Bowie, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The subject of the present appeal, is an action for malicious prosecution, brought by the appellant, an agent or solicitor 'of policies, against the appellee, a corporation, organized under the laws of the State of New York, known as “The Brooklyn Life Insurance Company of New York.”
The gravamen of the suit is, that the appellee, on the first of May, 1873, at the City of Baltimore, falsely, and maliciously, and without any reasonable or probable cause whatsoever, charged the appellant, then being the agent of the appellee, with fraudulently embezzling the money [202]*202of the appellee, and caused the appellant to he arrested, and held to hail for his appearance before the Criminal Court of the City of Baltimore, etc., from ryhich arrest, he was afterwards discharged, the grand jury finding no presentment against him.
Issue was joined on the plea of “not guilty.” At the trial, two exceptions were taken hy the appellant; the first, to the exclusion hy the Court of certain questions propounded hy the appellant; the second, to the rejection of the appellant’s prayers, and the granting of the first, third, and fifth of the appellee,. and to the assent of the Court to the withdrawal of his second and fourth prayers.
The first exception is unimportant in the consideration of this appeal, inasmuch as the questions which arise on the prayers, go to the existence of the right of action, and are conclusive of the matters in controversy.
The plaintiff’s, or appellant’s prayers, present substantially the following propositions:
1st. That the appellant must have fraudulently intended to embezzle the appellee’s money, and cheat the company, to constitute the offence with which he was charged, under the 49th sec. of the 30th Art. of the Code of Public General Laws, etc.
2nd. That if the company first advised with Messrs. Merryman & Bryan, in relation to their claim against appellant, in the sum of $1400, and had their advice, and afterwards ceased to employ them, they cannot defend the wrong of which the appellant complains, upon the ground that they afterwards consulted and acted upon the advice of other counsel.
3rd. That it is a question for the jury, whether the appellant acted fraudulently in the use of the sum of $1400.
4th. That whether the defendant was actuated hy malice in causing the arrest, etc., was a question of fact.
5th. That whether there was probable cause for the institution of the criminal proceedings, etc., was a question to he decided hy the jury.
[203]*2036th. That if the jury found for the plaintiff, the amount of damages should he such as the jury might think right and proper under all the circumstances.
The defendant’s first, third and fifth pkayers, which were granted, affirm these propositions :
First. That there was no evidence from which the jury could find that the prosecution complained of, was instituted without probable cause.
Third. That there is no proof legally sufficient to connect the defendant with the arrest, and prosecution of the plaintiff.
Fifth. That the action can only be maintained by proof of actual malice against the plaintiff, in the institution of the prosecution complained of, and such malice cannot be predicated of a corporation, and this action cannot be maintained.
The prayers of the appellee are in the nature of demurrers to the evidence.
The first and third declare the insufficiency of the testimony, in certain essential particulars, to the maintenance of the action.
The fifth assumes the broader ground, that an action for malicious prosecution does not lie against a corporation aggregate, because it is incapable of malice.
No decision has been made in this State, upon the question raised by the appellee’s last prayer. In other States of the Union, and in Great Britain, a great contrariety of opinion has existed on this point, and conflicting decisions have been pronounced by Judges and Courts, of equal eminence and authority.
It is not necessary, and we therefore do not propose to endeavor to reconcile these, or announce any conclusion on this point, in the present case.
The action for malicious prosecution, as it is laid down in all the text-books and reports, depends upon the proof of two facts, — the want of probable cause for th.e pro[204]*204secution, — and malice on the part of the prosecutor, as the motive of the prosecution.
The union of these two conditions, is essential to the injury, know# as malicious prosecution. The absence of either, is fatal to the suit.
Malice may he inferred from the want of probable cause, hut where probable cause exists, malice, however intense, will constitute no cause of action.
In the case of Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 196, this Court announced the law in these terms : ,
“ To have entitled the plaintiff to recover for malicious prosecution, it was incumbent upon him to prove affirmatively, that he had been prosecuted, or that a prosecution had been instituted by the defendants or one of them; that such prosecution had terminated in his discharge or exoneration from the accusation against him; and that such prosecution was both malicious and without probable cause on the part of the defendant. All of these propositions must concur and be established by the plaintiff, to entitle him to maintain his action. If the evidence adduced be legally insufficient to be submitted to the .jury to prove each and all of these elements of the plaintiff’s case, his action could well he pronounced groundless, and the defendant not be called on for his defence.” Turner vs. Walker, 3 G. & J., 377; Cecil vs. Clarke, 17 Md., 508; Williams vs. Taylor, 6 Bing., 183; Wheeler vs. Nesbit, 24 How., 544.
