By the Court,
Hawley, J.:
The action of Lee et al. v. McLeod, 12 Nev. 280, was brought to recover damages for an alleged unlawful diversion of the waters of Walker river by defendant, on or about the fourth of August, 1876, and to enjoin him from diverting the same to the injury of plaintiffs.
The right of plaintiffs to erect and maintain a dam in the .river was dependent upon a parol license claimed to have Been given by the defendant, and, when the cause was tried upon its merits, a judgment was rendered in favor of defendant, and this judgment was affirmed by this court. (15 Nev. 158.)
The present action was instituted, during the pendency of the other suit, by the plaintiff (defendant in the former action), against the defendants (plaintiffs therein), to recover damages for the destruction of his crops and injury to his lands by an overflow of the waters of Walker river, in the months •of June and July, 1876, alleged to have been caused by reason of the wrongful erection and maintenance of the dam by the defendants, and for an injunction. (14 Nev. 398.)
In the case of Lee et al. v. McLeod, there were thirty-three special questions submitted by plaintiffs, and thirty-five by defendant. The jury was unable to answer several of the questions, but all that were answered were favorable to the defendant and justified the judgment rendered therein. The jury, among other things, decided "that the defendant McLeod gave the plaintiffs permission to erect a temporary dam of eighteen inches in height, or sufficient in extent and size to back the water of the river eighteen inches;” that "the understanding was that the plaintiffs should construct a temporary dam of brush, etc., that would wash out at any freshet;” that in case of high water and danger of the defendant’s ranch [111]*111being overflowed, “the plaintiffs should cut the dam, in case it was not washed out;” that at no time between the spring of 1875 and the fourth day of Aug-ust, 1876, “was the dam in question less than three feet in height;” that in the spring of 1875 it was about five feet high, and in the spring of 1876 from four to five feet; that the deposit of sand in plaintiffs’ ditch was occasioned by the dam; that the dam caused “unusual deposits of sand in the channel of Walker river, above said dam,” and thereby occasioned “ an overflow of said defendant’s land;” that “the defendant was the owner in fee of the land described in the answer.”
After the trial and rendition of judgment in Lee et al. v. McLeod, the plaintiff' in this action filed a supplemental complaint alleging the trial and decision in the former action, and,, among other things, averred “that the issues presented in that-case were the same as presented in this case, with the single-exception of the amount of damages;” that the parties to said action * *. * were the same parties in this case; that “the dam and ditch concerning which said adjudication was bad and made in the findings and judgment in said action * * * were, and are, the same dam and ditch as are mentioned and described in the supplemental answer in this cause and in the complaint in this action;” that it was adjudged and determined in said action ‘ ‘ that the said dam * * * was the • cause of the overflow of the plaintiff’s land described in the complaint herein,” and that “the plaintiff was the owner of the real estate'described in the complaint herein.” It is further alleged that ‘ ‘ the time referred to in the complaint in this action, and in the amended answer herein, covers the same period of time as mentioned in the * * * pleadings., in said cause.”
In their answer to this supplemental complaint the defendants denied that the issues in the two suits were the same ; denied “ that there was any-adjudication whatever concerning any dam or ditch belonging or claimed by the defendants in. this action;” denied .“that any question involving said dam or ditch, or defendants’ title thereto, was raised in said action or put in issue therein;” denied that it was. adjudicated or determined therein ‘ ‘ thg,t the said dam was the cause of the [112]*112overflow of plaintiff’slancl described in tire complaint-herein;”’ denied that it was- adjudged that plaintiff “ was-the owner of the real estate described in the complaint herein;” and alleged. “ that in the' said cause the issues presented in this, cause were-not raised, and were not within the scope of the-pleadings in this, action.”
1. The' general principle'that a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction between the same parties and upon the same issues is, as a plea, a bar, or as evidence conclusive, is-too well settled to require discussion. Such a judgment is not only conclusive of the right which it establishes, but of the-facts which it directly decides.
Whenever a cause has been once fairly tried and finally determined, by a competent tribunal, the same questions, as, between the same parties, ought not to be tried over again.. They should be considered as forever settled.
