MaetiN, J.:
A careful examination of the evidence in this case, and of the opinions by this court and the Court of Appeals upon a former appeal, renders it manifest, we think, that the judgment should be affirmed, unless there was a failure to prove a breach of the defendant’s contract of warranty, or to establish damages to the amount recovered by the plaintiff. We are of the opinion that as to the eighty-five barrels of tallow for which the plaintiff was permitted to recover damages, there was sufficient proof of a breach of the defendant’s warranty and of the plaintiff’s damages to uphold the [330]*330judgment. Two barrels of this tallow were melted, and found to contain about thirty per cent of marble dust. The plaintiff’s evidence was to the effect that lier testator had eighty-three barrels of this tallow on hand March 16, 1884; that every barrel of it that was used after that time was examined, and it was found that in all of them, after taking the shimmings off the top, which looked all right, and getting into the barrels, there was grit, and after going into the barrels white specks could be seen and grit could be felt between the fingers. The evidence was also to the effect that on the bottom of all the kettles in which this tallow was melted there was a sediment, similar to that found after melting the two barrels; that sixteen or eighteen barrels of this sediment, weighing about 500 pounds to the barrel, were taken out of two of the kettles, and that there was some in the tank below which opened into the drain. It was also proved that the defendants had marble dust, like that found in the tallow melted, in the factory where this tallow was manufactured, and no use for it was shown unless for adulteration.
On the former trial the court charged that the jury was authorized upon the evidence to find that all the tallow sold to the plaintiff’s testator by the defendant, except the first five barrels, wat adulterated, and to award damages therefor. This the Court of Appeals held was error (36 N. Y. St. Eepr. 2Y, 30), and, in discussing that question, Eugee, Oh. J., said: “ So far as the 122 barrels, which had been used before adulteration was discovered, are concerned, there was no evidence whatever that they were adulterated, but, on the contrary, there was affirmative evidence that a large proportion thereof was free from the admixture of any foreign substance. 'With reference to the balance of the tallow, there was no positive evidence that any of it was adulterated, except about three barrels.”
On the last trial, the court held that, as to the 122 barrels, the plaintiff could not recover, but as to the eighty-five barrels, the court submitted to the jury the question whether it was adulterated, the extent of such adulteration, and the amount of damages sustained by the plaintiff. If it were admitted that there was no direct and positive proof that all of these eighty-five barrels of tallow were adulterated, still, we think the case was properly submitted to the jury, as there were circumstances shown which rendered it at least [331]*331quite probable that they were adulterated, and that the plaintiff sustained damages thereby to the amount .for which the jury rendered a verdict. This conclusion is not, we think, in conflict with the decision of the Court of Appeals. It was not held by that court that the evidence' was insufficient as to this portion of the tallow, the only statement in regard to it being that there was no positive evidence that any of it was adulteratéd except about three barrels. It would seem that if it was then contained in the appeal book, the learned judge who wrote the opinion must have overlooked the evidence of the plaintiff’s witnesses to the effect that every barrel of this tallow used was examined, and this foreign substance found which could be seen and felt after getting through the skimming-upon the top. As the evidence now stands, we are of the opinion that it was sufficient to justify the submission to the jury of the questions submitted and to uphold the verdict.
No further consideration of the questions in this case seems necessary, as they are fully discussed in the opinion -of Parker, J., delivered at Special Term, in which we concur.
The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Harden, P. J., and MerwiN, J., concurred.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.
The opinion of Parser, J., was as follows:
ParKer, J.:
The action is for a breach of warranty in the sale of a large quantity of tallow. The defendant earnestly contends that there was no-warranty that survived the acceptance and use of the tallow by plaintiff, and urged a nonsuit upon that ground. The court denied the motion and left that question to the jury. Exception was also taken to such ruling on the ground that it was a question of law for the court.
"When this case was in the Court of Appeals no opinion was expressed upon this question. The only point there decided was that there was no evidence to show that any of the,tallow was adulterated other than the eighty-five barrels on hand March twelfth, and that it was error to include any of the other barrels in estimat[332]*332ing plaintiffs loss. Tliat decision was followed upon the last trial and none but the eighty-five barrels were considered.
