NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 2 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MELISSA ANTABLIN, No. 21-56349
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. Nos. 2:18-cv-09474-MCS-AS v. 2:20-cv-08762-MCS-AS
MOTION PICTURE COSTUMERS, LOCAL NO. 705, International Alliance of MEMORANDUM* Theatrical Stage Employees and Motion Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Mark C. Scarsi, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 17, 2022 Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,** District Judge.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation. Melissa Antablin—a professional costumer and member of Motion Picture
Costumers Local 705—sued Local 705, alleging it retaliated against her for a dispute
she had with union officials by blocking her employment on several productions;
violated its duty of fair representation by allowing the hiring of non-union costumers
for jobs to which she applied; and refused to produce union records she claimed she
was entitled to obtain under federal and state law. The district court granted Local
705’s motion for summary judgment on Antablin’s claims and denied her cross
motion for summary judgment. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We
affirm in part and reverse in part.
1. Retaliation claim
Antablin asserted her retaliation claim under section 101(a)(2) and (4) of the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(2), (4). The
district court partially dismissed the claim as time-barred and granted summary
judgment for the union on the rest of the claim. We assume for purposes of
discussion, however, that Antablin’s claim was timely in its entirety, because
summary judgment was appropriately granted against her on the merits of her claim.
Specifically, the district court did not err in finding that there was no evidence
that the union took any action to restrict or influence Antablin’s employment on the
jobs she cited in her retaliation claim. Antablin identified some arguable
inconsistencies in the employers’ renditions of their dealings with her, but even if
2 those explanations were disbelieved it would not amount to evidence of any
retaliatory action by the union. More particularly, Antablin offered no evidence that
the union was aware of her availability to work on the particular productions in
question. Nor did she offer evidence that anyone connected with the union reached
out to any of these employers about her in any way; the only evidence was to the
contrary. Without evidence of retaliatory conduct by the union, Antablin’s claim
could not succeed. See Casumpang v. Int’l Longshoreman’s and Warehousemen’s
Union, Local 142, 269 F.3d 1042, 1058 (9th Cir. 2001) (explaining that plaintiff
must show she was subjected to retaliatory action to state a cause of action for a
violation of section 101(a)(2)).
2. Duty of Fair Representation Claim.1
Antablin’s second claim is that the union violated its duty of fair
representation by authorizing the hiring of non-union costumers on certain jobs even
though she, as a union member, was available for hiring. The district court held that
no duty of fair representation existed because the union did not operate an
“exclusive” hiring hall. We conclude that genuine factual disputes preclude
summary judgment on this claim.
1 The district court suggested that Antablin had “largely conceded” this issue but then addressed it on the merits, so we will do the same.
3 The Supreme Court has held that a union’s operation of an exclusive hiring
hall gives rise to a duty of fair representation (DFR) on the part of the union to its
members. Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n Local Union No. 6, 493
U.S. 67, 88–89 (1989). “Exclusive” in this context is “a term of art denoting the
degree to which hiring is reserved to the union hiring hall.” Id. at 71 n.1.
There is evidence that would permit a reasonable fact finder to determine that
the system established by the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with Local 705
and maintained by the union—called the Industry Experience Roster (IER)—was
sufficiently exclusive to trigger the union’s DFR vis-à-vis its members. Paragraph
68(c) of the CBA states that “preference of employment in hiring and rehiring shall
be given” by a producer to qualified persons on the IER, and it may be read to allow
the producer to go outside the IER only if there it includes insufficient qualified
workers to meet the producer’s requirements. The CBA also includes a grievance
process applicable when a producer hires without regard to the IER, including a
remedy that would permit a grievance arbitrator to order a producer to “forthwith
employ” a person on the IER and award backpay. Though the IER appears to have
included both union and non-union costumers, a reasonable fact finder, when
reviewing the evidence just discussed, could nonetheless infer that the arrangement
in the CBA was effectively an exclusive hiring hall. See, e.g., Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters
Local 492 (Fire and Ice Prods., Inc.), 369 N.L.R.B. No. 75, slip op. at 2-4, 7-8 (2020)
4 (quoting Plumbers & Pipe Fitters, 50 F.3d 29, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1995)) (finding an
Industry Experience Roster constituted an exclusive hiring hall because producers
were required to exhaust the Roster or invoke an exception before hiring off-Roster,
and failing to do so could lead to a grievance process).2
To the extent Local 705’s actions related to its operation of an exclusive hiring
hall, it owed Antablin not simply a duty of fair representation, but a heightened duty
of fair dealing that required it to operate by “reference to objective criteria.” Lucas
v. N.L.R.B., 333 F.3d 927, 935 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Under Lucas, when
a union engages in conduct that “causes a worker to be fired or prevents a worker
from being hired, the burden shifts to the union to justify its actions .” Id. at 934. The
record here includes evidence that would permit a finding that the union routinely
granted waivers to producers that permitted them to hire without regard to the IER.
