NORTONI, J.
(after stating the facts).
1. As will appear by reference to the statement of facts, we have to deal with the declaration of a cash dividend by a solvent corporation possessed of ample undivided profits and surplus, under circumstances that made its declaration entirely competent and proper. And here it may not be out of place to say that the court is grateful to the learned counsel representing either party for most carefully prepared and thoughtful briefs presenting the several views of the application of pertinent principles. Indeed, there is but one question presented for decision, and it seems not difficult of solution. It is of more or less importance, however, in the world of commerce in this age when such an exceeding large per cent of capital is invested in corporate stock rather than individual or partnership undertakings, and we have therefore given thoughtful attention to the careful presentation of principles and the argument in the briefs which we have found to be highly instructive.
The precise questions arising on the record calling for the opinion of the court are:
First. Whether the mere declaration of a dividend by a solvent corporation under such circumstances as indicated, creates a debt in favor of the stockholder and against such corporation for the amount of such dividend in the absence of further express action on the part of the board of directors, setting aside a fund out of which to pay such dividend?
Second. Is it competent for such corporation, after having declared the dividend, to pay one installment thereon and to rescind and recall the installments thereof yet unpaid?
[45]*45Counsel for appellant presents the following* definitions of the word “dividend,” from the authorities cited:
“A dividend is defined as follows: A profit set aside, declared by the board of directors of a corporation and ordered by them to be distributed among the holders of its stock.’ [9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 680]. A dividend is a corporate profit, set aside, and ordered by the directors to be paid to the stockholders on a fixed date.’ [2 Cook on Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 534]. A dividend is a fund which the corporation sets apart from its profits to be divided among its members.’ [Anderson’s Law Dictionary, p. 369]. A dividend is that portion of the pro,fits and surplus funds of the corporation which has been actually set apart by a valid resolution of the board of directors, or by the shareholders at a corporate meeting, .for distribution among the shareholders according to their respective interests, in such a sense as to become segregated from the property of the corporation, and to become the property of the shareholders, distributively.’ [2 Thompson on Corporations, sec. 2126.]”
Upon the words “set aside,” “set apart,” and “actually set apart,” employed in the definitions above stated, the learned counsel predicates the argument that a resolution declaring a dividend is not sufficient to create a dividend, or, in other words, to create a debt from the corporation to the stockholders therefor, in the absence of further action on the part of the corporation setting apart a fund out of which the dividend or debt is to be paid. It is insisted that such resolution declaring a dividend, as in this case, is but an expression of intention in that behalf, which, to constitute it effectual for that purpose, must be followed or accompanied with competent action as well, setting, aside a fund out of which the dividend is to be paid when due, and until such fund is set aside for that purpose, no dividend has been declared and no right thereto is vested in the stockholders, and therefore it is competent for the same authority to rescind or recall the former action in that be[46]*46half. In short, it is argued that a declaration of a dividend and the fixing of a time for its payment does not create a dividend in the absence of the setting apart a fund out of which it is to be paid. With this thought in mind, we have carefully examined the many authorities and find the fundamental idea running through every case (save one) to be that if the declaration of the dividend is fairly and properly made, out of profits existing at the time it is declared, the relation of debtor and creditor is thereby established between the corporation and the stockholders and a debt is thereby created against the corporation and in favor of the stockholder for the amount of the dividend due on the stock held by him. There can be no doubt that this idea pervades the entire adjudicated law on the subject. [Lowne v. Amer. Fire Ins. Co., 6 Paige’s Ch. Rep. 482; Hunt v. O’Shea, 69 N. H. 600; Terry v. Eagle Lock Co., 47 Conn. 141; Wheeler v. N. W. Sleigh Co., 39 Fed. 347; Hill v. Newichawanick, 8 Hun (N. Y.) 459; s. c., 71 N. Y. 593; De Gendre v. Kent, L. R. 4 Eq. 283; Hopper v. Sage, 112 N. Y. 530; Bright v. Lord, 51 Ind. 272; Ex Parte Windsor, 3 Story 411; Price v. Mining Co., 83 Mo. App. 470; Leroy v. Globe Ins. Co., 2 Edward’s Ch. 657; Beers v. The Bridgeport Spring Co., 42 Conn. 17; King v. Paterson, etc., Ry. Co., 29 N. J. L. 504; King v. Paterson, etc., Ry. Co., 29 N. J. L. 82; In re Le Blanc, 14 Hun (N. Y.) 8; Mo. Baptist San. v. McCune, 112 Mo. App. 332.]