Tbe existence of a warranty and the plaintiff’s right to recover for its breach without having offered to return the property was recognized and sustained by the General Term in 12 N. Y. St. Repr. 357. The decision upon that question has never been reversed and is still controlling upon this case.
Moreover, I am entirely satisfied that the contract between the parties was a sale of goods with a warranty that they should correspond tq a sample furnished. The first five barrels were sold as a 1 sample ” of defendant’s tallow, and it seems very plain to me that Doth parties understood that all tallow subsequently ordered and delivered should correspond to such sample. The letters and plaintiff’s evidence clearly indicate that. In this view of the case the refusal to nonsuit was no error, and even if the question was one for the court alone, its submission to the jury was harmless. In Zabriskie v. C. V. R. R. Co. (131 N. Y. 72, 77) it is said: “ The principle is well established that upon an executory sale of goods by sample, with warranty that the goods shall correspond with the sample, the vendee is not precluded from claiming and recovering damages for breach of warranty although he has accepted the goods after an opportunity for inspection.” These considerations dispose of defendant’s objections that no warranty survived plaintiff’s acceptance of the tallow.
On the trial plaintiff’s right to recover was limited to the loss sustained by an adulteration of eighty-five barrels. But defendant claims that the' evidence to show an adulteration of those barrels and the extent of it, is too uncertain and speculative to sustain a recovery. It appeared that two barrels of this eighty-five were melted by themselves, and a deposit of marble dust or other extraneous matter was discovered in the bottom of the kettle. Out of 487 pounds melted, 132 pounds of this worthless substance was deposited. Nearly thirty per cent of those two barrels proved tobe an adulteration and not tallow.
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MaetiN, J.:
A careful examination of the evidence in this case, and of the opinions by this court and the Court of Appeals upon a former appeal, renders it manifest, we think, that the judgment should be affirmed, unless there was a failure to prove a breach of the defendant’s contract of warranty, or to establish damages to the amount recovered by the plaintiff. We are of the opinion that as to the eighty-five barrels of tallow for which the plaintiff was permitted to recover damages, there was sufficient proof of a breach of the defendant’s warranty and of the plaintiff’s damages to uphold the [330]*330judgment. Two barrels of this tallow were melted, and found to contain about thirty per cent of marble dust. The plaintiff’s evidence was to the effect that lier testator had eighty-three barrels of this tallow on hand March 16, 1884; that every barrel of it that was used after that time was examined, and it was found that in all of them, after taking the shimmings off the top, which looked all right, and getting into the barrels, there was grit, and after going into the barrels white specks could be seen and grit could be felt between the fingers. The evidence was also to the effect that on the bottom of all the kettles in which this tallow was melted there was a sediment, similar to that found after melting the two barrels; that sixteen or eighteen barrels of this sediment, weighing about 500 pounds to the barrel, were taken out of two of the kettles, and that there was some in the tank below which opened into the drain. It was also proved that the defendants had marble dust, like that found in the tallow melted, in the factory where this tallow was manufactured, and no use for it was shown unless for adulteration.
On the former trial the court charged that the jury was authorized upon the evidence to find that all the tallow sold to the plaintiff’s testator by the defendant, except the first five barrels, wat adulterated, and to award damages therefor. This the Court of Appeals held was error (36 N. Y. St. Eepr. 2Y, 30), and, in discussing that question, Eugee, Oh. J., said: “ So far as the 122 barrels, which had been used before adulteration was discovered, are concerned, there was no evidence whatever that they were adulterated, but, on the contrary, there was affirmative evidence that a large proportion thereof was free from the admixture of any foreign substance. 'With reference to the balance of the tallow, there was no positive evidence that any of it was adulterated, except about three barrels.”