If so, then the heightened duty under Lucas would apply. Because Local 705
contends that it is only subject to the lower, more deferential standard from Air Line
Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. O’Neill, 499 U.S. 65 (1991), it does not address the shifted
burden under Lucas. That would require Local 705 to establish that, in granting
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 2 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MELISSA ANTABLIN, No. 21-56349
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. Nos. 2:18-cv-09474-MCS-AS v. 2:20-cv-08762-MCS-AS
MOTION PICTURE COSTUMERS, LOCAL NO. 705, International Alliance of MEMORANDUM* Theatrical Stage Employees and Motion Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Mark C. Scarsi, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 17, 2022 Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,** District Judge.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation. Melissa Antablin—a professional costumer and member of Motion Picture
Costumers Local 705—sued Local 705, alleging it retaliated against her for a dispute
she had with union officials by blocking her employment on several productions;
violated its duty of fair representation by allowing the hiring of non-union costumers
for jobs to which she applied; and refused to produce union records she claimed she
was entitled to obtain under federal and state law. The district court granted Local
705’s motion for summary judgment on Antablin’s claims and denied her cross
motion for summary judgment. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We
affirm in part and reverse in part.
1. Retaliation claim
Antablin asserted her retaliation claim under section 101(a)(2) and (4) of the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(2), (4). The
district court partially dismissed the claim as time-barred and granted summary
judgment for the union on the rest of the claim. We assume for purposes of
discussion, however, that Antablin’s claim was timely in its entirety, because
summary judgment was appropriately granted against her on the merits of her claim.
Specifically, the district court did not err in finding that there was no evidence
that the union took any action to restrict or influence Antablin’s employment on the
jobs she cited in her retaliation claim. Antablin identified some arguable
inconsistencies in the employers’ renditions of their dealings with her, but even if
2 those explanations were disbelieved it would not amount to evidence of any
retaliatory action by the union. More particularly, Antablin offered no evidence that
the union was aware of her availability to work on the particular productions in
question. Nor did she offer evidence that anyone connected with the union reached
out to any of these employers about her in any way; the only evidence was to the
contrary. Without evidence of retaliatory conduct by the union, Antablin’s claim
could not succeed. See Casumpang v. Int’l Longshoreman’s and Warehousemen’s
Union, Local 142, 269 F.3d 1042, 1058 (9th Cir. 2001) (explaining that plaintiff
must show she was subjected to retaliatory action to state a cause of action for a
violation of section 101(a)(2)).
2. Duty of Fair Representation Claim.1
Antablin’s second claim is that the union violated its duty of fair
representation by authorizing the hiring of non-union costumers on certain jobs even
though she, as a union member, was available for hiring. The district court held that
no duty of fair representation existed because the union did not operate an
“exclusive” hiring hall. We conclude that genuine factual disputes preclude
summary judgment on this claim.
1 The district court suggested that Antablin had “largely conceded” this issue but then addressed it on the merits, so we will do the same.
3 The Supreme Court has held that a union’s operation of an exclusive hiring
hall gives rise to a duty of fair representation (DFR) on the part of the union to its
members. Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n Local Union No. 6, 493
U.S. 67, 88–89 (1989). “Exclusive” in this context is “a term of art denoting the
degree to which hiring is reserved to the union hiring hall.” Id. at 71 n.1.
