyed the same rights of appeal from termination decisions as Bridgeport Police Department officers. See City’s Response to Plaintiffs’ Proposed Remedy Order, filed April 11, 1980. In order to remedy this discrimination and provide the plaintiffs with equal protection, the City must provide the five terminated plaintiffs with the same hearings and rights of appeal enjoyed by Bridgeport Police Department officers.10 Until they have had a full opportunity to exercise these rights, these officers shall have the same rights and duties as a police department officer in their position.
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SUPERSEDING MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND REMEDY ORDER
DALY, District Judge.
Plaintiffs have moved for clarification and modification of the Court’s remedy order of June 2, 1980. The motion is GRANTED, and the Court accordingly issues this superseding memorandum of decision and remedy order, incorporating herein the clarifications plaintiffs have requested, to the extent they are appropriate.
This Court has found the defendant City of Bridgeport liable to plaintiffs for intentional discrimination in the terms and conditions of plaintiffs’ employment under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983, The Model Cities Act and CETA; the Court also found the defendant Bridgeport Housing Authority liable to plaintiffs under the Model Cities Act for its failure to attempt to effect compliance with the Act.1 The City has discriminated against plaintiffs, who do the same work as Bridgeport Police Department officers, by denying them pay, status, promotional opportunities, fringe and pension benefits, and discipline and discharge rights equal to those enjoyed by Police Department officers.
The purpose of a remedy under Title VII2 is to make whole the victims of unlawful discrimination, Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 421, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2373, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975), and to put them in their “rightful place,” Franks v. Bowman Transp. Co., 424 U.S. 747, 768, 96 S.Ct. 1251, 1266, 47 L.Ed.2d 444 (1976), that is the position they would have held absent the defendant’s discriminatory practices. That position in this case is one of parity with the Police Department officers in the terms enumerated above. The question presently before the Court, then, is how best to accomplish this statutory objective in the circumstances of this case.
Plaintiffs have suggested two alternatives and acknowledged the Court’s discretion to allow the defendants to choose between them. The first alternative would be to incorporate the plaintiffs into the Bridgeport Police Department. The second alternative would be to establish a housing authority police force pursuant to Conn. Gen.Stat. § 8-44b.3 Although the latter [763]*763would be administratively the more complex solution, it is the one the City favors. Partly because of the legal and administrative complexities of such a remedy, and partly because of its deficiencies as equitable relief, this Court would consider any sanction of it a poor exercise of the Court’s discretion.
To the extent that the Court’s remedy order were fashioned in conformity with the state law, the Housing Police would be subject to two possibly conflicting lines of authority. Because the statute provides that members of a housing authority police force are employees of the housing authority, it presumably contemplates the existence of some of the incidents of the employer-employee relationship between the housing police officers and the housing authority.4 The statute also provides, however, that housing police are “subject to the ultimate supervision and control of the chief of police in the municipality in which the housing authority operates.” Since supervision and control (along with payment of wages) are indicia of an employer-employee relationship for purposes of Title VII analysis, federal law would regard plaintiffs as employees of the City. Thus the City would be obliged to afford the Housing Police terms and conditions of employment equal to those of Police Department officers, but would not necessarily negotiate those terms with the Housing Police. The Housing Authority, on the other hand, although obliged to negotiate with the Housing Police,5 would be powerless (absent some drastic changes in its financial position and its relationship with the City) to effect any terms it negotiated with its “employees.”
It is probably true that the City and the Housing Authority could cooperate in a manner that would avoid this and similar problems. And it is certainly clear that this Court could fashion a remedy order that might require them to do so. But the need for imbedding an already sufficiently complicated situation in such a potential administrative morass is not at all apparent. The Court has not only “broad power as a court of equity to remedy the vestiges of past discriminatory practice,” Rios v. Enterprise Ass’n Steamfitters Local 638, 501 F.2d 622, 629 (2d Cir. 1974), but also “the duty to render a decree which will so far as possible . bar like discrimination in the future,” Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 418, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2372,45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975), quoting Louisiana v. United States, 380 U.S. 145, 154, 85 S.Ct. 817, 822, 13 L.Ed.2d 709 (1965). Without continuous court supervision, the kind of administrative complexity described above seems to offer greater opportunities for further discrimination than would a simpler solution.
