STATEMENT.
The appellee, Z. K. Wiley, filed his bill in chancery in the Circuit Court of Lake county on the twenty-fifth day of January, 1898, against D. H. McMillan and W. C. Jackson, partners doing business under the firm name and style of D, H. McMillan & Co., who are the appellees in [489] this court, alleging in substance-therein as follows: that complainant was seized in fee of the W. \ of lots 2 and 3 and all of lot 4, in section 25, township 17 S., R. 27 E. containing one hundred and fifty acres, more or less, •situate in Lake county, the title to which was derived by complainant from a warranty deed from John S. Banks and wife, dated June 18th, 1883, which was duly recorded, chain of conveyances from the United States of America; the said Banks deriving title thereto through an unbroken that complainant had been in undisputed and peaceable possession of said land from the date of the execution of said deed by said Banks up to the time of the trespass committed thereon by defendants, exercising such acts of ownership over said land as are usually exercised by owners of unimproved timber lands; that all of said land was timbered land and that its value consisted principally in the timber thereon, the same being heavily timbered with pine trees of good size and quality, and that the same had never been cut over, the trees remaining virgin •forests; that on or about the first day of January, 1898, the defendants, who were then, and still were at the date of the filing of the bill, engaged in the business of making turpentine, entered upon said land, without the knowledge or consent and without authority of law, and proceeded to box and scrape the pine trees standing thereon for the purpose of making turpentine; that complainant had been informed and believed that said defendants had boxed and scraped a great portion of the timber on said land and had made turpentine therefrom in large quantities and had removed the.said turpentine from the land; that defendants were still engaged in boxinig and scraping the trees on said land for the purpose of making and removing still further quantities of turpentine, and that [490] they were injuring the timber on said land and destroying the value thereof and exposing the same to destruction by fire; that defendants had greatly injured the value of said land and the timber thereon; that their said trespasses had caused complainant great damage, and that defendants had no title whatever to said land, but were simply trespssers thereon. The prayer of the bill was for an injunction, an account, general relief and for process.
On the seventh day of March, 1898, the defendants filed their answer to the bill, in which they admitted that their employes had entered upon complainant’s land and boxed some of the timber thereon, but averred that the same was done through accident, and not from design to trespass thereon; that the first knowledge defendants had of the trespass upon said land was upon an investigation made after the filing of complainant’s bill; that after learning that they had boxed some of complainant’s land by mistake they ifnmediately communicated with his attorney, offering to pay the full market price then prevailing for such timber used for turpentine purposes; that they still were ready, willing and anxious to make full reparation to complainant -for said timber at the usual and well established rates, said timber having a well established market price, and that upon learning that their employes had through mistake entered upon complanant’s land they immediately ceased to box or cut any of said timber and had taken every precaution against 'fire; that, as complainant had never notified defendants or made any demand upon them for compensation for the boxing of said timber, as the trespass was unintentional [491] and committed through accident or mistake, and as defendants stood ready and willing to pay complainant a reasonable and proper price for said timber cut through mistake, they ought not to be subjected to any further costs of suit and the expense of accounting.
On the fourth day of April; 1898, the complainant filed his replication to the answer.
On the twenty-fifth day of May, 1898, an order was made by the chancellor below referring the cause to a special master to take the evidence therein and report same to the court.
On the tenth day of February, 1899, said special master filed his report together with the testimony taken before him by the complainant and defendants, reciting therein that all of said testimony was taken on the ninth and tenth of February, 1899.
Certain further ,tsstimony was afterwards taken in said cause on behalf of the complainant before the chancellor. Almost all of said testimony, however, so taken both before the special master and the chancellor was as to the amount of damages.
On the twenty-third day of March, 1899, a final decree was rendered in said cause in which the chancellor found the equities to be in favor of the complainant, and in which it was ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendants pay to the complainant the sum of $607.37 as his damages, together with the costs of suit, which were taxed therein at $58.85, and that execution issue therefor as at law. From this final decree defendants have entered an appeal to this court, assigning some thirteen- errors. However, in view of the conclusion which we have reached, it becomes unnecessary to consider said several errors in detail.
Shackleford, J.
(after stating the facts*)
It will be observed, as set forth in the foregoing statement, that the relief sought by the complainant in his bill was to restrain the defendants from further trespassing upon his land and that an account might be taken of the damages to the complainant from the trespasses already committed, and that the defendants be required to pay to the complainant'the amount shown to be due upon such accounting. This suit was based upon Chapter 3884 of the laws of Florida, acts of 1889, which was brought forward into the Revised Statutes as section 1469 and reads as follows:
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STATEMENT.