There is evidence that would permit a reasonable fact finder to determine that
the system established by the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with Local 705
and maintained by the union—called the Industry Experience Roster (IER)—was
sufficiently exclusive to trigger the union’s DFR vis-à-vis its members. Paragraph
68(c) of the CBA states that “preference of employment in hiring and rehiring shall
be given” by a producer to qualified persons on the IER, and it may be read to allow
the producer to go outside the IER only if there it includes insufficient qualified
workers to meet the producer’s requirements. The CBA also includes a grievance
process applicable when a producer hires without regard to the IER, including a
remedy that would permit a grievance arbitrator to order a producer to “forthwith
employ” a person on the IER and award backpay. Though the IER appears to have
included both union and non-union costumers, a reasonable fact finder, when
reviewing the evidence just discussed, could nonetheless infer that the arrangement
in the CBA was effectively an exclusive hiring hall. See, e.g., Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters
Local 492 (Fire and Ice Prods., Inc.), 369 N.L.R.B. No. 75, slip op. at 2-4, 7-8 (2020)
4 (quoting Plumbers & Pipe Fitters, 50 F.3d 29, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1995)) (finding an
Industry Experience Roster constituted an exclusive hiring hall because producers
were required to exhaust the Roster or invoke an exception before hiring off-Roster,
and failing to do so could lead to a grievance process).2
To the extent Local 705’s actions related to its operation of an exclusive hiring
hall, it owed Antablin not simply a duty of fair representation, but a heightened duty
of fair dealing that required it to operate by “reference to objective criteria.” Lucas
v. N.L.R.B., 333 F.3d 927, 935 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Under Lucas, when
a union engages in conduct that “causes a worker to be fired or prevents a worker
from being hired, the burden shifts to the union to justify its actions .” Id. at 934. The
record here includes evidence that would permit a finding that the union routinely
granted waivers to producers that permitted them to hire without regard to the IER.
If so, then the heightened duty under Lucas would apply. Because Local 705
contends that it is only subject to the lower, more deferential standard from Air Line
Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. O’Neill, 499 U.S. 65 (1991), it does not address the shifted
burden under Lucas. That would require Local 705 to establish that, in granting
waivers, it “acted according to a valid union security clause or that [its] action was
2 That Local 705 outsourced day-to-day administration of the IER may be a factor for a fact finder to consider in determining whether the CBA established an exclusive hiring hall, but on the record before us there is no basis to consider this a dispositive factor.
5 necessary to the effective performance of its function of representing its
constituency.” Lucas, 333 F.3d at 935 (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted). Because these issues remain unresolved, summary judgment is not
appropriate.
For these reasons, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment
to Local 705 on Antablin’s duty of fair representation claim and remand for further
proceedings on that claim.
3. Inspection Claims
The district court found Antablin’s record-inspection claims moot because,
during the litigation, she received the records she had requested. A case is moot
“when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally
cognizable interest in the outcome.” Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496
(1969). In deciding mootness, “the question is whether there can be any effective
relief.” Nw. Envtl. Defense Ctr. v. Gordon, 849 F.2d 1241, 1245 (9th Cir. 1988)
(citations and internal quotations marks omitted). A case is moot when “there is
no reasonable expectation” that the alleged violation will recur. United States v. W.
T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633 (1953).
Antablin’s claims, which arise under both federal and state law, involve the
denial of her requests to inspect specific documents. Because she has received those
documents from the union, she has no claim left to pursue. In other words, there is
6 no effective relief a court can provide, and the alleged violation—which is specific
to her—cannot recur. The exception to mootness for some cases involving voluntary
cessation of a practice does not apply here, as there are no “old ways” for the union
to return to. See, e.g., Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., 528 U.S. 167,
189 (2000) (referring to “a challenged practice” that could “reasonably be expected
to start up again” and concern that a defendant could “return to his old ways” after
voluntary ceasing the challenged conduct). Antablin attempts to recharacterize her
claim as challenging a larger union practice of denying inspection requests, but she
has offered no evidence that would suggest there is such a practice. Nor can the
union’s interpretation of the relevant statutes as not obligating it to provide members
with copies of records (as opposed to inspecting them)—which seemingly only arose
as a defense to this litigation—warrant keeping the case alive even after Antablin
received the documents she requested.
For these reasons, the district court did not err in finding that Antablin’s
inspection claims were moot.
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED AND REMANDED in part. Each
party will bear its own costs in this Court.