COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Powell and Senior Judge Coleman Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MELISSA ANNETTE McQUINN MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0404-08-2 JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III JUNE 9, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Gary A. Hicks, Judge
Samuel P. Simpson, V (Montgomery & Simpson, LLP, on brief), for appellant.
Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Melissa Annette McQuinn, appellant, appeals her convictions for one count of grand
larceny in violation of Code § 18.2-95 and two counts of uttering a forged traveler’s check in
violation of Code § 18.2-172. On appeal, she contends the evidence was insufficient to prove
that she had fraudulent intent and that she knew the traveler’s checks were forged or counterfeit
when she endorsed or presented them for payment. We affirm the convictions.
Background
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth,
26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App.
438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. On August 5, 2007, appellant purchased items from a Wal-Mart store using two $500
American Express Traveler’s Cheques. The checks were made payable to appellant and
contained appellant’s signature on the top line of the check designated “Sign here immediately
upon receipt of this traveler’s cheque.” Appellant’s signature was also on the bottom line
designated “Countersign here in presence of person cashing.” The next day, appellant returned
to the same store and attempted additional purchases using American Express Traveler’s
Cheques. However, on this date, a store supervisor advised appellant that she would have to
contact American Express to verify the authenticity of the checks before accepting them.
Appellant responded that she had recently used other American Express Traveler’s Cheques at
anotherWal-Mart location and she did not understand the need to now contact American Express.
Appellant took the traveler’s checks and left the store without completing the purchase or
waiting for the checks to be verified.
Upon subsequent investigation Wal-Mart determined that the traveler’s checks appellant
had endorsed and negotiated on August 5, 2007 to purchase merchandise contained invalid serial
numbers and were counterfeit. Several days later, Investigator Kevin Walker interviewed
appellant. She told Walker that she had found the traveler’s checks in the parking lot of a
convenience store. She stated that a friend advised her to consider the checks as cash so she
decided to use them. Appellant admitted that on August 5, 2007, she endorsed and passed the
checks to purchase merchandise at Wal-Mart. She acknowledged to Walker that she “probably”
should not have used the checks since they “probably belonged to someone else.” Appellant said
she did not know the checks were counterfeit and would not have endorsed or negotiated them
had she known they were counterfeit. She stated that she would have “turned the checks in” if
they had contained a name. Appellant said she considered the checks “a blessing” because she
did not have “a lot of money.”
-2- The trial court found appellant guilty of grand larceny and two counts of uttering with the
intent to defraud a forged traveler’s check in violation of Code § 18.2-172. Appellant appeals
the convictions.
Analysis
Appellant’s indictments charged that she twice uttered with the intent to defraud a forged
American Express Traveler’s Cheque in violation of Code § 18.2-172. Code § 18.2-172 reads in
relevant part: “If any person forge any writing . . . to the prejudice of another’s right, or utter, or
attempt to employ as true, such forged writing, knowing it to be forged, he shall be guilty of a
Class 5 felony.”
Appellant argues she did not know the traveler’s checks were counterfeit and, thus, she
did not know that she was uttering a forged document. She contends she found what she
believed were legitimate traveler’s checks that were the equivalent of money. Therefore, she had
no fraudulent intent when passing or uttering the checks and, thus, had no larcenous intent when
receiving merchandise in exchange for the checks.
Contrary to appellant’s assertion, in order to prove a violation of Code § 18.2-172, the
Commonwealth was not required to prove that appellant knew the traveler’s checks were
“counterfeit” in the sense that the actual checks were imitation or bogus traveler’s checks.
Rather, Code § 18.2-172 provides that it is unlawful to forge “any writing” or to utter such
forged writing knowing it to be forged. Forgery “is defined as ‘the false making or materially
altering with the intent to defraud, of any writing which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal
efficacy, or the foundation of legal liability.’” Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 171, 173,
313 S.E.2d 394, 395 (1984) (quoting Bullock v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 558, 561, 138 S.E.2d
261, 263 (1964)) (affirming convictions for forgery of blank checks stolen from a business).
-3- “A check which has been fraudulently written or altered in a manner that possibly will
operate to the injury of another constitutes a forgery.” Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 13
Va. App. 194, 196, 409 S.E.2d 818, 819 (1991) (affirming conviction for forgery and uttering of
a check stolen from a business and endorsed by accused). Forgery is “[t]he act of fraudulently
making a false document or altering a real one to be used as if genuine.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 677 (8th ed. 1999).