What facts will he sufficient to constitute probable cause for a criminal prosecution, is a question for the Court ; whether such facts exist, as will constitute the probable cause, or the absence of it, is a question for the jury.
In Cecil vs. Clarke, 17 Md., 524, “ Probable cause” was said to he “ such conduct on the part of the accused as may induce the Court to infer that the prosecution was undertaken from public motives.”
[205]*205In Boyd vs. Cross, Judge Washington’s definition in the case of Munns vs. Dupont, 3 Wash. C. C. Repts. ,31, was adopted, as most accurate, viz., “such reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves, to warrant a cautions man in believing the party accused to be guilty.”
“The want of probable cause, is a mixed question of law and fact; but what will amount to the want of probable cause, in any case, is a question of law for the Court. The jury, in our practice are always instructed hypothetically as to what constitutes probable cause, or the want of it, leaving to them to find the facts embraced in the hypothesis.” Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 191; Cooper vs. Utterbach, 31 Md., 317. This course was not adopted in the .present case.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Bowie, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The subject of the present appeal, is an action for malicious prosecution, brought by the appellant, an agent or solicitor 'of policies, against the appellee, a corporation, organized under the laws of the State of New York, known as “The Brooklyn Life Insurance Company of New York.”
The gravamen of the suit is, that the appellee, on the first of May, 1873, at the City of Baltimore, falsely, and maliciously, and without any reasonable or probable cause whatsoever, charged the appellant, then being the agent of the appellee, with fraudulently embezzling the money [202]*202of the appellee, and caused the appellant to he arrested, and held to hail for his appearance before the Criminal Court of the City of Baltimore, etc., from ryhich arrest, he was afterwards discharged, the grand jury finding no presentment against him.
Issue was joined on the plea of “not guilty.” At the trial, two exceptions were taken hy the appellant; the first, to the exclusion hy the Court of certain questions propounded hy the appellant; the second, to the rejection of the appellant’s prayers, and the granting of the first, third, and fifth of the appellee,. and to the assent of the Court to the withdrawal of his second and fourth prayers.
The first exception is unimportant in the consideration of this appeal, inasmuch as the questions which arise on the prayers, go to the existence of the right of action, and are conclusive of the matters in controversy.
The plaintiff’s, or appellant’s prayers, present substantially the following propositions:
1st. That the appellant must have fraudulently intended to embezzle the appellee’s money, and cheat the company, to constitute the offence with which he was charged, under the 49th sec. of the 30th Art. of the Code of Public General Laws, etc.
2nd. That if the company first advised with Messrs. Merryman & Bryan, in relation to their claim against appellant, in the sum of $1400, and had their advice, and afterwards ceased to employ them, they cannot defend the wrong of which the appellant complains, upon the ground that they afterwards consulted and acted upon the advice of other counsel.
3rd. That it is a question for the jury, whether the appellant acted fraudulently in the use of the sum of $1400.
4th. That whether the defendant was actuated hy malice in causing the arrest, etc., was a question of fact.
5th. That whether there was probable cause for the institution of the criminal proceedings, etc., was a question to he decided hy the jury.
[203]*2036th. That if the jury found for the plaintiff, the amount of damages should he such as the jury might think right and proper under all the circumstances.
The defendant’s first, third and fifth pkayers, which were granted, affirm these propositions :
First. That there was no evidence from which the jury could find that the prosecution complained of, was instituted without probable cause.
Third. That there is no proof legally sufficient to connect the defendant with the arrest, and prosecution of the plaintiff.
Fifth. That the action can only be maintained by proof of actual malice against the plaintiff, in the institution of the prosecution complained of, and such malice cannot be predicated of a corporation, and this action cannot be maintained.
The prayers of the appellee are in the nature of demurrers to the evidence.
The first and third declare the insufficiency of the testimony, in certain essential particulars, to the maintenance of the action.
The fifth assumes the broader ground, that an action for malicious prosecution does not lie against a corporation aggregate, because it is incapable of malice.
No decision has been made in this State, upon the question raised by the appellee’s last prayer. In other States of the Union, and in Great Britain, a great contrariety of opinion has existed on this point, and conflicting decisions have been pronounced by Judges and Courts, of equal eminence and authority.
