STONE, J.
Manslaughter, at the common law, was divided into voluntary and involuntary. "Voluntary manslaughter included all felonious homicides, less heinous than murder, which resulted directly from any unlawful force, aimed at, and applied to the party slain. It Avas not necessary that the perpetrator should have intended or willed the death of the party. The force being unlawful, and iutentionally directed against the deceased, the law pronounced the consummated act — the manslaughter — to be voluntary. — Com. v. Gable, 7 Serg. & [289]*289R. 428; People v. Rector, 19 Wendell, 592-3; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, § 932; Whar. Am. Law of Hom. 35 ; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, §§ 978, 971, 976, 987; 2 Bish. Cr. Law, § 659; 4 Black. Com. 191; Respublica v. Biron 4 Dallas, 125 ; Johnson’s case, 5 Grat. 660; State v. Jarrott, 1 Ired. 76. Involuntary manslaughter included all those homicides which were below the grade of murder, and were neither justifiable nor excusable, and which were the accidental result, of some unlawful act, less than a felony, not aimed or directed against the person slain. Whar. Amer. Cr. Law, § 933; Whar. Am. Law of Horn. 35; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, 1002; 4 Bla. Com. 192; Ann v. The State, 11 Humph. 164.
The framers of our penal code have employed language somewhat different. Their classification is as follows: “ §3084. Every person convicted of the crime of manslaughter, by voluntarily depriving a human being of life, is guilty of manslaughter in the • first degree.” “ § 3085. Every person convicted of manslaughter, under any other circumstances than those expressed in the preceding section, is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree.”
That it was not the intention of the legislature to reduce any of the common-law murders to the crime of manslaughter, is shown by sections 3080 and 3081 of the Code. Section 3080 defines murder in the first degree, and section 3081 declares, that all other common-law murders, not embraced in section 3080, are murders in the second degree. It is thus shown, that all common-law murders are statutory murders, either in the first or second degree.
While the definition of voluntary manslaughter, as given above, cannot be controverted, it is contended, that our statute has introduced a different rule — namely : that to come within the section which defines manslaughter in the first degree, it is not enough that the force which canses the death be direct and intentional, but that the intention and will shall go further, and contemplate the killing itself; in other words, that the “ voluntarily depriving a human being of life,” mentioned in the statute, [290]*290cannot take place in the absence of a specific intention in the perpetrator to take the life of his victim.
In looking into the statutes of some of the other States, we have found no provision which is expressed in the-language of ours. Neither has the precise question presented by this record ever been before this court, in the form in which it is here presented. In the case of Oliver v. The State, (17 Ala. 587,) this statute came under review. The 3d charge in that case presented substantially the same question'as the one we are now considering, with the exception that, in that case, the homicide was committed with a deadly weapon, while the record in this case informs us that from, the blow, “asstricken with the weapon used, death would ordinarily be very unlikely to occur.” Considering the evidence recited in this record, in the light of the verdict of the jury upon'that evidence, we feel justified in assuming that the death was caused by a piece of bri< k — as much as a fourth or a half — which was cast by the prisoner at the deceased, and struck the latter on the side of the head, causing concussion of the brain and death.
In Oliver’s case, it seems to have been conceded, on both sides, that a specific intention to kill was a necessary ingredient in every manslaughter in the first degree. On the one hand, it was contended, that the employment of the deadly weapon, which caused the death in that case, furnished the proof of a specific intention to kill; while this proposition was denied on the other. Some of the expressions in that opinion, viewed abstractly, would incline us to the opinion, that the court recognized a specific intention to kill, as necessary to constitute manslaughter in the first degree. Other expressions, however, are inconsistent with this view, and lead ns to the conclusion, that what the court said, tending to the opinion last above noted, must have been in reply to objections and points taken in that ease. This, we think, is shown by the fact, apparent in the report of that case, that no distinction seems to have been taken between our statutory manslaughter in the first degree, and voluntary manslaughter at the common law. So far from this being [291]*291done, there are many expressions in that opinion, which induce us to believe that the specific intent to kill, there impliedly recognized, would have been held to apply alike to voluntary manslaughter at the common law, and to our statutory manslaughter in the first degree.