This rule is necessary for the repose of society. It is in the-interest of the public that there should be an end of litigation.
It is easy to understand the- beneficial results, which flow from a strict observance of this, principle, and to realize the injury which might arise by any relaxation of the rule. In a. proper case for its application, courts of justice ought not to permit the rule to be called in question by any supposed hardship which might exist in any particular case, but should, inflexibly adhere to it, regardless, of consequences.
In the present case- it is argued that the issues- in the former-suit were upon an entirely different subject, and this, argument, is sought to be maintained principally upon the ground that the original complaint in each of these actions describes, the-locus in quo of the dam in question at different points. If there were, in fact, two dams in Walker river, each located as, described in the respective complaints, the argument would have great force. But the evidence shows, that there was but one dam. The plaintiff testified ‘ ‘ that he knew the dam and ditch described in the pleadings, in the case of Lee, Mills and. Mills against McLeod, and also the dam and ditch described-in this- ease, and tliat it is the same dam and ditch described in tbe pleadings in both cases. ”
This, testimony is not controverted by the- record; but, in [113]*113this connection, it is earnestly contended that the court erred in permitting any testimony relative to the identity of the-dam, because there is no ambiguity or uncertainty in the descriptions in the pleadings.
We are, however, of opinion that the ruling of the court, in admitting this testimony, was not prejudicial to the defendants.
In the action of Lee v. McLeod, the point where the dam was erected in Walker river was described in the original complaint as being “ at the quarter section corner, between sections 11 and 12, township 13 north, range 25 east, Mount Diablo base and íperidian.”
In this action it is described, in the original complaint, as being 1 ‘ at or near the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of * * * section 10, and on the section line between sections 10 and 11 of said-township and range.”
These points are about one mile apart.
In an amended complaint — erroneously designated as a supplemental complaint- — filed in the action of Lee v. McLeod (pursuant to a suggestion of this court in 12 Nev. 285), the site of the dam is located “ on said Walker river, at or near where the old Nichols ditch receives water.”
In an amended answer to plaintiff’s, complaint in this action the defendants aver that, in pursuance of the parol license-given by McLeod, they “ commenced the excavation of a ditch from said mill to the dam described in plaintiff’s complaint, and erected said dam.”
Even upon these proceedings we think the- court would have-been justified in declaring that the dam in question in both suits was the same. The- plaintiffs, in Lee v. McLeod claimed the right to construct a dam in Walker river by virtue of a parol license given to them by McLeod, and they alleged and proved in that action that, in pursuance of such license, they constructed the dam on or about the thirtieth of November, 1874, for the purpose of diverting the water of the river into their ditch. The dam described in the complaint in this action is alleged to have been erected by defendants “ on or about [114]*114tibe thirtieth day of November, A. D. 1874,” for the-purpose of diverting" the water of the- river through the ditch constructed by defendants at that time. The parol license was. only given for the erection and maintenance of one dam, and that one was-to be used to divert the waters of Walker river into- and through the ditch constructed by Lee and the Mills brothers.
From the very nature of the case this must have-been the same dam concerning which the litigation was had in the former action. The facts upon which the parol license was. claimed were precisely the same in both actions. There was. but one dam- to which the facts, as alleged, could possibly apply. _ _ _ _ ’
_ _ _ _ Moreover, there was no specific denial of the allegation in the supplemental complaint in this action that the dam mentioned in the former suit was- identical with the one mentioned in this. The plaintiff might therefore, have safely rested upon the pleadings, and claimed that the identity of the dam was an admitted fact in the case. The whole theory of the-answer to the supplemental complaint- is evidently based upon the fact that the dam is-not described in the original complaint-in this action as being at the same point, as. in the complaint in the former action, and not upon the ground that there were in fact two separate and distinct dams. But, inasmuch, as the precise location of the dam in question was differently described in the various pleadings it was not erroneous to admit parol evidence to show that the dam and ditch referred ■to, in all the pleadings, were the same. This testimony was admissible not for the purpose of varying, controlling or contradicting the record, but for the purpose of more clearly showing that the dam in question in this suit was. the same dam that was in issue in the former action.