The appellee, Z. K. Wiley, filed his bill in chancery in the Circuit Court of Lake county on the twenty-fifth day of January, 1898, against D. H. McMillan and W. C. Jackson, partners doing business under the firm name and style of D, H. McMillan & Co., who are the appellees in [489] this court, alleging in substance-therein as follows: that complainant was seized in fee of the W. \ of lots 2 and 3 and all of lot 4, in section 25, township 17 S., R. 27 E. containing one hundred and fifty acres, more or less, •situate in Lake county, the title to which was derived by complainant from a warranty deed from John S. Banks and wife, dated June 18th, 1883, which was duly recorded, chain of conveyances from the United States of America; the said Banks deriving title thereto through an unbroken that complainant had been in undisputed and peaceable possession of said land from the date of the execution of said deed by said Banks up to the time of the trespass committed thereon by defendants, exercising such acts of ownership over said land as are usually exercised by owners of unimproved timber lands; that all of said land was timbered land and that its value consisted principally in the timber thereon, the same being heavily timbered with pine trees of good size and quality, and that the same had never been cut over, the trees remaining virgin •forests; that on or about the first day of January, 1898, the defendants, who were then, and still were at the date of the filing of the bill, engaged in the business of making turpentine, entered upon said land, without the knowledge or consent and without authority of law, and proceeded to box and scrape the pine trees standing thereon for the purpose of making turpentine; that complainant had been informed and believed that said defendants had boxed and scraped a great portion of the timber on said land and had made turpentine therefrom in large quantities and had removed the.said turpentine from the land; that defendants were still engaged in boxinig and scraping the trees on said land for the purpose of making and removing still further quantities of turpentine, and that [490] they were injuring the timber on said land and destroying the value thereof and exposing the same to destruction by fire; that defendants had greatly injured the value of said land and the timber thereon; that their said trespasses had caused complainant great damage, and that defendants had no title whatever to said land, but were simply trespssers thereon. The prayer of the bill was for an injunction, an account, general relief and for process.
On the seventh day of March, 1898, the defendants filed their answer to the bill, in which they admitted that their employes had entered upon complainant’s land and boxed some of the timber thereon, but averred that the same was done through accident, and not from design to trespass thereon; that the first knowledge defendants had of the trespass upon said land was upon an investigation made after the filing of complainant’s bill; that after learning that they had boxed some of complainant’s land by mistake they ifnmediately communicated with his attorney, offering to pay the full market price then prevailing for such timber used for turpentine purposes; that they still were ready, willing and anxious to make full reparation to complainant -for said timber at the usual and well established rates, said timber having a well established market price, and that upon learning that their employes had through mistake entered upon complanant’s land they immediately ceased to box or cut any of said timber and had taken every precaution against 'fire; that, as complainant had never notified defendants or made any demand upon them for compensation for the boxing of said timber, as the trespass was unintentional [491] and committed through accident or mistake, and as defendants stood ready and willing to pay complainant a reasonable and proper price for said timber cut through mistake, they ought not to be subjected to any further costs of suit and the expense of accounting.
On the fourth day of April; 1898, the complainant filed his replication to the answer.
On the twenty-fifth day of May, 1898, an order was made by the chancellor below referring the cause to a special master to take the evidence therein and report same to the court.
On the tenth day of February, 1899, said special master filed his report together with the testimony taken before him by the complainant and defendants, reciting therein that all of said testimony was taken on the ninth and tenth of February, 1899.
Certain further ,tsstimony was afterwards taken in said cause on behalf of the complainant before the chancellor. Almost all of said testimony, however, so taken both before the special master and the chancellor was as to the amount of damages.
On the twenty-third day of March, 1899, a final decree was rendered in said cause in which the chancellor found the equities to be in favor of the complainant, and in which it was ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendants pay to the complainant the sum of $607.37 as his damages, together with the costs of suit, which were taxed therein at $58.85, and that execution issue therefor as at law. From this final decree defendants have entered an appeal to this court, assigning some thirteen- errors. However, in view of the conclusion which we have reached, it becomes unnecessary to consider said several errors in detail.
Shackleford, J.