A further support to our view, stated above, is found in the fact, that, in Oliver’s case, there are evidences that this court entertained the opinion, that the prisoner might be guilty of a higher grade of homicide than manslaughter in the first degree.
We do not think Oliver’s case ought to be recognized as an authority on the question we are considering, because in that case the record did not raise the point.
We confess ourselves unable to distinguish between voluntary manslaughter, and manslaughter by voluntarily depriving a human being of life. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being, without malice. To kill is to deprive of life. If, then, instead of voluntary manslaughter, we substitute its synonym and definition, we have the unlawful and voluntary depriving a human being of life, without malice. . This is, in substance, and almost in words, what our legislation declares shall be manslaughter in the first degree.
The arguments drawn from the judicial construction, in other States, of the word willful, as employed in statutory murder, can exert no influence in the definition of voluntary manslaughter. Willful is not the synonym of voluntary. In truth, they express no distinct idea which is common to both. The former is a word of much greater strength than the latter. Willful, in this connection, denotes “ governed by the will; without yielding to reason; obstinate ; stubborn ; perverse; inflexible.” Voluntary, in this connection, means “ willing; acting with willingness.” It is the antithesis of involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter covers the whole ground of manslaughter, not occupied by involuntary manslaughter, which latter includes homicides that are the accidental result of some unlawful act, less than a felony. It is a perversion of language to say, that a force which is direct and unlawful, and which is intentionally aimed at a [292]*292particular person, and causes Ms death, or that the honii. cide thus brought about, is involuntary.
Construing the charges given and refused in this case, in the light of the testimony, we think the court did not err.
[2.] The circuit court did not err in admitting evidence, against the prisoner, of his acts, declarations and conduct, when he returned, a half-hour after the blow was stricken, to the scene of the engagement.
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STONE, J.
Manslaughter, at the common law, was divided into voluntary and involuntary. "Voluntary manslaughter included all felonious homicides, less heinous than murder, which resulted directly from any unlawful force, aimed at, and applied to the party slain. It Avas not necessary that the perpetrator should have intended or willed the death of the party. The force being unlawful, and iutentionally directed against the deceased, the law pronounced the consummated act — the manslaughter — to be voluntary. — Com. v. Gable, 7 Serg. & [289]*289R. 428; People v. Rector, 19 Wendell, 592-3; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, § 932; Whar. Am. Law of Hom. 35 ; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, §§ 978, 971, 976, 987; 2 Bish. Cr. Law, § 659; 4 Black. Com. 191; Respublica v. Biron 4 Dallas, 125 ; Johnson’s case, 5 Grat. 660; State v. Jarrott, 1 Ired. 76. Involuntary manslaughter included all those homicides which were below the grade of murder, and were neither justifiable nor excusable, and which were the accidental result, of some unlawful act, less than a felony, not aimed or directed against the person slain. Whar. Amer. Cr. Law, § 933; Whar. Am. Law of Horn. 35; Whar. Am. Cr. Law, 1002; 4 Bla. Com. 192; Ann v. The State, 11 Humph. 164.
The framers of our penal code have employed language somewhat different. Their classification is as follows: “ §3084. Every person convicted of the crime of manslaughter, by voluntarily depriving a human being of life, is guilty of manslaughter in the • first degree.” “ § 3085. Every person convicted of manslaughter, under any other circumstances than those expressed in the preceding section, is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree.”
That it was not the intention of the legislature to reduce any of the common-law murders to the crime of manslaughter, is shown by sections 3080 and 3081 of the Code. Section 3080 defines murder in the first degree, and section 3081 declares, that all other common-law murders, not embraced in section 3080, are murders in the second degree. It is thus shown, that all common-law murders are statutory murders, either in the first or second degree.
While the definition of voluntary manslaughter, as given above, cannot be controverted, it is contended, that our statute has introduced a different rule — namely : that to come within the section which defines manslaughter in the first degree, it is not enough that the force which canses the death be direct and intentional, but that the intention and will shall go further, and contemplate the killing itself; in other words, that the “ voluntarily depriving a human being of life,” mentioned in the statute, [290]*290cannot take place in the absence of a specific intention in the perpetrator to take the life of his victim.
