McNeill v. CP Boulders LLC

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Corbin A McNeill, Jr., No. CV-23-02481-PHX-SMM

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 CP Boulders LLC,

13 Defendant. 14 15 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s Fourth Motion for Partial Summary 16 Judgment. (Doc. 46). The Motion is fully briefed. (Docs. 65; 71). For the following reasons, 17 the Court grants Plaintiff’s Motion. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 Since 2011, Plaintiff Corbin McNeill (“Plaintiff”) has been a member of The 20 Boulders Club, a private golf and social club located in Scottsdale, Arizona. (Doc. 1-1 at 21 5). Upon joining The Boulders Club, members receive a Membership Plan, The Boulders 22 Club Membership Agreement and Bylaws (“Membership Agreement” and “Original 23 Bylaws”), and the Rules and Regulations of the Club. (Id. at 4). The documents are 24 collectively referred to as the “Club Documents.” (Id. at 5). The Club Documents constitute 25 a binding, enforceable contract between the members and the ownership. (Id.) 26 Defendant CP Boulders LLC (“Defendant”) purchased The Boulders in 2015. (Id. 27 at 7–8). The Membership Agreement was amended at that time to reflect Defendant’s 28 ownership of The Boulders, but no substantive changes were made to the Membership 1 Agreement. (Id. at 8). When Defendant became owner of The Boulders, Defendant became 2 bound by the obligations of the Membership Agreement. (Id.) On March 10, 2023, 3 Defendant amended the Bylaws (“Amended Bylaws”). (Doc. 54 at ¶ 10). Plaintiff disputes 4 the validity of the Amended Bylaws. (Id. at 12–13). 5 When Plaintiff became a Premier Golf member in 2011, his rights, privileges, and 6 obligations were governed by the Original Bylaws. Plaintiff’s rights included some access 7 to “Club Facilities,” including access to one-half of “eight (8) tennis courts” and “any 8 replacements or relocations []” of the courts. (See Doc. 38-1 at 5, 7; Doc. 46 at 1–3). 9 Also notable is Section 7.3(G) of the Original Bylaws, which enumerates certain 10 sections of the Membership Agreement that require a majority vote of 50% or more of 11 active members in order to enact an amendment that has a material or adverse effect on 12 current members’ rights, including Section 2.1:

13 Amendment to the Membership Agreement: Provided that any modification of this Agreement does not materially or adversely affect the then-current 14 Members’ rights under Section[] 2.1 . . . The Boulders, in its sole discretion, shall be entitled to unilaterally modify and amend this agreement (including 15 establishing, changing, and terminating various Membership classifications and the terms of admission, privileges and facilities available to the Members 16 within each Membership classification). 17 (Doc. 38-1 at 27; Doc. 65 at 3 n.2, 5) (emphasis added). 18 Further, Section 7.3(F) of the Original Bylaws provides that the Board of Directors 19 will provide the final decision on all questions involving interpretation, construction, or 20 rights and privileges within the Agreement, provided that the Board acts reasonably and in 21 good faith: Interpretation. All decisions of the Board of Directors shall be final on all 22 questions involving the interpretation or construction of this Agreement, the rights and privileges of the Members under this Agreement, the Membership 23 Plan and the Rules and Regulations. In resolving such questions, the Board of Directors shall act reasonably and in good faith. 24 (Doc. 38-1 at 27; Doc. 65 at 7). 25 The parties now volley their dispute from the tennis and pickleball courts to this 26 Court. Plaintiff filed suit against Defendant in the Maricopa County Superior Court on 27 October 31, 2023, bringing claims for breach of contract. (Doc. 1-1 at 2). Defendant 28 removed the action to this Court on November 3, 2023. (Doc. 1). Plaintiff has filed six 1 discrete Motions for Partial Summary Judgment. (See Docs. 36; 37; 45; 46; 60; 61). 2 Plaintiff has since withdrawn his third Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 80). The 3 Court denied Plaintiff’s first Motion for Summary Judgment, (Doc. 98), and granted in- 4 part Plaintiff’s second Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 103). In the instant fourth 5 Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff moves the Court to find that the conversion of 6 three (3) of the eight (8) tennis courts into twelve (12) pickleball courts and subsequent 7 denial of access to the pickleball courts represents a breach of contract of Plaintiff’s rights 8 as provided by the Original Bylaws. (Doc. 46 at 2, 3). The Court reviews. 