Philips, P. J.
I. — This cause is argued here much as if the question to be determined involved the title to the lot and church building. If this were the issue it would be enough to say that, under the constitution creating this court, we have no jurisdiction to determine a controversy involving the title to real estate. But it appears that the deeds conveying this property to the Adrian church only purport to convey the lot on which the old church stands, which, if effectual, would of course convey the church building as an appurtenant. But this controversy is as to the right of custody and possession of certain property contained and used in the old church, and regarded by the parties as mere personalty. As such it did not pass under'the deeds. '
II. It is also a misapprehension of the law to assume, as the defendants did in taking a quit-claim deed from ,the original grantor, that if the Crescent Hill church was dissolved and disbanded by the action of the majority, the lot and church reverted to the grantor. The doctrine of reversion applies only to the instance of a donation for a charity, and not to that of a vendor or grantor of land in fee for a valuable consideration paid. In the latter case there can never be a-reverter of the estate to the vendor or his heirs, though the use to which it was granted should wholly fail. Gibson v. Armstrong, 7 B. Mon. 489, 490. The deed conveying the lot to the old church trustees expresses solely a money consideration.
III. It is inferable from this record, and the subscription paper read in evidence by plaintiffs, that the purpose and design in the erection and furnishing of the Crescent Hill church, was to have a church at this particular locality, for the use and benefit of the Baptists worshiping at that place, and for other religious denominations when not in use by the Baptists. This in fact the subscription paper declared. The money and property were so received by this congregation with an implied promise to so [?]*?use and apply it perpetually. What authority then had a majority of the constituent members of the Baptist association to wholly divert 'its use by voting it away to other people at a different place % We know of no authority in law for such diversion and misuser, and are unwilling to believe that any law, usage or custom of any ecclesiastical organization could subvert this principle of right and justice. A charity given for a particular purpose cannot be altered or diverted to any other. It must be accepted and retained upon the same terms upon which it was given, and no concurrence among the donees can operate to transfer or apply it to other purpose. 2 Story Eq., sect. 1175; Venable et al. v. Coffman, 2 W. Va. 320 ; Brown et al. v. Moore et al., 80 Ky. 443.
The cession or donation of property for church purposes, when coming from the local members and community, ordinarily, is for the object of securing worship and religious privileges and influences at the place of such church building. As Ch. J. Parker, in Baker v. Fales, supra, p. 506-7, says : “The place in which the church is located, is generally had in view by the donor, either because he had there enjoyed the preaching of the gospel and the ordinances, or because it was the place where his ancestors or family and friends had assembled together for religious purposes. These associations will be found to be the leading motive for the particular direction which his charity has received. If he gives to a church for the general purpose of promoting piety, or for the use of the poor of the church, he generally designates the body by the place where it is accustomed to worship. * * * It must be supposed that the donor had in view the society of Christians worshiping in those places ; and as his donation is intended to be perpetual, that he had regard to the welfare of successive generations, who might become church members and worshiping Christians in the same place. If the whole society should find occasion to remove to some other place in the same town, the identity might be preserved, and the bounty enjoyed as he intended it. But if the church [33]*33alone should withdraw, and' unite itself to some other church, or to a new and different congregation, it would be defeating his intentions to carry the property with them, and distribute the proceeds in a community for the members of which he may never have entertained any particular feelings of kindness.” He then proceeds to declare that such a diversion would be violative of the trust imposed by the charity.
Learned counsel cite, as pertinent to this controversy, the cases of Gibson v. Armstrong (7 B. Mon. 381); McGinnis v. Watson (41 Pa. St. 9); Roshi’s Appeal (69 Pa. St. 462); State ex rel. Watson v. Farris (45 Mo. 183); and North St. Louis Chr. Church v. McGowan (62 Mo. 279). We hold that these- cases, and kindred authorities, are not pertinent to the facts of this case. In the first place they did not involve the question of the right of removal from the given locality of church property after it had been donated under circumstances like these at bar. They involved principally the question as to which of two disagreeing factions of a local church was entitled to hold and use the church property. And further, they were instances where the contending denomination was in connection with, and' a constituent part of, an ecclesiastical organization, like that of the Episcopal Methodist, or Presbyterian, which have a federal head, invested by their constitution, or recognized usage, with supervisory and supreme control over the constituent parts, to determine all questions of a temporal, spiritual, or doctrinal character producing schisms and divisions among the local members, and to decide which faction is in the right, and to recognize the one or the other as the proper organization. In such cases it is the well settled law of the civil courts that “ the title to the church property of a divided congregation is in that part of it which is acting in harmony with its own law, and the ecclesiastical laws, usages, customs, and principles which were accepted among them before the dispute began, are the standards for determining which party is [34]*34right.” It is the duty oí the court in such cases to decide in favor of the faction, whether a majority or a minority of the particular congregation, who adhere to the doctrines maintained by the congregation, “ as also in favor of the government of the church in operation, with which it was connected at the - time the trust was declared.” Roshi’s Appeal supra, p. 468, and authorities cited.
