GORDON, J.
In determining the questions raised by the appellant, Joe McMurry, we shall not pass on the motion to dismiss the appeal filed herein, but it must not be understood thereby that the questions raised by said motion are determined adversely to the contention made in support thereof. We treat the case as if the right to prosecute error in this court were1 conceded to the appellant.
Wilson S. Pitman was and is at all times hereinafter mentioned a minor and a citizen by blood of the Creek Tribe of Indians. Joe McMurry, the appellant herein, was his guardian, and in this opinion will be referred to as such. By a judgment and order of the district court of Muskogee county, Okla., made and entered on appeal from the county court, the said guardian was removed on February 17, 1924. The guardian received his appointment as such by the .county court of Muskogee county on October 17, 1919, The record discloses that at the time of his appointment as such guardian he was deputy sheriff of Muskogee county functioning as bailiff for the county court which appointed him guardian of said minor. Rosclia Cole, related as a cousin of said Wilson S. Pitman, filed her petition in the county court of Muskogee county to remove the. guardian for causes in said petition set forth, which are, in substance: That the appointment of the said guardian was absolutely void for the reason that at the time of said appointment the guardian was a county official of Muskogee county and as such was disqualified to act as guardian; that since his alleged appointment he has taken from the estate of said minor for his own compensation an- amount in excess of $22,500 and in addition thereto a special allowance of $15,000, and that he has paid as attorney fees and expenses of attorneys the sum of $53,000, and that while acting- as guardian of said minor he was also coguardian with another (whose name is unnecessary to mention here) of one Lucinda Pitman, mother of said minor, and that out of the two estates he has paid out for guardian fees and attorney fees since bis appointment approximately $170,-000: that during his guardianship he has caused said minor to be kept virtually as a prisoner in a small town in another state in charge of guardian’s brother-in-law, pro[110]*110hibited from eitlier seeing or talking to anyone or corresponding even with their relatives; that letters addressed to him are censored -before they are allowed to be received; that the guardian has paid his said brother-in-law $150 per month, for board for said minor and that guardian’s niece receives- $100 per month for acting as tutor for said minor; n-one of which facts were disclosed by the reports filed by the said guardian.
The said petition is concluded by the prayer as follows:
“Wherefore, your petitioner prays that it be adjudged that Joe McMurry was never legally appointed guardian of said minor and -is not now guardian and for removing him from acting further as guardian and appointing some suitable and proper person to act as guardian and directing that proceedings be had for the recovery of the money above mentioned that has been paid out of his estate, and for such other relief as may be just.”
On hearing, the county judge declined to make an order as prayed by the said Rosella Cole, and from the order of the county court refusing to remove the guardian an appeal was perfected to the district court of Muskogee county. On hearing in the said district court the result was as indicated above, and the removal of the guardian1 was based upon certain findings of fact made by. the district court, and from the order and judgment of said court on appeal from the county court the guardian -brings the case" here, and his assignment of errors may be. summarized: That the appeal to the district court should ' have beéri , dismissed,'-“ther.e being no substantial right of1 Rosella Cole affected by the judgment of the county court;” that a court bailiff is not an officer within the meaning of section 1464, Comp. Stat. 1921, and that the payment of the fees charged does not constitute cause for removal of the guardian, and that the finding of the district court is not supported by the evidence.
In support of the first assignment, which' wp think is the most serious one made here,' thp appellant cites section 1410, Comp. Stat. 1921, and says that said section is the exclusive provision of law on the subject of appeals -in probate matters from the county court to the district court, said section undertaking to specify the numerous characters of orders in probate from -which appeal lies to the district court, and since the refusal of the county court to remove a guardian is not specifically embraced therein, if is not in contemplation of any of the subdivisions of said section of the statute. On a careful reading of the statute, we do not think that this contention is tenable. In answering this argument the opposition attorneys cite section 16 of art. 7 of the Constitution of Oklahoma, which provides, in so far as important here:
“Until otherwise provided by law, in all cases arising under the probalte jurisdiction of the county court, appeals may be taken from the judgment of the county court to the district court of the county in the same manner as now provided by the laws of the territory of Oklahoma, * * * and in all cases appealed from the county court to the district court -the cause shall be tried de novo in the district court upon questions of both law and fact.”