All of the text-writers agree on this doctrine. [2 Thompson on Pri. Corp., sec. 2134; 1 M'orawetz on Pri. Corp. (2 Ed.), 450; 2 Cook on Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 541; 9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 689-690.] And the doctrine is that a dividend is considered parcel of the mass of corporate property until declared and therefore incident to and parcel of the stock up to the time it is declared, and before its declaration, will pass with the sale or devise of the stock. Whosoever owns the stock prior to the declaration of a dividend, owns the dividend [47]*47also, but tbe moment the dividend is declared it becomes then separate and distinct from the stock and the dividend falls to him who is proprietor of the stock of which it was theretofore incident.
In De Gendre v. Kent, L. R. 4 Eq. 283, such dividends were happily likened to fallen fruit which does not pass with the sale or gift of the tree; the principle clearly established being that the act of declaring the dividend operates as a severance thereof from the stock, and as said in Missouri Baptist Sanitarium v. McCune, 112 Mo. App. 332, the time the law fixes in adjusting the ownership of dividends is the time when the dividends were declared and thus severed from the stock of which they were theretofore treated as incident. Under the foregoing principles, a specific legatee of corporate shares is entitled to all dividends which are declared after the de death of the testator. [Thompson on Pri. Corp., sec. 2206; Cook on Corp., sec. 539; Wright v. Warren, 4 De Gex Rep. 367; Browne v. Collins, 12 Eq. 586; Ibotson v. Elam, 1 Eq. 186; Jacques v. Chamber, 2 Collyer 435.] A transfer of stock passes, of course, all dividends de-1 dared subsequent to the transfer although the dividend was earned before the transfer was made. A legatee of shares takes the stock as it was at the time of the testator’s death. All dividends declared previous to that event go to the administrator. [Cook on Corp., sec. 539; Brundage v. Brundage, 60 N. Y. 544, 12 Ct. App. Reps. 934; In re Kernochen et al., 104 N. Y. 618; Johnson v. Bridgewater Iron Mfg. Co., 80 Mass.
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NORTONI, J.
(after stating the facts).
1. As will appear by reference to the statement of facts, we have to deal with the declaration of a cash dividend by a solvent corporation possessed of ample undivided profits and surplus, under circumstances that made its declaration entirely competent and proper. And here it may not be out of place to say that the court is grateful to the learned counsel representing either party for most carefully prepared and thoughtful briefs presenting the several views of the application of pertinent principles. Indeed, there is but one question presented for decision, and it seems not difficult of solution. It is of more or less importance, however, in the world of commerce in this age when such an exceeding large per cent of capital is invested in corporate stock rather than individual or partnership undertakings, and we have therefore given thoughtful attention to the careful presentation of principles and the argument in the briefs which we have found to be highly instructive.
The precise questions arising on the record calling for the opinion of the court are:
First. Whether the mere declaration of a dividend by a solvent corporation under such circumstances as indicated, creates a debt in favor of the stockholder and against such corporation for the amount of such dividend in the absence of further express action on the part of the board of directors, setting aside a fund out of which to pay such dividend?
Second. Is it competent for such corporation, after having declared the dividend, to pay one installment thereon and to rescind and recall the installments thereof yet unpaid?
[45]*45Counsel for appellant presents the following* definitions of the word “dividend,” from the authorities cited:
“A dividend is defined as follows: A profit set aside, declared by the board of directors of a corporation and ordered by them to be distributed among the holders of its stock.’ [9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 680]. A dividend is a corporate profit, set aside, and ordered by the directors to be paid to the stockholders on a fixed date.’ [2 Cook on Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 534]. A dividend is a fund which the corporation sets apart from its profits to be divided among its members.’ [Anderson’s Law Dictionary, p. 369]. A dividend is that portion of the pro,fits and surplus funds of the corporation which has been actually set apart by a valid resolution of the board of directors, or by the shareholders at a corporate meeting, .for distribution among the shareholders according to their respective interests, in such a sense as to become segregated from the property of the corporation, and to become the property of the shareholders, distributively.’ [2 Thompson on Corporations, sec. 2126.]”