Because appellant was charged with uttering forged checks, it is immaterial whether
appellant knew the traveler’s checks were counterfeit or fake. The checks on their face require
that the purchaser of the checks sign the checks “upon receipt” from the American Express agent
and require, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by the person whose signature appears
on the instrument. See Code § 8.3A-104(i). 1 Also, unlike cash, traveler’s checks have serial
numbers which can aid in identifying the original purchaser of the checks. Therefore, the
traveler’s check, unlike cash or a bearer instrument, has safeguards protecting the
owner/purchaser.
Appellant admitted to the investigator that the checks did not belong to her. She
acknowledged to the investigator that the checks “probably” belonged to someone else. Thus,
when appellant signed or endorsed the checks on the top line for the specimen signature, she
altered the checks and misrepresented that she was the legal owner of the checks thereby creating
a forged document. See Muhammad, 13 Va. App. at 198, 409 S.E.2d at 820 (When the accused
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Powell and Senior Judge Coleman Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MELISSA ANNETTE McQUINN MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0404-08-2 JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III JUNE 9, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Gary A. Hicks, Judge
Samuel P. Simpson, V (Montgomery & Simpson, LLP, on brief), for appellant.
Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Melissa Annette McQuinn, appellant, appeals her convictions for one count of grand
larceny in violation of Code § 18.2-95 and two counts of uttering a forged traveler’s check in
violation of Code § 18.2-172. On appeal, she contends the evidence was insufficient to prove
that she had fraudulent intent and that she knew the traveler’s checks were forged or counterfeit
when she endorsed or presented them for payment. We affirm the convictions.
Background
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth,
26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App.
438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. On August 5, 2007, appellant purchased items from a Wal-Mart store using two $500
American Express Traveler’s Cheques. The checks were made payable to appellant and
contained appellant’s signature on the top line of the check designated “Sign here immediately
upon receipt of this traveler’s cheque.” Appellant’s signature was also on the bottom line
designated “Countersign here in presence of person cashing.” The next day, appellant returned
to the same store and attempted additional purchases using American Express Traveler’s
Cheques. However, on this date, a store supervisor advised appellant that she would have to
contact American Express to verify the authenticity of the checks before accepting them.
Appellant responded that she had recently used other American Express Traveler’s Cheques at
anotherWal-Mart location and she did not understand the need to now contact American Express.
Appellant took the traveler’s checks and left the store without completing the purchase or
waiting for the checks to be verified.
Upon subsequent investigation Wal-Mart determined that the traveler’s checks appellant
had endorsed and negotiated on August 5, 2007 to purchase merchandise contained invalid serial
numbers and were counterfeit. Several days later, Investigator Kevin Walker interviewed
appellant. She told Walker that she had found the traveler’s checks in the parking lot of a
convenience store. She stated that a friend advised her to consider the checks as cash so she
decided to use them. Appellant admitted that on August 5, 2007, she endorsed and passed the
checks to purchase merchandise at Wal-Mart. She acknowledged to Walker that she “probably”
should not have used the checks since they “probably belonged to someone else.” Appellant said
she did not know the checks were counterfeit and would not have endorsed or negotiated them
had she known they were counterfeit. She stated that she would have “turned the checks in” if
they had contained a name. Appellant said she considered the checks “a blessing” because she
did not have “a lot of money.”
-2- The trial court found appellant guilty of grand larceny and two counts of uttering with the
intent to defraud a forged traveler’s check in violation of Code § 18.2-172. Appellant appeals
the convictions.
Analysis
Appellant’s indictments charged that she twice uttered with the intent to defraud a forged
American Express Traveler’s Cheque in violation of Code § 18.2-172. Code § 18.2-172 reads in
relevant part: “If any person forge any writing . . . to the prejudice of another’s right, or utter, or
attempt to employ as true, such forged writing, knowing it to be forged, he shall be guilty of a
Class 5 felony.”
Appellant argues she did not know the traveler’s checks were counterfeit and, thus, she
did not know that she was uttering a forged document. She contends she found what she
believed were legitimate traveler’s checks that were the equivalent of money. Therefore, she had
no fraudulent intent when passing or uttering the checks and, thus, had no larcenous intent when
receiving merchandise in exchange for the checks.