9 II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 A party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the 11 district court of the basis for its motion[] and identifying those portions of [the record] 12 which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex 13 Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate if the 14 evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, shows “that there is 15 no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a 16 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome 17 of the suit will preclude the entry of summary judgment, and the disputed evidence must 18 be “such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson 19 v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 Plaintiff moves the Court to find that Defendant breached its contract with Plaintiff 22 by denying access to the pickleball courts, arguing that (1) Section 2.1(B)(iii) of the bylaws 23 includes the pickleball courts as a “replacement,” and (2) Plaintiff’s rights under Section 2 24 were procedurally protected under Section 7.3(G) from “material” or “adverse” change 25 absent a majority vote approving any such proposed change. 26 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Motion should be denied on several grounds. As 27 an initial matter, Defendant argues that the parties should be allowed to conduct discovery 28 before the consideration of this Partial Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 65 at 2). 1 Defendant failed to file a formal Motion Rule 56(f) Motion for Extension of Time. “Federal 2 Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) provides a device for litigants to avoid summary judgment 3 when they have not had sufficient time to develop affirmative evidence.” Grismore v. Sw. 4 Credit Sys., L.P., 2006 WL 2380679 at *1; citing U.S. v. Kitsap Physicians Serv., 314 F.3d 5 995, 1000 (9th Cir. 2002). Even without a formal Motion, the Court finds further discovery 6 to develop affirmative evidence to be unnecessary due to the limited scope and purely 7 contractual nature of the issue before it. Further, Defendant argues that it is within its 8 discretion, under Section 7.3(G), to unilaterally change the Bylaws insofar as certain 9 enumerated sections are not materially or adversely affected; unincluded as an enumerated 10 protected provision is Section 1.1, which defines “Club Facilities” to include “eight (8) 11 tennis courts.” (Id. at 5). Finally, Defendant argues that the change from tennis courts into 12 pickleball courts was not a “replacement,” but rather a “conversion,” a purportedly 13 meaningful difference in that a conversion is argued to be within Defendant’s rights. (Id. 14 at 3, 6). A. Section 2.1(B)(iii) in the Original Bylaws granted Plaintiff access to the 15 pickleball courts. 16 Written contracts must be read as a whole, and every part interpreted in reference to 17 the whole, with reasonable interpretations given preference. Wapato Heritage, L.L.C. v. 18 U.S., 637 F.3d 1033, 1039 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation modified); See Restatement (Second) 19 of Contracts § 202(2) (A.L.I. 1981). Each section of a contract must be read, giving effect 20 to each section in relation between all parts of the writing to bring harmony. Chandler Med. 21 Bldg. Partners v. Chandler Dental Grp., 175 Ariz. 273, 277 (1993); Gesina v. Gen. Elec. 22 Co., 162 Ariz. 39, 45; 780 P.2d 1380, 1386 (App. 1988). “As a corollary, the court will not 23 construe one provision in a contract so as to render another provision meaningless.” 24 Chandler Med. Bldg., 175 Ariz. at 277 (1993); Norman v. Recreation Ctrs. of Sun City, 25 Inc., 156 Ariz. 425, 428; 752 P.2d 514, 517 (App. 1988). 26 Here, upon reading the Original Bylaws as a whole, and Sections 1.1, 2.1(B)(iii), 27 7.3(G), and 7.3(F) in reference to the whole, it is evident that the Original Bylaws granted 28 access to the tennis courts and any replacements thereof. The parties disagree about 1 whether pickleball courts are a replacement, as argued by Plaintiff, or a conversion, as 2 argued by Defendant. 3 Defendant argues that the pickleball courts were not “replacements” but rather a 4 “conversion.” Therefore, Defendant reasons, Plaintiff’s access to the tennis courts should 5 remain at “one-half” of the now five tennis courts, as three tennis courts were converted 6 into pickleball courts. Such a conversion is stated to be in line with the Board’s independent 7 power to modify Members’ privileges as provided under Section 7.3(G). (Doc. 65 at 6–7). 8 Defendant argues that the definition of “replacement” as applicable in the insurance context 9 applies here. (Id.) In this context, a “replacement cost” is the cost of replacing an asset with 10 one that is “[qualitatively] equivalent to an asset currently held.” (Id.) Defendant argues 11 that because pickleball courts and tennis courts are qualitatively different due to the 12 difference in size and equipment, it cannot be deemed a replacement. (Id.) While the two 13 are different sports, their differences are immaterial to the question at issue. The Court 14 disagrees that definition based on insurance law fits in this context. This contract does not 15 reference insurance law concepts of replacing insured goods with a perfectly duplicative 16 replacement. 