Upon the words “set aside,” “set apart,” and “actually set apart,” employed in the definitions above stated, the learned counsel predicates the argument that a resolution declaring a dividend is not sufficient to create a dividend, or, in other words, to create a debt from the corporation to the stockholders therefor, in the absence of further action on the part of the corporation setting apart a fund out of which the dividend or debt is to be paid. It is insisted that such resolution declaring a dividend, as in this case, is but an expression of intention in that behalf, which, to constitute it effectual for that purpose, must be followed or accompanied with competent action as well, setting, aside a fund out of which the dividend is to be paid when due, and until such fund is set aside for that purpose, no dividend has been declared and no right thereto is vested in the stockholders, and therefore it is competent for the same authority to rescind or recall the former action in that be[46]*46half. In short, it is argued that a declaration of a dividend and the fixing of a time for its payment does not create a dividend in the absence of the setting apart a fund out of which it is to be paid. With this thought in mind, we have carefully examined the many authorities and find the fundamental idea running through every case (save one) to be that if the declaration of the dividend is fairly and properly made, out of profits existing at the time it is declared, the relation of debtor and creditor is thereby established between the corporation and the stockholders and a debt is thereby created against the corporation and in favor of the stockholder for the amount of the dividend due on the stock held by him. There can be no doubt that this idea pervades the entire adjudicated law on the subject. [Lowne v. Amer. Fire Ins. Co., 6 Paige’s Ch. Rep. 482; Hunt v. O’Shea, 69 N. H. 600; Terry v. Eagle Lock Co., 47 Conn. 141; Wheeler v. N. W. Sleigh Co., 39 Fed. 347; Hill v. Newichawanick, 8 Hun (N. Y.) 459; s. c., 71 N. Y. 593; De Gendre v. Kent, L. R. 4 Eq. 283; Hopper v. Sage, 112 N. Y. 530; Bright v. Lord, 51 Ind. 272; Ex Parte Windsor, 3 Story 411; Price v. Mining Co., 83 Mo. App. 470; Leroy v. Globe Ins. Co., 2 Edward’s Ch. 657; Beers v. The Bridgeport Spring Co., 42 Conn. 17; King v. Paterson, etc., Ry. Co., 29 N. J. L. 504; King v. Paterson, etc., Ry. Co., 29 N. J. L. 82; In re Le Blanc, 14 Hun (N. Y.) 8; Mo. Baptist San. v. McCune, 112 Mo. App. 332.]
All of the text-writers agree on this doctrine. [2 Thompson on Pri. Corp., sec. 2134; 1 M'orawetz on Pri. Corp. (2 Ed.), 450; 2 Cook on Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 541; 9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 689-690.] And the doctrine is that a dividend is considered parcel of the mass of corporate property until declared and therefore incident to and parcel of the stock up to the time it is declared, and before its declaration, will pass with the sale or devise of the stock. Whosoever owns the stock prior to the declaration of a dividend, owns the dividend [47]*47also, but tbe moment the dividend is declared it becomes then separate and distinct from the stock and the dividend falls to him who is proprietor of the stock of which it was theretofore incident.