2, After McLeod had testified as to the identity of the dam tlie defendant asked leave of the court to contradict him.
The court said : “You can when you open your case, but not now.” It is true that the court might have heard all the evidence on both sides as to the identity of the issues and thereafter limited the evidence to the questions that had not been litigated in the former action. This is the usual and we [115]*115'think it is the proper course to pursue. We are, however, unable to see how the defendants could have been-prejudiced by the rule adopted by the court. They had the right to ■offer evidence contradicting the plaintiff upon this point when they opened their case. They were not deprived of this right by any of the subsequent rulings of the court.
The questions propounded to the witness Lee, which the -court held were settled in the former suit, were ; 1. “Was there any dam in Walker river, constructed by yourself and co-defendants, at the time Mr. McLeod’s * * lands were overflowed?” 2. “ Was there, or not, any dam in the river at the point named during the period from the fifteenth ■of June up to the fourth or fifth of July, 1876 ?”
It is claimed that by these rulings the court expressly ruled -out the testimony upon -every point, “ except the cause of the overflow and on the question -of damages and that it would have been impertinent upon the part of the defendants to have, thereafter, offered to give any testimony as to the ideritity of the dam. This argument will not stand the test of a critical examination of the record. The extent of the ruling was that the former case had settled the question that there was a dam in Walker river at the time of the overflow.
This ruling was correct. The court did not decide that defendants could not offer any evidence as to the identity of the dam. If there was but one dam the defendants could not have contradicted McLeod’s testimony by showing that there was no dam in the river at any particular time or at any given point, for tire former adjudication settled the question that there was a dam in the river that had been constructed and maintained by the defendants for the purpose of diverting water into tbeir ditch. If there were in fact two or more dams, then only one of them was in issue in the former suit, and the defendants were entitled to show, if they could — - because the plaintiff had- been allowed to introduce testimony upon tbis point — that the one alleged in the pleadings in this case wvas not tbe one adjudicated upon in tlie former action. After they opened their case, if they relied upon tbis point, they should have asked the question directly and met the issue fairly. Not having done so they are not in a position to complain.
[116]*1163. It is next claimed that “the court erred in deciding that the height áhd character of the dam, in June and July, 1876, had been adjudicated in the case of Lee et al. v. McLeod;” and, in this connection, it is argued that the findings of the jury, in that case, as to the height and character of the dam, were void for uncertainty.
One of the questions involved in that action; as we have before stated, was as to the right of the plaintiffs therein to maintain a dam in the river, and the height and character of the dam was specially put in issue by the pleadings. The damages which the plaintiffs sought to recover were alleged to have been occasioned on or about the fourth day of August, 1876, by the enlargement of a ditch or cut by the defendant, McLeod, at a point about seventy-five yards above the dam, and the diversion of a portion of the waters of the river therein. McLeod, in his answer,- claimed the right to construct the cut or ditch, and to divert the waters of the river therein for ‘ ‘ the sole purpose of preventing the waters of said Walker river from overflowing” his land “and destroying the crops growing thereon.” In his answer to the amended complaint he admitted that, after plaintiff's ditch was constructed, he consented that they “ might put in a temporary dam or breakwater, not to exceed eighteen inches in height, and so constructed that said dam would wash down with any unusual high water, and upon the express condition that the said plaintiffs should become responsible to this defendant for any damages which might result from such temporary dam or breakwater going in; and that, in case of high water, the said plaintiffs should cut away said temporary dam and restore the channel to its natural condition;” and alleged that “prior to the commencement of this action, and at the time that said defendant made and constructed the cut,” the plaintiffs had violated this consent and constructed a permanent dam six feet high, to his great and irreparable injury. This answer does not, as claimed by the defendant’s counsel, limit the time to the fourth day of August, 1876, or admit “that the dam was of proper size and temporary character up to that time. ” The height of the dam in June and July, 1876, was within the scope of the pleadings, and was directly put in issue, and [117]*117was a material, relevant and important question to be decided .an that action. There was no uncertainty as to the character •of the dam which Lee and his associates had permission to •construct. It was as definite as could be made. The “ special findings of the jury ” were referred to in the judgment, and it was by virtue of these special findings, as well as the general verdict, that the judgment in favor of McLeod was rendered.