This leads us to a consideration of the character of church government among the Baptists. Looking to the evidence preserved in this record, the only light we have on this matter is the testimony of witnesses introduced by the defendants. From this it would seem that there is no federal head to Baptist organizations. What function Baptist Associations perform, or what jurisdiction they exercise, is not disclosed. The evidence tends to prove that each church society manages absolutely its affairs, temporal, spiritual, and doctrinal. It is an unqualified democracy, in which the majority is supreme. And this, majority, according to this testimony, consists, not of the actual membership of the local body, but the bare majority that may chance to be present at any of the regular or stated meetings of the church. Sonxe of these witnesses stated that this majority have the right and power to dispose of the church property. This statement is so sweeping that it is indefinite. It must be received,
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Philips, P. J.
I. — This cause is argued here much as if the question to be determined involved the title to the lot and church building. If this were the issue it would be enough to say that, under the constitution creating this court, we have no jurisdiction to determine a controversy involving the title to real estate. But it appears that the deeds conveying this property to the Adrian church only purport to convey the lot on which the old church stands, which, if effectual, would of course convey the church building as an appurtenant. But this controversy is as to the right of custody and possession of certain property contained and used in the old church, and regarded by the parties as mere personalty. As such it did not pass under'the deeds. '
II. It is also a misapprehension of the law to assume, as the defendants did in taking a quit-claim deed from ,the original grantor, that if the Crescent Hill church was dissolved and disbanded by the action of the majority, the lot and church reverted to the grantor. The doctrine of reversion applies only to the instance of a donation for a charity, and not to that of a vendor or grantor of land in fee for a valuable consideration paid. In the latter case there can never be a-reverter of the estate to the vendor or his heirs, though the use to which it was granted should wholly fail. Gibson v. Armstrong, 7 B. Mon. 489, 490. The deed conveying the lot to the old church trustees expresses solely a money consideration.
III. It is inferable from this record, and the subscription paper read in evidence by plaintiffs, that the purpose and design in the erection and furnishing of the Crescent Hill church, was to have a church at this particular locality, for the use and benefit of the Baptists worshiping at that place, and for other religious denominations when not in use by the Baptists. This in fact the subscription paper declared. The money and property were so received by this congregation with an implied promise to so [?]*?use and apply it perpetually. What authority then had a majority of the constituent members of the Baptist association to wholly divert 'its use by voting it away to other people at a different place % We know of no authority in law for such diversion and misuser, and are unwilling to believe that any law, usage or custom of any ecclesiastical organization could subvert this principle of right and justice. A charity given for a particular purpose cannot be altered or diverted to any other. It must be accepted and retained upon the same terms upon which it was given, and no concurrence among the donees can operate to transfer or apply it to other purpose. 2 Story Eq., sect. 1175; Venable et al. v. Coffman, 2 W. Va. 320 ; Brown et al. v. Moore et al., 80 Ky. 443.
The cession or donation of property for church purposes, when coming from the local members and community, ordinarily, is for the object of securing worship and religious privileges and influences at the place of such church building. As Ch. J. Parker, in Baker v. Fales, supra, p. 506-7, says : “The place in which the church is located, is generally had in view by the donor, either because he had there enjoyed the preaching of the gospel and the ordinances, or because it was the place where his ancestors or family and friends had assembled together for religious purposes. These associations will be found to be the leading motive for the particular direction which his charity has received. If he gives to a church for the general purpose of promoting piety, or for the use of the poor of the church, he generally designates the body by the place where it is accustomed to worship. * * * It must be supposed that the donor had in view the society of Christians worshiping in those places ; and as his donation is intended to be perpetual, that he had regard to the welfare of successive generations, who might become church members and worshiping Christians in the same place. If the whole society should find occasion to remove to some other place in the same town, the identity might be preserved, and the bounty enjoyed as he intended it. But if the church [33]*33alone should withdraw, and' unite itself to some other church, or to a new and different congregation, it would be defeating his intentions to carry the property with them, and distribute the proceeds in a community for the members of which he may never have entertained any particular feelings of kindness.” He then proceeds to declare that such a diversion would be violative of the trust imposed by the charity.
Learned counsel cite, as pertinent to this controversy, the cases of Gibson v. Armstrong (7 B. Mon. 381); McGinnis v. Watson (41 Pa. St. 9); Roshi’s Appeal (69 Pa. St. 462); State ex rel. Watson v. Farris (45 Mo. 183); and North St. Louis Chr. Church v. McGowan (62 Mo. 279). We hold that these- cases, and kindred authorities, are not pertinent to the facts of this case. In the first place they did not involve the question of the right of removal from the given locality of church property after it had been donated under circumstances like these at bar. They involved principally the question as to which of two disagreeing factions of a local church was entitled to hold and use the church property. And further, they were instances where the contending denomination was in connection with, and' a constituent part of, an ecclesiastical organization, like that of the Episcopal Methodist, or Presbyterian, which have a federal head, invested by their constitution, or recognized usage, with supervisory and supreme control over the constituent parts, to determine all questions of a temporal, spiritual, or doctrinal character producing schisms and divisions among the local members, and to decide which faction is in the right, and to recognize the one or the other as the proper organization. In such cases it is the well settled law of the civil courts that “ the title to the church property of a divided congregation is in that part of it which is acting in harmony with its own law, and the ecclesiastical laws, usages, customs, and principles which were accepted among them before the dispute began, are the standards for determining which party is [34]*34right.” It is the duty oí the court in such cases to decide in favor of the faction, whether a majority or a minority of the particular congregation, who adhere to the doctrines maintained by the congregation, “ as also in favor of the government of the church in operation, with which it was connected at the - time the trust was declared.” Roshi’s Appeal supra, p. 468, and authorities cited.