In De Gendre v. Kent, L. R. 4 Eq. 283, such dividends were happily likened to fallen fruit which does not pass with the sale or gift of the tree; the principle clearly established being that the act of declaring the dividend operates as a severance thereof from the stock, and as said in Missouri Baptist Sanitarium v. McCune, 112 Mo. App. 332, the time the law fixes in adjusting the ownership of dividends is the time when the dividends were declared and thus severed from the stock of which they were theretofore treated as incident. Under the foregoing principles, a specific legatee of corporate shares is entitled to all dividends which are declared after the de death of the testator. [Thompson on Pri. Corp., sec. 2206; Cook on Corp., sec. 539; Wright v. Warren, 4 De Gex Rep. 367; Browne v. Collins, 12 Eq. 586; Ibotson v. Elam, 1 Eq. 186; Jacques v. Chamber, 2 Collyer 435.] A transfer of stock passes, of course, all dividends de-1 dared subsequent to the transfer although the dividend was earned before the transfer was made. A legatee of shares takes the stock as it was at the time of the testator’s death. All dividends declared previous to that event go to the administrator. [Cook on Corp., sec. 539; Brundage v. Brundage, 60 N. Y. 544, 12 Ct. App. Reps. 934; In re Kernochen et al., 104 N. Y. 618; Johnson v. Bridgewater Iron Mfg. Co., 80 Mass. 274; 14 Gray 274.] • And upon the principle that the declaration of the dividend operates, as a severance thereof from the stock in the general mass of the corporate property, and raises from such declaration an implied promise on the part of the corporation to pay the stockholder the amount of the dividend, it has been adjudicated that when moneys for the payment of such dividends are not set apart for the payment thereof, but are permitted to remain still in the corpus of such corporate estate after the declara[48]*48tion, the stockholder stands as a general creditor of the concern in bankruptcy who can come in only ratably with such creditors, looking to the general estate for liquidation of his dividend debt. [Lowne v. Amer. Fire Ins. Co., 6 Paige’s Ch. 482; Hunt v. O’Shea, 69 N. H. 600.] While on the other hand, the converse of this principle has been stated and applied in cases where the dividend has been declared and a fund set apart out of which to pay the same. Under such circumstances, it is held that such action on the part of the corporation in setting aside the fund for the specific purpose constitutes such moneys a trust fund in the hands of the corporation for the use of the stockholders, and in event of the bankruptcy of the corporation, the stockholders are not required to go in pro rata with the general creditors for such unpaid dividends, but may proceed as against a trustee on account of such trust fund and recover the whole of their pro rata thereof. [Leroy v. Globe Ins. Co., 2 Edward’s Ch. Rep. 657; King v. Patterson, etc., Ry. Co., 29 N. J. L. 504; In re Le Blanc, 14 Hun (N. Y.) 8; Hunt v. O’Shea, 69 N. H. 600.]
Wherefore, it appears that the principle obtains that the mere declaration of the dividend, without more, by competent authority under proper circumstances, creates a debt against the corporation in favor of the stockholder the same as any other general creditor of the concern; whereas, the setting apart of a fund after or concurrent with the declaration, out of which the debt thus created is to be paid, passes one step further toward securing the payment of the identical fund to the shareholder inasmuch as the law treats the setting apart of such fund as a payment to the corporation as trustee for the use of - the stockholder, on which fund the stockholder has a lien, and to which fund he has rights superior to the general creditor.
From these considerations we are persuaded that the mere declaration of the dividend itself, without the setting aside of the fund, creates a debt and that when [49]*49the learned text-writers supra employed the terms “set aside,” “set apart,” and “actually set apart,” as above pointed out, they proceed upon the theory and principle supra, that the act of declaring a dividend, operating as it does, as an actual severance of the dividend from the stock and corpus of the corporate property and estate, is ipso facto, in and of itself, the setting apart, setting aside and segregating such dividends in the sense that it creates an immediate right of the stockholder' to demand and recover the same when due, inasmuch as thereby it is actually severed and segregated from the other property. This seems quite clear by noting the manner in which the authorities have employed the expressions and applied the pertinent principles in the adjudicated cases. The doctrine is that by the mere declaration, the dividend becomes immediately thereby separated and segregated from the stock and exists independently of it; that the right thereto1 becomes at once immediately fixed and absolute in the stockholder and from thenceforth the right of each individual stockholder is changed by the act of declaration from that of partner and part owner of the corporate property to a status absolutely adverse to every other stockholder and to the corporation itself, in so far as his pro rata proportion to the dividend is concerned. [Wheeler v. N. W. Sleigh Co., 39 Fed. 347; Beers v. Bridgeport Spring Co., 42 Conn. 17; Hill v. Newichawanick, 8 Hun (N. Y.) 459; Hopper v. Sage, 112 N. Y. 530; Bright v. Lord, 51 Ind. 272; Terry v. Eagle Lock Co., 47 Conn. 141; Hunt v. O’Shea, 69 N. H. 600; 2 Thompson on Pri. Corp., sec. 2134; 9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 689-690.]