In Aurora City v. West, the supreme court of the United States announces the general principles that are applicable to this case : “ Where the parties are the same, the legal effect of the former judgment as a bar is not impaired, because the subject matter of the second suit is different, provided the second suit involves the same title, and depends upon the same question.” (7 Wall. 96.)
Again: “Courts of justice, in stating the rule, do not .always employ the same language; but where every objection urged in the second suit was open to the party within the legitimate scope of the pleadings in the first suit, and might have been presented in that trial, the matter must be considered as having passed in remjudicatum, and the former judgment in such a ease is conclusive between the parties. Except in special •cases, the plea of res judicata, says Taylor, applies not only to points upon which the court was actually required to form an opinion and pronounce judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time.” (p. 102.)
The estoppel “ extends to every material allegation or statement which, having been made on one side and denied on the other, was at issue in the cause, and was determined in the course of the proceedings.” (p. 103.)
The parties have had their day in court and have been heard ■upon these questions. They cannot reopen the subject and try the same questions over again. There must be an end of litigation.
4. The action of the court in relation to the question whether the cause of the overflow upon plaintiff’s lands had been adjudicated in the former suit, and in permitting plaintiff [118]*118to reopen his case, was, in some respects, irregular; but the real question to be determined, is whether the action of the court was prejudicial to the defendants.
The record shows that when the plaintiff opened his case he introduced two witnesses who testified that the dam was the cause of the overflow. He then rested his case, and the defendants introduced W. H. Lee as a witness, and asked him if he knew the cause of the overflow. Plaintiff objected to this question, upon the ground that it had been adjudicated in the former action, and the court sustained the objection. Subsequently the court made the following order : ‘ ‘ When this case was on trial, before the adjournment, there were some objections made here, when the examination of Mr. Lee, a witness on the part of the defendants, in relation to his testifying what caused the overflow, the counsel for plaintiff contending that the former judgment operated as an estoppel, and that the defendant could not give any evidence in regard to that matter at all. At the time I had great doubt as to the correctness of the ruling of the court, and since that time I have examined the matter a little further, and upon further reflection I am of the opinion that the ruling of the court was erroneous. The objections heretofore sustained will be overruled, and the witness will be allowed to answer the question; The question is : State, then, if you know, what was the cause of the overflow.”
The plaintiff then moved the court ‘ ‘ for leave to reopen the case, and to submit further testimony on the part of the plaintiff in regard to the cause of the overflow of his land, upion the ground that the court has reconsidered its rulings upon the question which the plaintiff thought was res judicata.” The defendants objected, ‘ ‘ on the ground that the plaintiff had already introduced evidence upon that point.” The court allowed the motion.
If the court erred in its first ruling that the former judgment had determined the cause of the overflow — a question which we are not called upon to decide — -it had the right, and it was its duty, to correct it at the earliest opportunity.
The previous ruling, if erroneous, was cured by the subsequent. ruling of- the court, and it furnishes no ground for a [119]*119reversal of the judgment. (Smith v. North American M. Co., 1 Nev. 429; Menzies v. Kennedy, 9 Nev. 159.)
If the second ruling was erroneous, then it becomes apparent that the defendants were not injured; because, if it were true that the cause of the overflow had been adjudicated in the former action, it was decided against them, and they should not be allowed to complain of a ruling that gave them another opportunity to contest the question; the error, if any, being in ■their favor.