So, it appears clear that until otherwise provided by law, in all matters in the exercise of its probate jurisdiction appeals could be perfected to the district court, and in that court the trial was had de novo on all questions of law and fact, -with the power vested in the district court to enter such judgment as in its conclusion the facts warranted. We do not think the citation of this section of the Constitution is a complete answer to the contention made by the appellant on this assignment, for the reason that this constitutional provision itself expressly .leaves the door open to legislation on this subject, and if the Legislature .has .spoken since the adoption of said constitutional provision, we, must lpok to the legislative enactment to find, whether, there is anything .which alters this broad constitutional " provision. The'' said section 1410 was an --Oklahoma' Territory statute which, at statehood',’by operation of law, was extended. over the entire stat;e, but .could not be considered a's'such an .eriactmejit as would alter the said/ponstitutional 'provision' until the Legislature of Oklahoma,re^enácted this statute by, the¡.."adoption of trie Revised Laws of 1910 in code form.. So,'if the.said.section 1410. has any. provision. therein.-found which can be cohtrued as an -alteration of the said constitutional-provision, the statute must be looked to to determine in- what cases an appeal' will’ lie, and it is .left as the sole definer of the characters of orders from which an appeal can be. perfected to the district court. We are then faced with the question, as the guardian contends, as to whether or not there is any authority found in said section T410 authorizing an appeal from the order drawn in this proceeding in the district court. Said section 1410 provides: •
“An appeal may be taken to the district court from a judgment, decree or order of tlie county court: * * * Eighth. From any other judgment, decree or order of the county court in a probate cause or of the judge thereof affecting a substantial right “
[111]
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GORDON, J.
In determining the questions raised by the appellant, Joe McMurry, we shall not pass on the motion to dismiss the appeal filed herein, but it must not be understood thereby that the questions raised by said motion are determined adversely to the contention made in support thereof. We treat the case as if the right to prosecute error in this court were1 conceded to the appellant.
Wilson S. Pitman was and is at all times hereinafter mentioned a minor and a citizen by blood of the Creek Tribe of Indians. Joe McMurry, the appellant herein, was his guardian, and in this opinion will be referred to as such. By a judgment and order of the district court of Muskogee county, Okla., made and entered on appeal from the county court, the said guardian was removed on February 17, 1924. The guardian received his appointment as such by the .county court of Muskogee county on October 17, 1919, The record discloses that at the time of his appointment as such guardian he was deputy sheriff of Muskogee county functioning as bailiff for the county court which appointed him guardian of said minor. Rosclia Cole, related as a cousin of said Wilson S. Pitman, filed her petition in the county court of Muskogee county to remove the. guardian for causes in said petition set forth, which are, in substance: That the appointment of the said guardian was absolutely void for the reason that at the time of said appointment the guardian was a county official of Muskogee county and as such was disqualified to act as guardian; that since his alleged appointment he has taken from the estate of said minor for his own compensation an- amount in excess of $22,500 and in addition thereto a special allowance of $15,000, and that he has paid as attorney fees and expenses of attorneys the sum of $53,000, and that while acting- as guardian of said minor he was also coguardian with another (whose name is unnecessary to mention here) of one Lucinda Pitman, mother of said minor, and that out of the two estates he has paid out for guardian fees and attorney fees since bis appointment approximately $170,-000: that during his guardianship he has caused said minor to be kept virtually as a prisoner in a small town in another state in charge of guardian’s brother-in-law, pro[110]*110hibited from eitlier seeing or talking to anyone or corresponding even with their relatives; that letters addressed to him are censored -before they are allowed to be received; that the guardian has paid his said brother-in-law $150 per month, for board for said minor and that guardian’s niece receives- $100 per month for acting as tutor for said minor; n-one of which facts were disclosed by the reports filed by the said guardian.
The said petition is concluded by the prayer as follows:
“Wherefore, your petitioner prays that it be adjudged that Joe McMurry was never legally appointed guardian of said minor and -is not now guardian and for removing him from acting further as guardian and appointing some suitable and proper person to act as guardian and directing that proceedings be had for the recovery of the money above mentioned that has been paid out of his estate, and for such other relief as may be just.”