2. It follows, of course, that a cash dividend, properly and fairly declared, cannot be revoked by the subsequent action of the corporation, for if, by the declaration of the dividend, the corporation thereby becomes the debtor of the stockholder, it goes without saying that the debtor cannot revoke, recall or rescind the debt [50]*50or otherwise absolve itself from its payment by any action on its part against or without the consent of the creditor, and therefore the resolution of April 11th, attempting to so do, was of no force. [Ex Parte Windsor, 3 Story 411; Beers v. Bridgeport Spring Co., 42 Conn. 17; 1 Morawetz Pri. Corp. (2 Ed.), 445; 9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 629.] Nor can a corporation for the obvious and confessed purpose of defeating its payment, by circumvention, defeat it by making an assessment on the stock payable on the same day as was the previously declared dividend. The opinion in this case is by Judge (afterward Justice) Story, and is worthy of attention. [Ex Parte Windsor, 3 Story 411.]
It is said, however, that the reasons which preclude a corporation from rescinding a cash dividend after its having been declared, do not obtain in a case of a stock dividend, presumably upon the principle that inasmuch as the act of declaring the cash dividend not only creates a debt but thereupon severs the amount thereof from the mass of the corporate funds and property, and cannot be recalled for the reason the debtor cannot cancel a debt and rehabilitate or re-establish the fruit on the tree, so figuratively referred to' in the case supra; whereas the act of declaring a stock dividend does not, of itself, operate to sever the stock to be thereafter issued from the other corporate property, inasmuch as there is no stock to be severed and as the new stock cannot be issued until certain precedent conditions and formalities are complied with, such as issuing stock, the filing of certificates with the proper authorities, etc. [Terry v. Eagle Lock Co., 47 Conn. 441; Hollingshead v. Woodward, 35 Hun (N. Y.) 410; 9 Amer. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 692.] But we are not concerned with this here and it will not be further noticed.
Ford v. East Hampton Rubber Thread Co., 158 Mass. 84, is cited and relied upon by appellant as authority for the action of the board of directors in rescinding the dividend, in that case it appears that the [51]*51board of directors made and declared a dividend, but .before notifying any of the stockholders except the directors themselves who were present, and without having set apart a fund for its payment, rescinded and recalled their action declaring the same. The court held, laying stress upon the facts that none of the stockholders knew of the original vote by which the dividend was declared, and that no fund had been distinctively set apart for its payment, “the passage of the vote did not constitute an actual contract of the corporation with the stockholders, but was merely a mode of dividing its profits, and it is therefore competent under the circumstances, to rescind the dividend.” The decision of that case can only be sustained upon the theory that the declaration of the dividend did not create a debt to the stockholders, for if a debt was thereby created, it is preposterous to say that such debt can be cancelled by the action of the debtor without the consent of the creditor. In fact, we understand the opinion, inasmuch as it is there asserted that “the passage of the vote did not constitute an actual contract of the corporation with the stockholder,” as holding that the declaration of the dividend did not create a debt; and if this be its holding, it stands out boldly, single and alone in this country against an unbroken line of cases and overwhelming weight of authority that we are not at liberty to disregard, were we so inclined, and we are not. To do so would be striking an unpardonable blow at the adjudicated and settled law on the subject. On the other hand, if that case proceeds and predicates upon the theory that the declared dividend is a debt, which proposition is so well established that it is now far removed from the realm of controversy, and that being such debt, it is competent for the debtor to rescind it without the consent of the creditor, it is so palpably unsound as to require neither citation nor argument to refute it. The decision in that case conflicts with the fundamental principle underlying the adjudicated law on the subject, and we are not only [52]*52compelled to decline to follow it, but to dispute its authority as well.
The court is therefore of the opinion that the learned trial judge properly refused the instruction requested. The judgment will therefore be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Bland, P. J., concurs; Goode, J., absent.