In looking into the statutes of some of the other States, we have found no provision which is expressed in the-language of ours. Neither has the precise question presented by this record ever been before this court, in the form in which it is here presented. In the case of Oliver v. The State, (17 Ala. 587,) this statute came under review. The 3d charge in that case presented substantially the same question'as the one we are now considering, with the exception that, in that case, the homicide was committed with a deadly weapon, while the record in this case informs us that from, the blow, “asstricken with the weapon used, death would ordinarily be very unlikely to occur.” Considering the evidence recited in this record, in the light of the verdict of the jury upon'that evidence, we feel justified in assuming that the death was caused by a piece of bri< k — as much as a fourth or a half — which was cast by the prisoner at the deceased, and struck the latter on the side of the head, causing concussion of the brain and death.
In Oliver’s case, it seems to have been conceded, on both sides, that a specific intention to kill was a necessary ingredient in every manslaughter in the first degree. On the one hand, it was contended, that the employment of the deadly weapon, which caused the death in that case, furnished the proof of a specific intention to kill; while this proposition was denied on the other. Some of the expressions in that opinion, viewed abstractly, would incline us to the opinion, that the court recognized a specific intention to kill, as necessary to constitute manslaughter in the first degree. Other expressions, however, are inconsistent with this view, and lead ns to the conclusion, that what the court said, tending to the opinion last above noted, must have been in reply to objections and points taken in that ease. This, we think, is shown by the fact, apparent in the report of that case, that no distinction seems to have been taken between our statutory manslaughter in the first degree, and voluntary manslaughter at the common law. So far from this being [291]*291done, there are many expressions in that opinion, which induce us to believe that the specific intent to kill, there impliedly recognized, would have been held to apply alike to voluntary manslaughter at the common law, and to our statutory manslaughter in the first degree.
A further support to our view, stated above, is found in the fact, that, in Oliver’s case, there are evidences that this court entertained the opinion, that the prisoner might be guilty of a higher grade of homicide than manslaughter in the first degree.
We do not think Oliver’s case ought to be recognized as an authority on the question we are considering, because in that case the record did not raise the point.
We confess ourselves unable to distinguish between voluntary manslaughter, and manslaughter by voluntarily depriving a human being of life. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being, without malice. To kill is to deprive of life. If, then, instead of voluntary manslaughter, we substitute its synonym and definition, we have the unlawful and voluntary depriving a human being of life, without malice. . This is, in substance, and almost in words, what our legislation declares shall be manslaughter in the first degree.
The arguments drawn from the judicial construction, in other States, of the word willful, as employed in statutory murder, can exert no influence in the definition of voluntary manslaughter. Willful is not the synonym of voluntary. In truth, they express no distinct idea which is common to both. The former is a word of much greater strength than the latter. Willful, in this connection, denotes “ governed by the will; without yielding to reason; obstinate ; stubborn ; perverse; inflexible.” Voluntary, in this connection, means “ willing; acting with willingness.” It is the antithesis of involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter covers the whole ground of manslaughter, not occupied by involuntary manslaughter, which latter includes homicides that are the accidental result of some unlawful act, less than a felony. It is a perversion of language to say, that a force which is direct and unlawful, and which is intentionally aimed at a [292]*292particular person, and causes Ms death, or that the honii. cide thus brought about, is involuntary.
Construing the charges given and refused in this case, in the light of the testimony, we think the court did not err.
[2.] The circuit court did not err in admitting evidence, against the prisoner, of his acts, declarations and conduct, when he returned, a half-hour after the blow was stricken, to the scene of the engagement. The indictment was for murder, and such declarations and menacing acts tended to show the hostile feelings of the accused towards the deceased. Armed as he was with a deadly weapon, and threatening to take the life of the man he had, just before, assaulted with great violence, this, in the absence of sufficient provocation, was a circumstance for the jury to weigh, in determining whether he had not acted with a formed design to take life. It tended to repel the idea, that the fatal blow had been struck in a sudden transport of passion — pending the furor brevis— which, in a proper case, will mitigate homicide to manslaughter.