On hearing, the county judge declined to make an order as prayed by the said Rosella Cole, and from the order of the county court refusing to remove the guardian an appeal was perfected to the district court of Muskogee county. On hearing in the said district court the result was as indicated above, and the removal of the guardian1 was based upon certain findings of fact made by. the district court, and from the order and judgment of said court on appeal from the county court the guardian -brings the case" here, and his assignment of errors may be. summarized: That the appeal to the district court should ' have beéri , dismissed,'-“ther.e being no substantial right of1 Rosella Cole affected by the judgment of the county court;” that a court bailiff is not an officer within the meaning of section 1464, Comp. Stat. 1921, and that the payment of the fees charged does not constitute cause for removal of the guardian, and that the finding of the district court is not supported by the evidence.
In support of the first assignment, which' wp think is the most serious one made here,' thp appellant cites section 1410, Comp. Stat. 1921, and says that said section is the exclusive provision of law on the subject of appeals -in probate matters from the county court to the district court, said section undertaking to specify the numerous characters of orders in probate from -which appeal lies to the district court, and since the refusal of the county court to remove a guardian is not specifically embraced therein, if is not in contemplation of any of the subdivisions of said section of the statute. On a careful reading of the statute, we do not think that this contention is tenable. In answering this argument the opposition attorneys cite section 16 of art. 7 of the Constitution of Oklahoma, which provides, in so far as important here:
“Until otherwise provided by law, in all cases arising under the probalte jurisdiction of the county court, appeals may be taken from the judgment of the county court to the district court of the county in the same manner as now provided by the laws of the territory of Oklahoma, * * * and in all cases appealed from the county court to the district court -the cause shall be tried de novo in the district court upon questions of both law and fact.”
So, it appears clear that until otherwise provided by law, in all matters in the exercise of its probate jurisdiction appeals could be perfected to the district court, and in that court the trial was had de novo on all questions of law and fact, -with the power vested in the district court to enter such judgment as in its conclusion the facts warranted. We do not think the citation of this section of the Constitution is a complete answer to the contention made by the appellant on this assignment, for the reason that this constitutional provision itself expressly .leaves the door open to legislation on this subject, and if the Legislature .has .spoken since the adoption of said constitutional provision, we, must lpok to the legislative enactment to find, whether, there is anything .which alters this broad constitutional " provision. The'' said section 1410 was an --Oklahoma' Territory statute which, at statehood',’by operation of law, was extended. over the entire stat;e, but .could not be considered a's'such an .eriactmejit as would alter the said/ponstitutional 'provision' until the Legislature of Oklahoma,re^enácted this statute by, the¡.."adoption of trie Revised Laws of 1910 in code form.. So,'if the.said.section 1410. has any. provision. therein.-found which can be cohtrued as an -alteration of the said constitutional-provision, the statute must be looked to to determine in- what cases an appeal' will’ lie, and it is .left as the sole definer of the characters of orders from which an appeal can be. perfected to the district court. We are then faced with the question, as the guardian contends, as to whether or not there is any authority found in said section T410 authorizing an appeal from the order drawn in this proceeding in the district court. Said section 1410 provides: •
“An appeal may be taken to the district court from a judgment, decree or order of tlie county court: * * * Eighth. From any other judgment, decree or order of the county court in a probate cause or of the judge thereof affecting a substantial right “
[111]*111On this subdivision of said section the guardian, in effect, comments that “ a substantial right” affected by the order, judgment, or decree made appealable by this subdivision goes to such, and such only, as effects one who would be an heir to property, or, as we understand it, a right substantial to the adult who, as relative or next friend, may be prosecuting in the name of the minor for the relief sought. It is in this respect we think that the contention of the guardian is in error. We do not now' recall a possible circumstance in which the making of an order, or the refusal to make an order, touching the excessive and alleged extortionate expenditure of moneys belonging to a minor or the exercise of the functions of a guardian by one alleged to be disqualified to hold the