If the plaintiff relied upon the former judgment as a bar, he ought not to have introduced any testimony upon this point. If he did not rely upon the former judgment, then he should have introduced all his witnesses before he closed his case. As a general rule, a plaintiff who has introduced witnesses in chief upon any given point, should produce all of his testimony upon that point before he closes his case. “Wherever,”' says Greenleaf, ‘ ‘ the plaintiff is obliged to produce any proof in order to establish his right to recover, he is generally required to go into his whole case.” (1 Green, on Ev. sec. 94.) But whether a plaintiff will be permitted tp reopen his proof upon any particular point, is a question which rests very much in the discretion of the courts, and should always be decided with reference to the circumstances surrounding the case. The plaintiff should not be given any undue advantage contrary to the general rule. (Kohler v. Wells, Fargo & Co., 26 Cal. 613; Pinkham & McDonough v. McFarland, 5 Cal. 137.) But when the plaintiff is acting in good faith, and the ends of justice require it, the case should be reopened. (Lisman v. Early, 15 Cal. 199; Priest v. Union Canal Co., 6 Cal. 170; State v. Murphy, 9 Nev. 397; McCausland v. Ralston, 12 Nev. 202.)
In this case we do not think the court abused its discretion, and we are of opinion that the defendants could not have been misled to their prejudice by the rulings of the court.
5. It is argued by defendants’ counsel that, inasmuch as the lands claimed by McLeod in the former action are not the same as in this, the court erred 1 ‘ in deciding that the issues in this case were the same as the issues in the former action respecting the ownership of the lands claimed by the defendant in [120]*120that action.” A. portion of tbe land de,scribed in this, action is the same as in the- former case. The- complaint includes lands-that were not embraced in the-description in the former action.
This-point seems, to be made for the- first time in this court, and it cannot, therefore, be considered. The statement on motion for a- new trial does not affirmatively show that the court made any ruling to the effect that the- ownership of the-lands, described in the complaint in this action, had been adjudicated in the- former suit. It does not set out all the evidence offered at the trial. It only purports to contain ‘ ‘ all tbe .testimony adduced on the trial * * * in anywise beaiing upon tbe questions, involved in the motion for a new trial in this action.” This question was not involved in the motion for new trial. The point is not raised by tbe statement. The court did not decide that all “the issues in this-case were the same as in the case of ” Lee v. McLeod, and we-have already noticed the points whether the court erred 1' in. ruling that apart of the issues in this case had been adjudicated in the former suit.” There are no other specific assignments of errors which relate to or raise the question respecting: tbe ownership of the lands. The' court, in its findings, declares. “ that plaintiff is now, and was at tbe times averred in tbe complaint, the owner in fee simple of all tbe real estate, land and premises described in his complaint in this, action. ” The-presumption is, in the absence of any showing to the contrary, that there was sufficient testimony introduced at the trial to-sustain this finding.
6. Defendants argue that plaintiff' contributed to the damage of his crops by his own negligence in opening, or carelessly leaving open, the McLeod ditch, and that the waters, therefrom ran down to and upon the cultivated and grass, lands of the plaintiff. The testimony that is contained in the statement does not show that the water from this ditch caused, any damage whatever. It does, not necessarily -follow that growing crops are injured by an overflow of the land. It-depends upon the character of the crops and the extent of the overflow. Grass lands and growing crops might be benefited by a slight overflow, or ruined by an extensive flood. To. prove contributory negligence, so as to prevent a recovery by [121]*121plaintiff, it was necessary to show that his crops, or lands, were injured by the flow of water from the McLeod ditch. In other words, that his negligent act proximately contributed to the injury of which he complains. There is no testimony that goes to this extent, and we cannot presume, in opposition to the findings and judgment in this case, that the water from the McLeod ditch contributed to the damage to plaintiff's lands and crops. It is contended that if this view should be taken, then the plaintiff's whole case must fall to the ground, because the only testimony offered in his behalf was ‘ ‘ that the dam caused the overflow of the lands in question,” and there is no testimony “as to the effect produced by that overflow on the lands or crops of plaintiff.” This is a correct statement of the testimony that appears in the record. But, as we have before stated, the statement does not purport to contain all the evidence.