For these reasons, and in light of the fact that the City has not articulated its reasons for preferring this alternative and [764]*764none are readily apparent,6 the Court rejects the Housing Authority Police Force alternative. An order incorporating plaintiffs into the Bridgeport Police Department, on the other hand, would put plaintiffs in their rightful place, the position they would have held absent discrimination, without subjecting all the parties to the administrative complexity and uncertainty of the statutory housing police force alternative. Accordingly, it is this alternative the Court chooses: the City must swear in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department all plaintiffs who are current members of the Housing Authority Police Force.7
Members of the Housing Police Force whose police powers have been terminated8 or who have been terminated for disciplinary reasons9 need not necessarily be sworn in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department in good standing. However, one of the conditions of plaintiffs’
employment that this Court found discriminatory was their lack of job security. And the City has acknowledged that plaintiffs have not enjoyed the same rights of appeal from termination decisions as Bridgeport Police Department officers. See City’s Response to Plaintiffs’ Proposed Remedy Order, filed April 11, 1980. In order to remedy this discrimination and provide the plaintiffs with equal protection, the City must provide the five terminated plaintiffs with the same hearings and rights of appeal enjoyed by Bridgeport Police Department officers.10 Until they have had a full opportunity to exercise these rights, these officers shall have the same rights and duties as a police department officer in their position. If the required proceedings result in a reversal of the termination decisions, these plaintiffs shall then be sworn in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department.
Simply being sworn in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department will not af[765]*765ford plaintiffs the full remedy to which they are entitled under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. Backpay is “the rule rather than the exception under Title VII.” EEOC v. Local 638, 532 F.2d 821, 832 (2d Cir. 1976). The availability of this remedy does not limit the remedy available under § 1981, Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, 421 U.S. 454, 460, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 1720, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975), which encompasses both legal and equitable relief, including backpay, id.
The City contends that plaintiffs’ claims for backpay are barred by laches. This Court has held, albeit without specific reference to any particular element of remedy, that defendants’ claim of laches is without merit. The City has shown no reason to alter that holding at this point. It claims that its budget and tax rate computations have been prejudiced by plaintiffs’ alleged delay. Assuming arguendo that there has been any delay, it is difficult to see that any prejudice has resulted from it. Any financial difficulties of the City following this lawsuit stem not from the plaintiffs’ action or inaction, but from the City’s failure to recognize earlier its obligations to the plaintiffs. Accordingly, plaintiffs are entitled to backpay.
As to the time period the backpay award should cover, the City seems to be in substantial agreement with the plaintiffs. Title VII limits awards of backpay to a period not exceeding two years before filing of the charge with the EEOC. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g). Since plaintiffs filed their charge in this case on August 18,1976, they should receive backpay from August 18, 1974. But such equitable relief is available also under §§ 1981 and 1983, see, e. g., Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, supra, and the statute of limitations under those statutes is three years, Williams v. Walsh, 558 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1977). The operative date therefore is April 26, 1974, three years before plaintiffs filed their complaint in this case with the Court.11 And since the discrimination in this case clearly has been continuing since well before the statutory cut-off dates for backpay, a more recent cut-off would be inappropriate.
The City urges that the Court should not award backpay because each plaintiff has not proved both entitlement to and amount of backpay. As to entitlement, plaintiffs are or were members of the Housing Police Force. As such the Court has held them to be victims of employment discrimination remediable under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983; the City therefore must pay them backpay. This conclusion applies most clearly to plaintiffs who are presently Housing Police. Each such plaintiff shall receive backpay from April 26, 1974 or his date of hire, whichever is later.
As to those plaintiffs who have resigned since that date, plaintiffs claim entitlement to full relief, for periods both before and after their resignations. Under International Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 364-67, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 1869-70, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977), if an employee would have acted in a certain way but for discrimination, he is entitled to benefits he would have received had he so acted. However, there is no evidence before the Court tending to suggest that any Housing Police resignations resulted from discriminatory treatment. Consequently, a plaintiff who has resigned from the Housing Police Force12 is entitled to backpay only from [766]*766April 26, 1974 or his date of hire, whichever is later, to the date of resignation. Cf. Mitchell v. Trustees of Pickens Cty. Sch. Dist. A, 415 F.Supp. 512, 519 (D.S.C.1976) (where school district violated Title VII by refusing to rehire plaintiff because of plaintiff’s pregnancy, plaintiff entitled to back-pay from effective date of refusal to date she would have resigned or taken leave).
As to the plaintiffs who were terminated, their entitlement to backpay depends on the results of their opportunity to exercise the rights of Police Department officers regarding termination decisions. Each of the plaintiffs who was terminated is entitled to backpay from April 26, 1974 or his date of hire, whichever is later, to the date of his termination. Any officer who is reinstated under the terms of this order13 shall receive also a further award of backpay determined as if he had been a Police Department officer on the date he was terminated.
