Willi IMS, J.
(after stating the facts as ab'ove). Article 2, c. 14, p. 94, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1895, provides:
“Section 1. Under an obligation to pay interest, no rate being specified, interest is payable at the rate of seven per cent, per annum.
“Sec. 2. Section' 6, 7, 8 and 9 of article 6, chapter 16, of the compiled laws of 1893, entitled ‘Contracts,’ are hereby repealed.” (Approved February 21, 1895.)
Section 1, c. 14, p. 93, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1895, provides:
“That section 10, of article 6, of chapter 16, Oklahoma Statutes, be, and the same is hereby amended so as to read^ as follows: (section 10) All judgments of courts of record and justices of the peace shall bear interest from the day on which they are rendered at the rate of seven per cent, per annum: Provided, that when a rate of interest is specified in any contract, that rate shall continue until full payment is made, and any judgment rendered on any such contract shall bear the same rate of interest mentioned in the contract, which rate, shall be specified in the judgment; but in no ease shall such rate exceed twelve per cent, per annum: Provided, that if the contract rate be greater than twelve per cent, per annum, said judgment shall bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum, but such interest must not be compounded in any manner or form.” (Approved March 8, 1895,)
The session of the Legislature of 1897 passed general laws relating to interest (sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, c. 18, pp. 186, 187, Sess. Laws Oída. T. 1897), providing (1) that under an obligation to pay interest, no rate being specified, interest is payable at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum, and in like proportion for a longer or shorter time, but in the computation of interest for less than a year 360 days are deemed to constitute a year; (2) when there is not an express contract in writing fixing a different rate, interest is to be at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum; (3) interest not exceeding one year may be deducted in advance; (4) party taking, receiving, retaining, or contracting for a higher rate of interest than 12 per cent, per annum shall forfeit all the interest so taken, received, retained, or contracted for, it being the intent and meaning of said section not to provide for a forfeiture of any portion of the principal; (5) article 23Jc 14, Sess. Laws 1895, repealed; (6) all acts and parts of acts in conflict with said act repealed. Under the provisions of section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Oída. T. 1893 (section 891), when a greater rate of interest had been paid than 12 per cent, per annum, the person paying it or his personal representative might recover the excess from the person taking it, or his personal representative, in an action in the proper court.
People’s Bank v.
Dalton, 2 Okla. 476, 37 Pac. 807;
Wood v. Cuthberson, 3
Dak. 328, 21 N. W. 3;
Robison v.
McKinney,
4 Dak. 290, 29 N. W. 658. Said section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223,^ St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891), was repealed by act of the Legislature of said territory,
supra,
approved February 21, 1895, Sess. Laws 1895, p. 94, c. 14, § 2
(Seawell v. Hendricks,
4 Okla. 439, 46 Pac. 557), but said provisions for the recovery of the excess interest of section 9 (section 891) was merely declaratory of the common law in force in said territory (section 4200, Wilson’s Rev.
&
Ann. St. 1903), and said section 4, c. 18, p. 186, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1897 (section 849, Wilson’s Rev. & Ann. St. 1903), providing that “a person taking, receiving, retaining, or contracting for any higher rate of interest than twelve per cent, per annum shall forfeit all the interest
so taken, received, retained, or contracted for
(italics ours), it being the intent and meaning of this section not to provide for a forfeiture of any portion of the principal,” has the effect of re-enacting a more comprehensive penalty than was provided for by section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891). There the aggrieved party or his personal representative might recover the excess — ■ that is, the amount of interest in excess of 12 per cent. — from the person taking it, or his personal representative, in an action in the proper court.