This leads us to a consideration of the character of church government among the Baptists. Looking to the evidence preserved in this record, the only light we have on this matter is the testimony of witnesses introduced by the defendants. From this it would seem that there is no federal head to Baptist organizations. What function Baptist Associations perform, or what jurisdiction they exercise, is not disclosed. The evidence tends to prove that each church society manages absolutely its affairs, temporal, spiritual, and doctrinal. It is an unqualified democracy, in which the majority is supreme. And this, majority, according to this testimony, consists, not of the actual membership of the local body, but the bare majority that may chance to be present at any of the regular or stated meetings of the church. Sonxe of these witnesses stated that this majority have the right and power to dispose of the church property. This statement is so sweeping that it is indefinite. It must be received, ex necessitate rei, with the legal qualification that such usage or rule should be limited to such property, as by the terms and quality of its tenure, is the subject of transfer and removal by the church. No such regulation or usage , could be permitted by the courts, where it would violate the terms of the grant or donation as a charity. We are decidedly of opinion that the removal of this property from Crescent Hill to Adrian was a perversion of the charity, and was wrong in law and equity.
IV. The more embarrassing question for determination is, the right or capacity of these plaintiffs to maintain this action. If the defendant’s evidence, in this connec[35]*35tion, is to be credited, and that is a question for the triers of the fact, the majority of the members present at a stated meeting of this church, according to the system of government and mode of procedure recognized and prevailing in the ecclesiastical polity of the Baptist denomination, had the unqualified power to disband and put an end to that church organization at that place. Ñor did the plaintiff, by any counter proof, contravert this position. If this be true, this association at Crescent Hill, upon the announcement of the majority vote, thenceforth -ceased to exist. How then could the minority fragment of the defunct organization subsequently meet and elect new trustees, as was attempted in this case ? The minority might meet and reorganize as a new church association, as Baptists, but it would succeed to none of the rights or incidents of the old organization. There was no power resident in this minority to resuscitate and revive the dead, and appoint for it new trustees and ministerial officers.
We are referred by counsel to the valuable opinion of Chief Justice Parker in Baker v. Fales, supra. It is true it is there held, that where a majority of the members of the Congregational church separate from a majority of the parish, the members who remain, although a minority, constitute the church in such parish; are entitled to hold the church property, and may maintain replevin therefor through trustees selected by the minority. But a careful reading of that opinion, and others in Massachusetts following the precedent, show that the ruling is made to depend mainly on the peculiar history and usages of the parish organizations in respect of this religious denomination in the New England states, as well as certain. legislation relating thereto. While, as the name indicates, those churches are, in a measure, independent associations, yet in that state, from time immemorial, they are so allied to and interwoven into the parish system as to be regarded as a part of the parish; so that, in the absence of some plain provision in the terms of the grant or donation for the church, usage and custom re[36]*36garded it to be for the benefit of the whole parish. And then it had been the custom and usage of the parish to have to do with the selection of the minister allotted to the congregations. So when the minister selected for this-particular congregation had the sanction of the parish, though he was distasteful to the majority of the congregation, who withdrew on that account, it was held, in accordance with the rule already adverted to, that the parish majority controlled in respect of this controversy, and the minority, acting in harmony with the ecclesiastical law, usage, and principles, accepted among them before any dispute began, constituted the entity and preserved the identity of the congregation, and was, therefore, entitled to the church property.
So it is said by the court in Venable v. Coffman (2 W. Va. 320), “that an organized church cannot be divested of its property by even a majority of its members, who enter into a new organization, although they adopt the same name, provided the old organizatian still exists ; and that when seceders from an organized church enter into such- new organization, they forfeit all claims to any interest in the former church, and lose all identity with it.” But the trouble with the plaintiff’s cause is, that the old organization at Crescent Hill had ceased to exist. It was, according to the ecclesiastical law prevailing in its system of government, disbanded and disrupted as an organization. It stood allied to no parish system, nor was subject to any higher ecclesiastical court. Its act of dissolution was'in harmony with the usage and law of the church before the dispute begun.
It must follow that the plaintiffs, crediting defendants’ evidence, were without capacity to sue; and the court erred in refusing so much of defendants’ instructions, based on the evidence, as presented this issue.
What remedy, if any, the. minority have against this spoliation and diversion of trust property, we are not called upon to determine. If it exists anywhere it is in the courts of equity, unless plaintiffs develop a different [37]*37state of facts as to the majority vote disbanding the organization.
The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and the cause remanded for' further proceeding in con f ormity herewith.
All concur.