For the purposes of this order backpay shall include the sum value of all regular and overtime wages, fringe benefits, pension benefits, and all other benefits to which Bridgeport Police Department officers are or were entitled under union contracts, including all increments, together with interest at 6% per annum and front pay from the date of this order to the date plaintiffs are sworn in as members of the Bridgeport Police Department.14 Backpay so computed shall be reduced by the sum of amounts earned or earnable with reasonable diligence, together with amounts of any welfare or unemployment compensation received, if any. To the extent that plaintiffs receive retroactive seniority and pension benefits, they shall not receive the cash value of these benefits, as backpay. Plaintiffs shall submit to the Court within 60 days the data necessary to make the above computation of backpay. In making the above calculations the Court will compare with plaintiffs’ compensation the compensation of those Police Department officers whose seniority is most nearly equal to the plaintiffs’. Set-offs from backpay shall not include amounts plaintiffs earned at part-time jobs held concurrently with a position on the Housing Police Force, if a Housing Police Officer would have been able to hold that part-time job had he been a Police Department officer. See e. g., Laugesen v. Anaconda Co., 510 F.2d 307, 317-18 (6th Cir. 1975).
With regard to seniority rights, the discrimination against plaintiffs did not begin until 1972. The Housing Police began operation late in the Spring of 1970. CDA Letter 11 then gave the City two years to incorporate plaintiffs into its regular civil service system. See Memorandum of Decision filed January 29, 1980, at 42, 85 F.R.D. 624 (D.Conn.1980). The City charter (PX 49) provides that at the end of the two year period plaintiffs would be on probation for six months. The earliest date to which seniority should be retroactive, therefore, is the Fall of 1972.
Whether plaintiffs should receive seniority retroactive to that date, or at all, is governed by § 703(h) of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(h). This provision protects “the routine application of a bona fide seniority system” Teamsters, supra, 431 U.S. at 352, 97 S.Ct. at 1863.
Although a seniority system tends to perpetuate the effects of pre-Act discrimination . ., the congressional judgment was that Title VII should not outlaw the use of existing seniority lists and thereby destroy or water down the vested seniority rights of employees simply be[767]*767cause their employer had engaged in discrimination prior to the Act.
Id. at 352-53, 97 S.Ct. at 1863. As noted above, the discrimination in this case occurred after the effective date of the Act, and also after March 1972, the effective date of the amendments making the Act applicable to municipalities. As such, it is subject to remedy by an award of retroactive seniority and such remedy is not barred by § 703(h). Franks v. Bowman Transp. Co., supra, 424 U.S. at 757, 96 S.Ct. at 1260 et seq.
Adequate relief may well be denied in the absence of a seniority remedy slotting the victim in that position in the seniority system that would have been his had he been hired at the time of his application. It can hardly be questioned that ordinarily such relief will be necessary to achieve the “make-whole” purposes of the Act.
Id. at 764-66, 96 S.Ct. at 1264 (emphasis added). The reference in the above quotation to “hiring” should apply with equal or greater force to the process of lateral assimilation into the City’s civil service system with the concomitant increase in benefits to which this Court has found plaintiffs were entitled in the Fall of 1972. Thus even assuming the seniority system of the Police Department were in other respects unobjectionable, its existence concurrent with the discriminatory terms and conditions of plaintiffs’ employment vitiates any claim it might have to be considered bona fide. For these reasons, and absent any persuasive counter-arguments from any of the defendants, each plaintiff who is currently a member of the Housing Police in good standing shall receive full seniority retroactive to January 1, 1973,15 or his date of hire, whichever is later. The seniority rights of plaintiffs who have been terminated or threatened with termination will depend, as in the case with backpay, on the results of their opportunity to exercise their rights with respect to termination decisions.16 Plaintiffs who resigned upon appointment to the Bridgeport Police Department shall receive full seniority retroactive to January 1, 1973, or their respective dates of hire, whichever is later. As to the other plaintiffs who resigned, the question of seniority is moot.
The final matter plaintiffs would have the Court address is their entitlement to costs and attorneys’ fees. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1988 and 2000e-5(g) clearly guarantee fees and costs to plaintiffs who have prevailed, as have plaintiffs here. Northcross v. Memphis Bd. of Ed., 412 U.S. 427, 93 S.Ct. 2201, 37 L.Ed.2d 48 (1973); Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, 390 U.S. 400, 88 S.Ct. 964, 19 L.Ed.2d 1263 (1968). Plaintiffs thus are entitled to costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees, to be paid by the City in an amount to be determined at a later date.
Judgment shall enter on the matters enumerated herein. The Court reserves judgment on the matter of the 1980 Police Department Sergeants’ examination. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b).