17 Conversely, Plaintiff argues that the pickleball courts were “replacements” in that 18 they took the place of the tennis courts. (Doc. 46 at 7). The Court agrees, as Plaintiff’s 19 argument is more in line with the plain and ordinary meaning of “replacements.” Here, 20 replacing one facility with another that is like in nature, even if not exact, is contemplated 21 in the contract. Both tennis courts and pickleball courts are alike in nature, and, in the 22 context of this contract, one can plainly be seen as a replacement for the other. Moreover, 23 the Premier Golf members have the most expansive access to the facility’s amenities, (Doc. 24 38-1 at 7–9), and all tiers of membership have the same level of access to the tennis 25 courts: access to one-half of the courts. (Doc. 38-1 at 7, 10, 11). Plainly, and throughout 26 the contract, access to the tennis courts is provided therein. This wide-reaching permission 27 supports its inherent value: all Members seek to have access to the tennis courts, and the 28 facility seeks to entice Members to join by granting such access. The importance of 1 maintaining access to a replacement of a valued amenity is therefore considered here. 2 “[T]he fundamental goal of contract interpretation is to give effect to the mutual 3 intent of the parties as it existed at the time of contracting.” Pauma Band of Luiseno 4 Mission Indians of Pauma & Yuima Rsrv. v. Cal., 813 F.3d 1155, 1165 (9th Cir. 2015); 5 U.S. Cellular Inv. Co. v. GTE Mobilnet, Inc., 281 F.3d 929, 934 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis 6 added). To determine the parties’ intent, the Court “look[s] to the plain meaning of the 7 words as viewed in the context of the contract as a whole.” Parsons v. Ryan, 912 F.3d 486, 8 497 (9th Cir. 2018); citing Earle Invs., LLC v. S. Desert Med. Ctr. Partners, 242 Ariz. 252, 9 255; 394 P.3d 1089 (Ct. App. 2017). “If the contractual language is clear, we will afford it 10 its plain and ordinary meaning and apply it as written.” Liberty Ins. Underwriters, Inc. v. 11 Weitz Co., L.L.C., 215 Ariz. 80, ¶ 8; 158 P.3d 209, 212 (App. 2007). 12 Here, the Court finds that the intent of the parties as existed at the time of contracting 13 was to protect access to the tennis courts and any replacements thereof. The nature of a 14 contract for a social club membership implicates that the facility might change over time 15 for any number of reasons. To illustrate, both Members and facilities can expect 16 renovations (necessary or elective), rising or diminishing popularity of certain amenities, 17 and financial considerations that may call for changes in facilities. If Defendant intended 18 to provide access only to half of the courts that were available at that specific point in time, 19 with a narrow definition for replacements, it would have been specifically noted. The 20 presence of “replacements” at all indicates some foresight into changes in facilities, and 21 any removal of access should have been specified here. Additionally, implicit in the 22 decision to include “replacements” in the contract is the intent to ensure continued access 23 to a similar facility. 24 Such contemplation of “replacements” of the tennis courts also dispels the argument 25 raised by Defendant that Section 2.1(B)(iii) never used the specific phrase “pickleball 26 courts.” (Doc. 65 at 4). Such use was unnecessary, as it was contemplated by the use of 27 “replacements.” 28 /// 1 B. Section 7.3(G) does not allow modification of Section 2.1(B)(iii) because the denial of access to the pickleball courts is a material and adverse 2 modification which requires a majority approval vote from the Members. 3 Section 7.3(G) allows for Defendant to “unilaterally modify and amend his 4 Agreement (including establishing, changing, and terminating . . . the terms of admission, 5 privileges, and facilities available)” when the modification or amendment does not 6 “materially or adversely affect the then-current Members’ rights under Sections [] 2.1 . . .” 7 (Doc. 38-1 at 27) (Section 2.1. grants Members access to “one-half of the tennis courts.” 8 (Doc. 38-1 at 7; Doc. 46 at 4)). Section 1.1 further defines tennis courts to include “eight 9 (8) tennis courts . . . and any replacements.” (Doc. 38-1 at 5). Therefore, the Court must 10 decide if the removal of access to one-half of tennis courts or its replacements presents a 11 material or adverse modification. (Doc. 38-1 at 7). 12 Here, the Court finds that changing the definition of “club facilities” to lower the 13 amount of tennis courts Plaintiff has access to, and the subsequent denial of access to 14 pickleball courts as a replacement, presents a material and adverse modification which 15 required a majority approval vote from members. Plaintiff was granted access to one-half 16 of the eight tennis courts, and any material or adverse modification was specifically noted 17 to require a majority vote in approval. Defendant unilaterally, and against the contractually 18 required process, changed Plaintiff’s right to access the tennis courts by lowering the total 19 amount of tennis courts. Such modification is material, as it modified Plaintiff’s rights. 