It is not necessary, and we therefore do not propose to endeavor to reconcile these, or announce any conclusion on this point, in the present case.
The action for malicious prosecution, as it is laid down in all the text-books and reports, depends upon the proof of two facts, — the want of probable cause for th.e pro[204]*204secution, — and malice on the part of the prosecutor, as the motive of the prosecution.
The union of these two conditions, is essential to the injury, know# as malicious prosecution. The absence of either, is fatal to the suit.
Malice may he inferred from the want of probable cause, hut where probable cause exists, malice, however intense, will constitute no cause of action.
In the case of Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 196, this Court announced the law in these terms : ,
“ To have entitled the plaintiff to recover for malicious prosecution, it was incumbent upon him to prove affirmatively, that he had been prosecuted, or that a prosecution had been instituted by the defendants or one of them; that such prosecution had terminated in his discharge or exoneration from the accusation against him; and that such prosecution was both malicious and without probable cause on the part of the defendant. All of these propositions must concur and be established by the plaintiff, to entitle him to maintain his action. If the evidence adduced be legally insufficient to be submitted to the .jury to prove each and all of these elements of the plaintiff’s case, his action could well he pronounced groundless, and the defendant not be called on for his defence.” Turner vs. Walker, 3 G. & J., 377; Cecil vs. Clarke, 17 Md., 508; Williams vs. Taylor, 6 Bing., 183; Wheeler vs. Nesbit, 24 How., 544.
What facts will he sufficient to constitute probable cause for a criminal prosecution, is a question for the Court ; whether such facts exist, as will constitute the probable cause, or the absence of it, is a question for the jury.
In Cecil vs. Clarke, 17 Md., 524, “ Probable cause” was said to he “ such conduct on the part of the accused as may induce the Court to infer that the prosecution was undertaken from public motives.”
[205]*205In Boyd vs. Cross, Judge Washington’s definition in the case of Munns vs. Dupont, 3 Wash. C. C. Repts. ,31, was adopted, as most accurate, viz., “such reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves, to warrant a cautions man in believing the party accused to be guilty.”
“The want of probable cause, is a mixed question of law and fact; but what will amount to the want of probable cause, in any case, is a question of law for the Court. The jury, in our practice are always instructed hypothetically as to what constitutes probable cause, or the want of it, leaving to them to find the facts embraced in the hypothesis.” Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 191; Cooper vs. Utterbach, 31 Md., 317. This course was not adopted in the .present case. The appellant prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that the question, whether the defendant had probable cause for instituting the criminal proceedings against him (the plaintiff) was one to be decided by the jury, upon all the evidence in the case. The appellee, on the other hand, prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that the plaintiff had offered no evidence from which the jury could find that the prosecution was instituted without probable cause.
The appellant’s prayer submitted to the jury a question of law, and was therefore improper ; the appellee’s prayer called on the Court to decide whether the evidence offered by the plaintiff, constituted probable cause, assuming it to be true.
The facts being all admitted and undisputed, as far as the question of probable cause was involved, there was no necessity for hypothetical instructions.
The appellee’s prayer conceding all the evidence on the part of the appellant to be true, submitted, as was his right, the question of its legal sufficiency, to the Court. It is not necessary to recapitulate the testimony, to show [206]*206how far it approximated the measure of probable cause, given by the authorities above cited.
(Decided 21st June, 1876.)
It was proved by the appellant, testifying in his own behalf, and upon cross-examination, that whilst he occupied the high and responsible trust of general agent and collector for the appellee, he several times violated his duty, by appropriating the funds of his principals to his own use, without their privity or consent and concealed his defalcations by false representations. That notwithstanding the first and second offences were overlooked and excused, he transgressed the third time.
However such conduct maybe palliated “ in foro conscientice,” hv domestic difficulties and distress of the appellant, the condonation of the first and second offences, did not lessen the criminality of the third in the eye of the law., but rather aggravated it. The circumstances were such as constituted a reasonable ground of suspicion, in a cautious man, that the appellant was fraudulently abusing his trust and guilty of the offence with which he was charged. The appellant’s evidence, failing in its first and most essential feature, — the absence of probable cause for the prosecution, — it was legally impossible the suit could he sustained.
All other questions presented by the exceptions, are immaterial and unnecessary tó he examined.'
Judgment affirmed.