No point is made in the statement on motion for new trial or in the assignment of errors, that there was no testimony to show that the damage to plaintiff's lands and crops was caused by the overflow of the waters of the river, or that the testimony was not sufficient to sustain the findings and judgment of the court, and upon this point, as well as the one previously discussed, we are bound to presume that there was evidence to sustain the findings of the court, which are clear, direct and explicit. The court found that the defendants, wrongfully, and without the consent of plaintiff, maintained a dam in Walker river in the months of June and July, 1876, and that by its construction and maintenance the natural flow of the waters of said river became filled up by the deposition of sand and other matter to such an extent as to overflow the natural banks of the river “and a portion of the lands of plaintiff, in the months of June and July, 1876, upon which, at such time, there were growing crops of grass, grain and potatoes of the value of two thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine dollars, and that by such overflow said crops were destroyed and said lands of plaintiff injured and destroyed to the extent of two hundred dollars.” That the total damage “to the plaintiff from said overflow, caused by the defendants,” is two thousand nine hundred dollars.
[122]*122Complaint is made that there is. no finding upon the question of contributory negligence-. If defendants, desired a specific “ finding on this- branch of the case,” they should have-asked the court for a. finding upon this subject. (Warren v. Quill, 9 Nev. 259.) The testimony contained in the record, however, is not sufficient to justify a. fin ding that the-plaintiff', by his negligence-, contributed -to the damage, and this is,, doubtless, the reason why the- court “simply ignored it altogether. ”
7. When the- defendant Lee was being examined as a witness, he testified that “there- was a levee built around McLeod’s house in 1868,” and was asked whether he knew what the levee was- built for. He answered :. “ Nothingmore than I was told. * * * I can’t say, unless- it was to-turn water from the house. * * * Mr, Snyder told me-so. Mr. Snyder was the partner in the ranch at the time.” The- court, upon objection being made, said f “What Mr. Snyder told him will have to be stricken out.” It is claimed, that this- ruling was. erroneous. This- was mere hearsay evidence. The statement that Mr. Snyder ‘ ‘ was- the partner in the ranch at the time,” was too vague and indefinite to bind the plaintiff in this action. The declaration is not shown to-have- been made- with reference to any matter within the scope-of the partnership business. The court did not err in striking; it out. (Jones v. O’Farrell, 1 Nev. 357.)
8. Finally, it is argued that the “ evidence was- insufficient to justify the decision of the court ” that the dam was the cause of the overflow. Plaintiff introduced four witnesses-who testified to this- effect. Defendants- introduced seven witnesses who testified to the contrary. Their testimony was to the effect that the plaintiff’s lands were- subject to overflow whenever there was a-freshet in the river; that the lands were flooded in 1868 and 1872, before the dam in question was erected, and that the flood in 1876 was so great that the lands, would have been flooded whether the dam was. in the river or not.
It is argued that the question whether the dam was the-cause of the overflow was ‘ ‘ a mere matter of calculation,” and that measurement of the ground, instead of opinion of [123]*123witnesses, should determine the question. It is claimed that the witnesses for the defendants testified to facts which ■clearly demonstrated that the dam was not the cause of the •overflow; that the mere opinion of witnesses to the contrary ■did not raise a conflict of evidence, and that actual survey, measurement and science must govern the question. This ingenious argument of the able counsel who represented the defendants is much stronger in its general application to the •question than are the facts upon which it is based, and with reference to'which the question at issue must be determined.
The testimony as to the character of the measurements •taken is thus given by the defendant Lee. In reply to the ■question, ‘ ‘ What was the difference in the level of the water .above and below the damhe said: " By an actual level made there, about sixty feet below the dam to sixty or eighty feet above, was eight inches and a half. I took the level with •a spirit level and square. I waded out in the water up to my knees, and put the stakes down until I shoved them down with a level above; found it was correct, and called the attention of four or five persons present.”
This witness also testified that he sailed over the dam in a flat boat, with a pole eight or ten feet long, and did not upset. ■“ ‘ When I got' under the willows * * * I put down the pole as far as I could, but could not find any.bottom in the •current of the stream.”
The character of the measurements, taken, as they were, with a spirit level and square, in the river, amidst the eddying tide of the water and the drifting currents of the sand, could not, it seems to us, be anymore certain or direct than the -observations, judgments and opinions of witnesses who were well acquainted with the premises.
Upon examination of all the evidence we think the plaintiff’s witnesses testified as positively, direct and certain as to the cause of the overflow as the witnesses on the part of defendants.
There being a conflict of evidence, we cannot disturb the decision upon this ground.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.