On the last trial, the court held that, as to the 122 barrels, the plaintiff could not recover, but as to the eighty-five barrels, the court submitted to the jury the question whether it was adulterated, the extent of such adulteration, and the amount of damages sustained by the plaintiff. If it were admitted that there was no direct and positive proof that all of these eighty-five barrels of tallow were adulterated, still, we think the case was properly submitted to the jury, as there were circumstances shown which rendered it at least [331]*331quite probable that they were adulterated, and that the plaintiff sustained damages thereby to the amount .for which the jury rendered a verdict. This conclusion is not, we think, in conflict with the decision of the Court of Appeals. It was not held by that court that the evidence' was insufficient as to this portion of the tallow, the only statement in regard to it being that there was no positive evidence that any of it was adulteratéd except about three barrels. It would seem that if it was then contained in the appeal book, the learned judge who wrote the opinion must have overlooked the evidence of the plaintiff’s witnesses to the effect that every barrel of this tallow used was examined, and this foreign substance found which could be seen and felt after getting through the skimming-upon the top. As the evidence now stands, we are of the opinion that it was sufficient to justify the submission to the jury of the questions submitted and to uphold the verdict.
No further consideration of the questions in this case seems necessary, as they are fully discussed in the opinion -of Parker, J., delivered at Special Term, in which we concur.
The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Harden, P. J., and MerwiN, J., concurred.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.
The opinion of Parser, J., was as follows:
ParKer, J.:
The action is for a breach of warranty in the sale of a large quantity of tallow. The defendant earnestly contends that there was no-warranty that survived the acceptance and use of the tallow by plaintiff, and urged a nonsuit upon that ground. The court denied the motion and left that question to the jury. Exception was also taken to such ruling on the ground that it was a question of law for the court.
"When this case was in the Court of Appeals no opinion was expressed upon this question. The only point there decided was that there was no evidence to show that any of the,tallow was adulterated other than the eighty-five barrels on hand March twelfth, and that it was error to include any of the other barrels in estimat[332]*332ing plaintiffs loss. Tliat decision was followed upon the last trial and none but the eighty-five barrels were considered.
Tbe existence of a warranty and the plaintiff’s right to recover for its breach without having offered to return the property was recognized and sustained by the General Term in 12 N. Y. St. Repr. 357. The decision upon that question has never been reversed and is still controlling upon this case.
Moreover, I am entirely satisfied that the contract between the parties was a sale of goods with a warranty that they should correspond tq a sample furnished. The first five barrels were sold as a 1 sample ” of defendant’s tallow, and it seems very plain to me that Doth parties understood that all tallow subsequently ordered and delivered should correspond to such sample. The letters and plaintiff’s evidence clearly indicate that. In this view of the case the refusal to nonsuit was no error, and even if the question was one for the court alone, its submission to the jury was harmless. In Zabriskie v. C. V. R. R. Co. (131 N. Y. 72, 77) it is said: “ The principle is well established that upon an executory sale of goods by sample, with warranty that the goods shall correspond with the sample, the vendee is not precluded from claiming and recovering damages for breach of warranty although he has accepted the goods after an opportunity for inspection.” These considerations dispose of defendant’s objections that no warranty survived plaintiff’s acceptance of the tallow.
On the trial plaintiff’s right to recover was limited to the loss sustained by an adulteration of eighty-five barrels. But defendant claims that the' evidence to show an adulteration of those barrels and the extent of it, is too uncertain and speculative to sustain a recovery. It appeared that two barrels of this eighty-five were melted by themselves, and a deposit of marble dust or other extraneous matter was discovered in the bottom of the kettle. Out of 487 pounds melted, 132 pounds of this worthless substance was deposited. Nearly thirty per cent of those two barrels proved tobe an adulteration and not tallow. Upon this discovery the remaining eighty-three barrels were inspected, and after taking a thin skimming off the top the rest of each barrel was found to exhibit a gritty feeling to the touch, and white flakes were visible throughout the •whole. Upon being used in the soap kettles with tallow from other [333]*333sources it was found that in a few weeks the steam coils in such kettles were so covered with a similar deposit that they would not heat the material. And upon being cleaned out many barrels of such deposit were found in them, each barrel weighing about 500 pounds.