(after stating the facts*)
It will be observed, as set forth in the foregoing statement, that the relief sought by the complainant in his bill was to restrain the defendants from further trespassing upon his land and that an account might be taken of the damages to the complainant from the trespasses already committed, and that the defendants be required to pay to the complainant'the amount shown to be due upon such accounting. This suit was based upon Chapter 3884 of the laws of Florida, acts of 1889, which was brought forward into the Revised Statutes as section 1469 and reads as follows:
“Against destruction of timber — Courts of chancery shall entertain suits by any person claiming to own any timbered lands in. this State, to enjoin trespasses on such lands by the cutting of trees thereon, or the removal of logs therefrom, or by boxing or scraping the said trees for the purpose of making turpentine, or by the removal of turpentine therefrom; and in such suits the said courts shall cause an account to be taken, of the damage to the complainant from any of said trespasses, before or after the institution of the suit, and decree the payment of the amounts shown to be due upon such accounting, by the defendant or defendants, and may appoint receivers of logs or timber claimed to have been cut from said lands.” The original title of this act was “An act to extend the powers of the courts of chancery in this State,” and undoubtedly it was intended to confer upon courts of chancery certain powers in addition to. those already possessed. This section has been before this court several times for construction. In the case of Reddick v. Meffert, [493] 32 Fla. 409, 13 South. Rep. 894, it was held to be constitutional and valid in so far as it undertook to confer upon courts of- equity the power to enjoin trespasses on timbered lands, but' in that case the validity of said act was not questioned to any extent, and no accounting was sought. In the ease of Wiggins v. Williams, 36 Fla. 637, 18 South. Rep. 859, after a full discussion of the question it was held, as set forth in the 12th and last headnote, that “to the extent of conferring jurisdiction on the court of chancery to enjoin the trespasses mentioned in the se ■- oncl section of the act of 1889, supra, by a mere trespasser without color of right or authority, the act can operate; hut to the extent of awarding an .account for damages for a mere trespass cognizable at law, and in respect to which the. court of equity had no jurisdiction independent of statute, it impairs the right of trial by jury according to the course of the common law and secured by the constitution.” The reasons for the conclusion reached upon this point are so fully and clearly set forth in tlie opinion rendered in said last cited case that we deem it unnecessary to say more than that we fully approve thereof and think the conclusion correct. To the same effect are the cases of Hughes v. Hannah, 39 Fla. 365, 22 South. Rep. 613, and Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Gibson, 43 Fla. 315, 31 South. Rep. 230.
As there seems to be some misapprehension upon the part of some members of the bar as to the effect of the decision in the case of Brown v. Solary, 37 Fla. 102, 19 South. Rep. 161, we will state that, properly understood, there is no conflict whatever between the conclusions reached in that case and in the case of Wiggins v. Williams, supra. The case of Brown v. Solary, supra, was not [494] based upon said section 14C9 of Rev. Stats., and the suit could not .have been brought thereunder, as said section relates solely to trespasses committed on timb&i'ed lands, while, in said case the trespasses sought to be enjoined were the entering upon the lands and mining ahd removing phosphate therefrom. For the reasons stated in' the opinion in the last cited case a court of equity had jurisdiction independent of any statute, and, having so acquired jurisdiction for one purpose, it also had the authority to decree the taking of an account of the phosphate already taken from the soil and the damages resulting from the trespass. This was the- case also in the cases of Griffin v. Orman, 9 Fla. 22, and Rivers v. Summers, 33 Fla. 539, 15 South. Rep. 319. The court of equity in all these cases had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, and an incidental issue arising in the case which the party had the right to a trial of by jurjr did not take away such general jurisdiction, and the right to have the incidental issue tried by jury becomes in such a case a personal privilege that may be waived by the party entitled thereto, and does not affect the jurisdiction of the court over the case, but in the case at bar the court of equity has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of damages for trespass on land, the legislature, as has been held in the cases cited, can not confer it, and neither can the parties confer it by their silence or consent. Brown on Jurisdiction, See. 3. In the case of Wiggins v. Williams, supra, as in the instant case, the only reason a court, of equity could take jurisdiction at all was by virtue of the authority conferred by the statute. This marks a wide distinction between the two classes of cases. To hold that a court of equity has the power under the statute in a suit [495] based upon it to cause an account to< be taken oí the damage and to decree its -payment would have the effect of depriving the party of the benefit of the provisions in our constitution which were designed to preserve and guarantee the right of trial by jury in proceedings according to the course of the common law as known and practiced at the time of the adoption of the constitution. In the instant case it would seem that no injunction, either temporary or perpetual, was 'ever granted by the chancellor, and that the only relief given in the final decree was damages for the alleged trespasses, which were based upon a so-called accounting. As we have just seen, in so far as said statute undertakes to confer upon a court of equity the authority to cause an account to be taken of shown to be due upon such accounting, said statute is unconstitutional and can not be enforced. It follows from what has been said that the decree must be reversed, and for that reason it becomes unnecessary for us to consider the various errors assigned or to express any opinion upon the testimony. It may be'that the unconstitutionality of that portion of the statute upon which eve base the conclusion we have reached has not been very aptly presented to this court by counsel for appellants, but, be that as it may, under the principle laid down in Trustees I. I. Fund of Florida v. Gleason, 39 Fla. 771, 23 South. Rep. 539, it is proper for us to consider a jurisdictional matter, even though the same may be not questioned by the pleadings or expressly presented.
The decree must be reversed, and it is so ordered, and the cause remanded for such further proceedings as may be in consonance with equity practice and not inconsistent with this opinion, the appellee to pay the costs of this appeal.