20 Next, the modification reduced the right of access for one-half of the tennis courts or its 21 replacements. Originally, Plaintiff was able to access four tennis courts (half of 22 Defendant’s eight tennis courts). Now, there are only five tennis courts and twelve 23 pickleball courts. Defendant argues that Plaintiff can now access half of only the remaining 24 tennis courts1, without supplemental access to the replacement pickleball courts. Such 25 modification, limiting Plaintiff’s right of access, is adverse. Therefore, as far as Defendant 26 asserts that changing tennis courts to pickleball courts without changing Plaintiff’s right of 27 access was an acceptable amendment of the Bylaws, it is impermissible as it required the

28 1 It is not clear to the Court whether Plaintiff can access two or three tennis courts, as half of five tennis courts is two and a half. 1 majority vote from the Members. C. Section 7.3(F) does not give Defendant discretion because the final decision 2 as provided by the Board would be unreasonable. 3 Section 7.3(F) provides that the Board of Directors will provide the final decision 4 on all questions involving interpretation, construction, or rights and privileges within the 5 Original Bylaws, so long as they act “reasonably and in good faith.” (Doc. 38-1 at 27; Doc. 6 65 at 7). Further, “[t]he Ninth Circuit has noted that, under Arizona law, ‘[e]very contract 7 contains an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.’” Circle K Procurement & Brands 8 Ltd. v. Goli Nutrition Inc., No. CV-23-01417-PHX-DJH, 2024 WL 1639143, at *2 (D. 9 Ariz. 2024); Branton v. W. Rsrv. Life Assurance Co. of Ohio, 41 F. App'x 40, 42 (9th Cir. 10 2002) (citing Rawlings v. Apodaca, 151 Ariz. 149, 153; 726 P.2d 565, 569 (Ariz. 1986)). 11 “The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing prohibits a party from doing anything to 12 prevent other parties to the contract from receiving the benefits and entitlements of the 13 agreement. The duty arises by operation of law but exists by virtue of a contractual 14 relationship.” Wells Fargo Bank v. Arizona Laborers, Teamsters and Cement Masons 15 Local No. 395 Pension Trust Fund, 201 Ariz. 474, 490 (2002); Rawlings, 151 Ariz. at 154 16 (1986). 17 Here, interpretation that prohibits Plaintiff’s access to the original number of tennis 18 courts, or the replacement pickleball courts, violates the implied duty of good faith and fair 19 dealing. While “good faith” is mentioned by Defendant, it cannot be satisfied if it is used 20 to prohibit Plaintiff, the other party, from receiving the benefits and privileges of the 21 agreement that he is entitled to. Beyond the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, 22 Defendant’s final and controlling decision on these questions contractually hinges on 23 “act[ing] reasonably and in good faith.” (Doc. 38-1 at 27; Doc. 65 at 7). To act contrary to 24 the guaranteed rights and privileges within the contract cannot in itself be a reasonable act 25 or in good faith. Therefore, Section 7.3(F) in this matter does not give Defendant the final 26 and controlling discretion, as the denial of access to an enumerated right would be a 27 violation of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing and would be an unreasonable 28 act. 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment for the || following reasons. First, Section 2.1(B)(iii) in the Original Bylaws granted Plaintiff access 4|| to one-half of the eight tennis courts or any replacements thereof. The Court finds that the □□ pickleball courts, in this context, were a replacement of the tennis courts. Second, Section 6|| 7.3(G) does not allow modification of Section 2.1(B)(iii) in the manner argued by Defendant, because the denial of access to the pickleball courts is a material and adverse 8 || modification which requires a majority approval vote from the Members. Third, Section 9|| 7.3(F) does not give Defendant discretion because the final decision as provided by the 10 || Board would be unreasonable. 11 The Court grants the Partial Summary Judgment on these limited grounds, finding that the limiting of Plaintiffs access to the tennis courts is a breach of the binding contract 13 || between Plaintiff and Defendant. What the damages that are caused by this breach are, or || what access Plaintiff would need to be given for Defendant not to breach the contract is 15 || not considered. 16 Therefore, 17 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED granting Plaintiff's Motion. (Doc. 46). 18 Dated this 4th day of August, 2025. 19 20 Lgl Ais.) □ 21 Stephen M. McNamee 9 Senior United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28

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