position, the receipt by one so alleged to be disqualified of large fees in violation of law, is' alleged, would not affect the substantial rights of the real party in interest, to wit, the minor w'hose estate is in probate in the court from w'hose order the appeal is sought to be taken. The substantial right referred to in said subdivision- is not confined to a right of the person acting as relative or next friend, but is directed to the substantial right of the minor. In commenting upon this section of the statute in a case where an appeal was sought to be perfected from the county court touching the purchase alt. an alleged extortionate price of certain real estate for a minor Indian, this court, in the case of Clark v. De Graffenreid, 64 Okla. 177, 160 Pac. 736, after discussing the effect of the Act of Congress of May 27, 1908, ch. 35. 32 Stat. 312, to be that the probate attorneys were legislative “next friends” of minors and the effort of the said probate attorneys to appeal from the order of the eounry court to the district court by virtue of their being legislative “next friends,” said:
“This appeal was clearly authorized by section 6501. Kev. Laws 1910, (which is the same as section 1410, Comp. Stat. 1921, above quoted.) An order authorizing and directing an expenditure of a ward’s money' in the purchase of real estate for him ‘affects’ his substantial rights; and for the purpose of determining whether or not they should and will prosecute the remedy of appeal, these special representatives of the minor allottee must necessarily be the judges in the first instance as to wdiether such substantial rights are affected adversely; and the question as to the value of the land and as to whether it was to the interest of the minor to purchase the same, which may be determined upon appteal, is ■ not pertinent to the question of their authority to appeal in behalf of such minor allottee or to the question of the jurisdiction of the district court over the case in any other respect.’’
We have carefully examined the entire record in this cause, including all the .evidence submitted in substantiation of the allegations of the petition, and reviewed the finding made by the district court and the conclusions of law' reached. The statute under which the relief is sought in this proceeding is section 1491, Comp. Stat. 1921, and is as follows;
“When a guardian, appointed either by a testator or the county court or judge, becomes insane or other wise incapable of discharging his trust, or unsuitable therefor. or has w’asted or mismanaged the estate. or failed for thirty days to render an account -o-r make a return, the county court may, upon such notice to the guardian as the court may require, remove him and compel him to surrender the estate of the ward to the person found to be lawfully entitled thereto.’’
The language in which this provision of law is couched can be contraed -only as conferring upon the court in probate a very w'ide discretion in determining the fitness of a person to remain guardian of a minor or incompetent, and where the evidence tends to show the existence of one ground, it may also be very potent to the mind of the court in establishing other grounds enumerated by the statute. The evidence in the instant case sustains the allegations made by the petition. The guardian was present and did not offer to explain the many cunning irregularities, if irregularities they may be called, and we think his conduct in that respect places him.very much in the attitude described by this court in the case of Perry v. Shaver, 101 Okla. 248, 325 Pac. 359. wherein it said:
“The husband did not take the witness stand. The wife, refusing to hazard .explanation of the voluminous testimony of prejudicial conduct of herself and her husband. stands here only on the coldly asserted insufficiency of the evidence against her. Refusing explanations as she did, her defense bears not the mark of honest battle. and this the court has often held to be material and most substantial proof against her. See 27 C. J. 803; Potts v. Rubesam, 54 Okla. 408, 156 Pac. 356.”
Why his complete dealings with this minor Indian could not be disclosed in his reports ; why the vouchers, showing more enormous expenditures than the petition even charges, could not be filed with his reports: why the minor was kept away from his home state in attempted seclusion; why $150 per month was paid the guardian’s brother-in-law: why $100 per month was paid the guardian’s niece as tutor — and none [112]*112of this made known in the reports filed by the guardian — are matters which, if justifiable, should have been justified an<j would halve placed the guardian in a much better light had he displayed a disposition to state an excusable version of these concealed affairs to the tribunal authorized by law to supervise the proper conduct of .estates of minors. Under these circumstances, we think that the record fails to disclose that the court abused its discretion in entering the order of removal, and its judgment is, therefore, afBrmed.
McNEILL, C. J., and NICHOLSON, HARRISON, JOHNSON, BRANSON, LYDICK. and WARREN, JJ., concur.