The, average weight of the eighty-three barrels was 284 pounds each, and plaintiff testified that the two barrels, tested as above, were worth thirty per cent less than if they had been as warranted. It was also shown that at about this time defendant had in the works at Syracuse some barrels of marble dust similar to that deposited.
Here seems to be direct evidence of some injurious, gritty substance in all of the barrels, and that in two of them taken indiscriminately from the lot, such gritty substance equaled about thirty per cent of the whole. Also, the number of barrels and weight of a similar deposit found after using the eiglxty-three barrels in the soap kettles, gave some indication of its proportion to the whole. It is not a forced presumption that the deposit in these kettles was the gritty substance perceived in the eighty-tliree barrels; and, while a jury may not have been able to reach with mathematical certainty the precise weight and extent of this adulteration, yet here was ample evidence from which they could estimate it. Here was actual adulteration in each barrel shown, and data from which the amount of the whole could be ascertained with reasonable certainty.
The defendant’s claim,, that it did not appear that the tallow tested and that contained in the eighty-three barrels was tallow purchased from defendant, is not sustained by the evidence.
Although Hogan could not tell what particular shipment it was from, or even that any tallow at all came from Hoyt’s, except from hearsay, yet he knew that the tallow came from the lot set apart as Hoyt’s, and the plaintiff himself identified the lot as defendant’s tallow.
After the action had been commenced, and before the eighty-three barrels had been used, defendant offered to take them back and repay to the plaintiff the purchase price of the same. This - offer the plaintiff rejected, and defendant now claims that for such reason he can recover only nominal damages. To sustain this propo: sition defendant invokes the well-established rule, that it is the duty of a person claiming for the breach of a contract to use such reasonable exertions as will render his injury or loss as small as possible. [334]*334His argument is tbat had plaintiff accepted the offer he would have been fully compensated, and that by rejecting it he has enhanced the damages, and that, therefore, he should not now recover any damages at all. Manifestly that rule does not go to that extent nor apply to this case. Under the rule it is only the enhanced damages which plaintiff has willfully created that he is prevented from recovering. Here defendant seeks to deprive plaintiff of all his •damages.
Moreover, by plaintiff’s refusal defendant is not now called upon to pay more than he then offered. He was to restore the purchase price and himself take the adulterated tallow, which the evidence shows was worth thirty per cent less than that price. In either way the thirty per cent loss, and no more, is borne by the defendant.
Nor was plaintiff’s refusal to accept the offer unjust, for by doing it he would have received no compensation for his loss on the two barrels that had been melted, and he would have had to pay his ■own costs already incurred in this action.
But this position of defendant’s is untenable for the reason that in no case can a defendant, after action brought, bar the same, or reduce the damages by a mere offer to restore property, or to pay as damages a specified sum. He may make a tender as provided by law, or an offer for judgment, as provided by the practice, but an •offer of settlement in any other form neither abates the action nor mitigates the damages.
It may be that the use of the tallow for the making of soap, after ■the discovery of its adulteration, was not warranted, and that plaintiff would not be entitled to recover any damages sustained solely because of such use. It may be that the depreciation of the eighty-five barrels as a marketable commodity were the only damages he was entitled to recover, and that so far as the charge presents to the jury any other rule of damages it was error, but no exception is taken to any instruction on that subject, save the refusal to charge that only nominal damages could be recovered. The attention of the court was not called to any expression that might bear an improper meaning in that respect, nor does defendant now suggest .■any, and hence a criticism of the charge on that subject is not properly before me. As to the admission of the evidence of the plaintiff, who was deceased since the trial at which it was given, no [335]*335objection was made except to that part referring to samples had upon the former trial, but lost, and hence not produced at this. The ground of the objection was “that a lost exhibit cannot be put in evidence.” The exhibit was not put in evidence. The testimony of the witness was allowed to be read so that the evidence of the expert Griffis, who referred to samples that he had tested by numbers, would be intelligible. Clearly no evidence was given under that ruling that has at all prejudiced the defendant. And I now understand that defendant’s counsel makes no point about it.
I do not find any error in the record that requires a new trial, and the motion is, therefore, denied, with costs.