Contrary to appellant’s assertion, in order to prove a violation of Code § 18.2-172, the
Commonwealth was not required to prove that appellant knew the traveler’s checks were
“counterfeit” in the sense that the actual checks were imitation or bogus traveler’s checks.
Rather, Code § 18.2-172 provides that it is unlawful to forge “any writing” or to utter such
forged writing knowing it to be forged. Forgery “is defined as ‘the false making or materially
altering with the intent to defraud, of any writing which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal
efficacy, or the foundation of legal liability.’” Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 171, 173,
313 S.E.2d 394, 395 (1984) (quoting Bullock v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 558, 561, 138 S.E.2d
261, 263 (1964)) (affirming convictions for forgery of blank checks stolen from a business).
-3- “A check which has been fraudulently written or altered in a manner that possibly will
operate to the injury of another constitutes a forgery.” Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 13
Va. App. 194, 196, 409 S.E.2d 818, 819 (1991) (affirming conviction for forgery and uttering of
a check stolen from a business and endorsed by accused). Forgery is “[t]he act of fraudulently
making a false document or altering a real one to be used as if genuine.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 677 (8th ed. 1999).
Because appellant was charged with uttering forged checks, it is immaterial whether
appellant knew the traveler’s checks were counterfeit or fake. The checks on their face require
that the purchaser of the checks sign the checks “upon receipt” from the American Express agent
and require, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by the person whose signature appears
on the instrument. See Code § 8.3A-104(i). 1 Also, unlike cash, traveler’s checks have serial
numbers which can aid in identifying the original purchaser of the checks. Therefore, the
traveler’s check, unlike cash or a bearer instrument, has safeguards protecting the
owner/purchaser.
Appellant admitted to the investigator that the checks did not belong to her. She
acknowledged to the investigator that the checks “probably” belonged to someone else. Thus,
when appellant signed or endorsed the checks on the top line for the specimen signature, she
altered the checks and misrepresented that she was the legal owner of the checks thereby creating
a forged document. See Muhammad, 13 Va. App. at 198, 409 S.E.2d at 820 (When the accused
1 “Traveler’s check” means an instrument that (i) is payable on demand, (ii) is drawn on or payable at or through a bank, (iii) is designated by the term “traveler’s check” or by a substantially similar term, and (iv) requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the instrument.
Code § 8.3A-104(i).
-4- endorsed the check, he “fraudulently warranted that he had title to the instrument and that it had
not been altered.”). When appellant again endorsed the checks on the countersignature line in
order to negotiate the checks, she further represented she was the rightful owner of the checks
and she knowingly uttered forged documents for her benefit to purchase merchandise at
Wal-Mart. 2 Accordingly, the evidence proved that appellant knowingly uttered a forged
traveler’s check that did not belong to her in a manner that operated to the injury of another. See
id. at 196, 409 S.E.2d at 819.
“The fact that an instrument was forged, made payable to the defendant, and endorsed by
h[er], is sufficient evidence of the defendant’s intent to defraud the drawee.” Fitzgerald, 227 Va.
at 174, 313 S.E.2d at 395. Appellant, listed as payee, possessed the forged checks and she put
them into circulation when she endorsed them and presented them at Wal-Mart as payment for
merchandise. From the evidence presented, the trial court properly concluded that appellant
uttered the checks knowing them to be forged and that she had both fraudulent and larcenous
intent when she used the forged checks to purchase merchandise. See id. “The inferences to be
drawn from proven facts, so long as they are reasonable, are within the province of the trier of
fact.” Hancock v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 774, 782, 407 S.E.2d 301, 306 (1991).
Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to prove appellant committed the charged offenses. 3
Accordingly, we affirm appellant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
2 The reverse side of the traveler’s checks contains the procedure for acceptance of the checks, providing that the person accepting the check watch the customer countersign the check and compare that signature to the original signature. 3 We also note that the trial court was not required to accept appellant’s statement regarding how she acquired the checks and that she did not know the checks were counterfeit. “The fact finder has the right to reject parts of the evidence as untrue and accept other parts.” Tooke v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 759, 768, 627 S.E.2d 533, 537 (2006) (citing Belton v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 5, 9, 104 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1958)). -5-