Now, how could a forfeiture be made effective where the interest had been so taken, received, or retained for a rate in excess of 12 per cent, per annum, except by an action by the party, or his personal representative, who paid the same against the party taking, receiving, or retaining the same, or his personal representative, recover all of such interest? It may be suggested that in some instances the state, and in others the complaining party, recovers the forfeiture or penalty. But we may look to the history of usury laws for. the purpose of construing this statute. At common law the borrower who had paid more than the legal rate of interest had the right to recover such excess of interest in an action of
assumpsit. Baum v. Thoms,
150 Ind. 378, 50 N. E. 357, 65 Am. St. Rep. 368;
Bexar Bldg. & Loan Association v. Robinson,
78 Tex. 163, 14 S. W. 227, 9 L. R. A. 292, 22 Am. St. Rep.
36;
Wheaton v. Hibbard,
20 Johns. (N. Y.) 291, 11 Am. Dec. 284;
Palmer v. Lord,
6 Johns. Ch. (N Y.), 95;
Dunham v. Gould,
16 Johns. (N. Y.) 368, 8 Am. Dec. 323;
Bank v. Wood,
53 Vt. 491;
Mussleman v. McAlhaney,
23 Ind. 4, 85 Am. Dec. 445;
People’s Bank v. Dalton,
2 Okla. 476, 37 Pac. 807. If the Legislature of Oklahoma Territory (Sess. Laws 1895, p. 94, c. 14, § 2) in repealing section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891), providing that, “when a greater rate of interest has been paid than 12' per cent
per annum
the excess of such interest may be recovered by the party paying the same,” at the same time removing any limitation from the rate by contract, and afterwards enacting section 4, c. 18, p. 186, Sess. Laws 1897 (section 849, Wilson’s Rev. & Ann. St. 1903), providing for a forfeiture of the entire interest, when a usurious rate was taken, received, retained, or contracted for, had intended whilst it was re-enacting a greater forfeiture or penalty than existed by virtue of said section 9, or the provisions of the common law, to provide for such forfeiture or penalty to be recovered other than by the party paying the same, the presumption is that it would have expressly or clearly so indicated, and, in case of doubt, it is to be assumed that there was no such intention or change of policy.
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Willi IMS, J.
(after stating the facts as ab'ove). Article 2, c. 14, p. 94, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1895, provides:
“Section 1. Under an obligation to pay interest, no rate being specified, interest is payable at the rate of seven per cent, per annum.
“Sec. 2. Section' 6, 7, 8 and 9 of article 6, chapter 16, of the compiled laws of 1893, entitled ‘Contracts,’ are hereby repealed.” (Approved February 21, 1895.)
Section 1, c. 14, p. 93, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1895, provides:
“That section 10, of article 6, of chapter 16, Oklahoma Statutes, be, and the same is hereby amended so as to read^ as follows: (section 10) All judgments of courts of record and justices of the peace shall bear interest from the day on which they are rendered at the rate of seven per cent, per annum: Provided, that when a rate of interest is specified in any contract, that rate shall continue until full payment is made, and any judgment rendered on any such contract shall bear the same rate of interest mentioned in the contract, which rate, shall be specified in the judgment; but in no ease shall such rate exceed twelve per cent, per annum: Provided, that if the contract rate be greater than twelve per cent, per annum, said judgment shall bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum, but such interest must not be compounded in any manner or form.” (Approved March 8, 1895,)
The session of the Legislature of 1897 passed general laws relating to interest (sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, c. 18, pp. 186, 187, Sess. Laws Oída. T. 1897), providing (1) that under an obligation to pay interest, no rate being specified, interest is payable at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum, and in like proportion for a longer or shorter time, but in the computation of interest for less than a year 360 days are deemed to constitute a year; (2) when there is not an express contract in writing fixing a different rate, interest is to be at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum; (3) interest not exceeding one year may be deducted in advance; (4) party taking, receiving, retaining, or contracting for a higher rate of interest than 12 per cent, per annum shall forfeit all the interest so taken, received, retained, or contracted for, it being the intent and meaning of said section not to provide for a forfeiture of any portion of the principal; (5) article 23Jc 14, Sess. Laws 1895, repealed; (6) all acts and parts of acts in conflict with said act repealed. Under the provisions of section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Oída. T. 1893 (section 891), when a greater rate of interest had been paid than 12 per cent, per annum, the person paying it or his personal representative might recover the excess from the person taking it, or his personal representative, in an action in the proper court.
People’s Bank v.
Dalton, 2 Okla. 476, 37 Pac. 807;
Wood v. Cuthberson, 3
Dak. 328, 21 N. W. 3;
Robison v.