It is to be lamented deeply, that death b3r violence has, in this State, grown to be of such alarming frequency. Scarcely a week passes that does not add its victim to the long and frightful list of homicides. The fault is not in the law. While its provisions are humane and just, they are yet sufficiently strict, if duly administered, to punish crime and restrain the lawless. The fault lies in a loose, and falsely merciful administration of the law. Acquittals, in prosecutions for homicide, have become so frequent, that the criminal law has lost much of its terror. In this way, misdirected sympathy for one malefactor has, we fear, nerved and prompted the wicked to the destruction of many valuable lives. A just and humane appreciation of the rights and perils of the accused, should at all times pervade the jury-box; yet our sympathy and solicitude should take a wider range. The lives of others — the very repose and security of society, - rest on a wise system of penal laws, faithfully, yet humanely administered.
[293]*293A false opinion has, we fear, obtained extensive credence, that notions of chivalry, or personal prowess, can. lawfully enter into individual quarrels and combats. The humane doctrine of the common law, which, for the protection of human life, required the citizen to decline a combat, and to abstain from the shedding of blood, whenever he could do so, without endangering his person in the one case, and his life in the other, seems, in a great degree, to have been lost sight of.
We have discovered no disinclination to administer the law in its purity, when the killing was by stealth, by lying in wait, by poison, or for the sake of gain. When, however, life has been taken boldly, during a personal engagement, or in resentmeut of an assault or gross insult recently given, it is difficult to obtain a faithful administration of the law. Voluntary manslaughter, and even the most atrocious murder, may be, and frequently is committed, while the parties are engaged in personal combat.
Much of the waste and destruction of life, under which society is suffering, grows out of the pernicious practice, too prevalent among our citizens, even in the peaceful pursuits of life, of wearing deadly weapons upon their persons. Such deadly weapons are readily drawn, and fatally employed, in resentment of injuries and insults of the most trivial character. While the law secures the right to all to employ deadly weapons, even to the fatal result, in protection of life, or to save one’s person from grievous bodily harm, as the law understands that term, we may well ask, why, in a peaceful community, do citizens wear arms, who have no just grounds to apprehend danger to their lives, or those grievous personal injuries, which will excuse a resort to deadly weapons ? The law views as equally sacred the life of every citizen, no matter how humble or worthless he may be ; and cannot hold him guiltless, who takes vengeance into his own' hands, except there be a well grounded apprehension, at the time, of imminent danger to life or member, from which there is no other reasonable way of escape. An insult, or an assault, or an assault and battery, which does not endanger [294]*294life or member, furnishes no excuse for taking life. If the provocation be personal violence, which does not endanger life or member, and immediately afterwards, influenced and maddened by the injury, and without any formed design, the party stricken slay the other, and there be no evidence of previous malice, or intention to kill, then the law, out of respect to human infirmity, mitigates the offense to manslaughter. If, however, there was a previous specific iutent to kill, and the assault was provoked or taken advantage of as a pretext for taking life, and such intention be carried out, this is murder. So, if a party be armed with a deadly weapon, or have such weapon within his reach, and have formed the general purpose to employ such weapon upon an exigency, such as an assault and battery upon him, not endangering life or member, and do so employ it, and thereby take life, pursuant to such previous design — this is a species of universal malice, and constitutes murder.
In the case of Rex v. Thomas, (7 C. & P. 817,) Baron Parker, in charging the jury, said: “ If you find that, before the stroke is given, there is a determination to punish any man who gives a blow with such'an instrument as the one which the prisoner used,” [a sword cane,]— “ because, if you are satisfied that, before the blow was given, the prisoner meant to give a wound with such an instrument, it is impossible to attribute the giving of such a wound to the passion of anger excited by that blow; for no man who was under proper feelings — none but a had man of a wicked and cruel disposition, would really determine beforehand to resent a blow with such an instrument.” — See, also, 2 Bishop’s Criminal Law, section 643.
The law is so framed as to secure personal immunity to every citizen, and affords ample redress for all his injuries. Cases may arise, when, ou provocation which falls below self-defense, life is taken, or attempted, by one who habitually wears arms, and when the proof fails to show just grounds to apprehend an attack. How far these circumstances should be considered in adjusting the degree of the offense, it is not proper we should here declare. We [295]*295leave this subject to be' determined, when the subject comes directly before us.
Judgment affirmed.
A. J. Walker, C. J., dissenting.