McKinney,
4 Dak. 290, 29 N. W. 658. Said section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223,^ St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891), was repealed by act of the Legislature of said territory,
supra,
approved February 21, 1895, Sess. Laws 1895, p. 94, c. 14, § 2
(Seawell v. Hendricks,
4 Okla. 439, 46 Pac. 557), but said provisions for the recovery of the excess interest of section 9 (section 891) was merely declaratory of the common law in force in said territory (section 4200, Wilson’s Rev.
&
Ann. St. 1903), and said section 4, c. 18, p. 186, Sess. Laws Okla. T. 1897 (section 849, Wilson’s Rev. & Ann. St. 1903), providing that “a person taking, receiving, retaining, or contracting for any higher rate of interest than twelve per cent, per annum shall forfeit all the interest
so taken, received, retained, or contracted for
(italics ours), it being the intent and meaning of this section not to provide for a forfeiture of any portion of the principal,” has the effect of re-enacting a more comprehensive penalty than was provided for by section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891). There the aggrieved party or his personal representative might recover the excess — ■ that is, the amount of interest in excess of 12 per cent. — from the person taking it, or his personal representative, in an action in the proper court.
Now, how could a forfeiture be made effective where the interest had been so taken, received, or retained for a rate in excess of 12 per cent, per annum, except by an action by the party, or his personal representative, who paid the same against the party taking, receiving, or retaining the same, or his personal representative, recover all of such interest? It may be suggested that in some instances the state, and in others the complaining party, recovers the forfeiture or penalty. But we may look to the history of usury laws for. the purpose of construing this statute. At common law the borrower who had paid more than the legal rate of interest had the right to recover such excess of interest in an action of
assumpsit. Baum v. Thoms,
150 Ind. 378, 50 N. E. 357, 65 Am. St. Rep. 368;
Bexar Bldg. & Loan Association v. Robinson,
78 Tex. 163, 14 S. W. 227, 9 L. R. A. 292, 22 Am. St. Rep.
36;
Wheaton v. Hibbard,
20 Johns. (N. Y.) 291, 11 Am. Dec. 284;
Palmer v. Lord,
6 Johns. Ch. (N Y.), 95;
Dunham v. Gould,
16 Johns. (N. Y.) 368, 8 Am. Dec. 323;
Bank v. Wood,
53 Vt. 491;
Mussleman v. McAlhaney,
23 Ind. 4, 85 Am. Dec. 445;
People’s Bank v. Dalton,
2 Okla. 476, 37 Pac. 807. If the Legislature of Oklahoma Territory (Sess. Laws 1895, p. 94, c. 14, § 2) in repealing section 9, art. 6, c. 16, p. 223, St. Okla. T. 1893 (section 891), providing that, “when a greater rate of interest has been paid than 12' per cent
per annum
the excess of such interest may be recovered by the party paying the same,” at the same time removing any limitation from the rate by contract, and afterwards enacting section 4, c. 18, p. 186, Sess. Laws 1897 (section 849, Wilson’s Rev. & Ann. St. 1903), providing for a forfeiture of the entire interest, when a usurious rate was taken, received, retained, or contracted for, had intended whilst it was re-enacting a greater forfeiture or penalty than existed by virtue of said section 9, or the provisions of the common law, to provide for such forfeiture or penalty to be recovered other than by the party paying the same, the presumption is that it would have expressly or clearly so indicated, and, in case of doubt, it is to be assumed that there was no such intention or change of policy. But we are further strengthened in this view from the language of the section, wherein it is provided that “the person taking, receiving, retaining, or contracting for any higher rate of interest than twelve per cent, per annum shall forfeit all the interest so taken, received, retained or contracted for.” Now, if the party has contracted for a greater rate of interest, that means, in connection with the use of the term, that he has neither taken, received, nor retained it; and to whom would he forfeit that interest that he had contracted for? Neither having taken, received, nor retained it, he could not forfeit it to any third party, and it necessarily means that in attempting to enforce that contract for such excessive interest on proper plea by the party agreeing to pay
the same or with whom the contract had been made for such excessive rate of interest the. same shall be forfeited in his favor.
It follows that the lower court erred in sustaining the demurrer to both counts of plaintiff’s petition. The judgment of the lower court is accordingly reversed, and the case remanded with instruction to set aside the order sustaining said demurrer and to overrule the same, and proceed in accordance with this opinion.
All the Justices concur.