McKibben v. Snohomish County
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Opinion
ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
JAMES L. ROBART, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
The matter comes before the court on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. (See Plf. Mot. (Dkt. # 20); Def. Mot. (Dkt. #23).) This case arises from Plaintiff Phil McKibben’s attempts to open an adult cabaret. Mr. McKibben argues that Defendant Snohomish County’s (“County”) zoning restrictions on adult entertainment violate the First Amendment. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the balance of the record, and the relevant law, and having heard oral argument, the court DENIES Mr. McKibben’s motion for summary judgment and GRANTS the County’s motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed. In 1994, the County established an Adult Entertainment Zoning Committee (“Committee”) to study the community effects of adult entertainment venues. (Lubrin Decl. (Dkt. #28) ¶¶2-7; Comm. Rep. (Dkt. #28-1).) The Committee reviewed studies of the secondary effects of adult entertainment, ordinances from other jurisdictions, and federal and state court decisions; heard testimony from law enforcement officers and community members; held a public hearing; and authored a final report. (See Comm. Rep.; Olson Decl. (Dkt. #21) Ex. 7 (“Meeting Minutes”); 1996 Ordinance (Dkt. # 28-2); Olson Decl. Ex. 17 (transcript of Council proceedings).) In 1996, the County enacted the following zoning requirements pursuant to the recommendation of the Committee. (See 1996. Ordinance.)
First, adult entertainment businesses may only be located on parcels zoned for light industrial, heavy industrial, or industrial park use. Snohomish County Code (“SCC”) § 30.22.100. Second, adult entertainment businesses must be dispersed a minimum distance from “any public or private school, preschool, educational institution, church or other religious facility, pub-[1193]*1193lie or private park, youth oriented facility, establishment serving alcohol by the drink,” or other parcel whose zoning does not permit adult entertainment use. SCC § 30.28.015. For adult entertainment dance studios, such as Mr. McKibberis proposed adult cabaret, the minimum dispersion distance is 660 feet. Id.
In August 2011, Mr. McKibben filed an application for a license to operate an adult cabaret at 10809 Mukilteo Speedway in unincorporated Snohomish County. (Lub-rin Deck ¶ 11, Application (Dkt. # 28-3).) The County denied Mr. McKibberis application because the proposed cabaret was located within 660 feet of two restaurants that served alcohol by the drink. (Denial (Dkt. # 28-4); see also Lubrin Deck ¶ 11.) Mr. McKibben was previously a part owner of the only live adult entertainment venue to operate in the unincorporated County within the last 30 years. (Lubrin Deck ¶ 8; Def. Mot. at 5.) This venue closed in 2012 amid allegations by the federal government that the dancers were engaging in acts of prostitution and illegal dancing. (Lubrin Deck- ¶ 8; Plea Agreement (Dkt. # 27-1) ¶ 4.)
To date, Mr. McKibberis 2011 application is only the second application for a live adult entertainment venue that the unincorporated County has received since 1994. (Lubrin Deck ¶¶ 9-10.) The County, which stretches from Puget Sound to the Cascade Mountains, comprises 68% forest land, 18% rural land, 5% agricultural land, and only 9% urban or city development. (2013 Annual Rep. (Dkt. #34-1).) The majority of the population lives in incorporated cities within the County. (Id.)
Upon denial of his application, Mr. McKibben filed this action, alleging that the County’s zoning restrictions regarding adult entertainment dance studios violate his First Amendment rights. (See generally Compl. (Dkt. # 1).) Both parties now move for summary judgment in their favor. (See Plf. Mot.; Def. Mot.)
III. ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 permits a court to grant summary judgment where the moving party demonstrates (1) the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and (2) entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Galen v. Cnty. of L.A., 477 F.3d 652, 658 (9th Cir.2007). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
If the moving party does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it can show the absence of an issue of material fact in two ways: (1) by producing evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case, or, (2) by showing that the nonmoving party lacks evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1106 (9th Cir.2000). If the moving party will bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it must establish a prima facie showing in support of its position on that issue. UA Local 343 v. Nor-Cal Plumbing, Inc., 48 F.3d 1465, 1471 (9th Cir.1994). That is, the moving party must present evidence that, if uncontroverted at trial, would entitle it to prevail on that issue. Id. at 1473.
If the moving party meets its burden of production, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to identify specific facts from which a factfinder could reasonably find in the nonmoving party’s favor. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 [1194]*1194(1986). In determining whether the fact-finder could reasonably find in the non-moving party’s favor, “the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000). When adjudicating cross-motions for summary judgment, a court “evaluate[s] each motion separately, giving the nonmoving party in each instance the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” A.C.L.U. of Nevada v. City of Las Vegas, 466 F.3d 784, 790-91 (9th Cir.2006).
B. First Amendment Law
Erotic dancing is protected expression under the First Amendment. Kev, Inc. v. Kitsap Cnty., 793 F.2d 1053, 1058 (9th Cir.1986). The constitutionality of the County’s zoning regulations is determined by a three-step framework. City of L.A. v. Alameda Books, Inc., 535 U.S. 425, 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728, 152 L.Ed.2d 670 (2002) (plurality) (citing City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 50, 106 S.Ct. 925, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986).) The first inquiry is whether the provision is a complete ban on protected expression or whether it can properly be analyzed as a time, place, and manner regulation of speech.
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ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
JAMES L. ROBART, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
The matter comes before the court on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. (See Plf. Mot. (Dkt. # 20); Def. Mot. (Dkt. #23).) This case arises from Plaintiff Phil McKibben’s attempts to open an adult cabaret. Mr. McKibben argues that Defendant Snohomish County’s (“County”) zoning restrictions on adult entertainment violate the First Amendment. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the balance of the record, and the relevant law, and having heard oral argument, the court DENIES Mr. McKibben’s motion for summary judgment and GRANTS the County’s motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed. In 1994, the County established an Adult Entertainment Zoning Committee (“Committee”) to study the community effects of adult entertainment venues. (Lubrin Decl. (Dkt. #28) ¶¶2-7; Comm. Rep. (Dkt. #28-1).) The Committee reviewed studies of the secondary effects of adult entertainment, ordinances from other jurisdictions, and federal and state court decisions; heard testimony from law enforcement officers and community members; held a public hearing; and authored a final report. (See Comm. Rep.; Olson Decl. (Dkt. #21) Ex. 7 (“Meeting Minutes”); 1996 Ordinance (Dkt. # 28-2); Olson Decl. Ex. 17 (transcript of Council proceedings).) In 1996, the County enacted the following zoning requirements pursuant to the recommendation of the Committee. (See 1996. Ordinance.)
First, adult entertainment businesses may only be located on parcels zoned for light industrial, heavy industrial, or industrial park use. Snohomish County Code (“SCC”) § 30.22.100. Second, adult entertainment businesses must be dispersed a minimum distance from “any public or private school, preschool, educational institution, church or other religious facility, pub-[1193]*1193lie or private park, youth oriented facility, establishment serving alcohol by the drink,” or other parcel whose zoning does not permit adult entertainment use. SCC § 30.28.015. For adult entertainment dance studios, such as Mr. McKibberis proposed adult cabaret, the minimum dispersion distance is 660 feet. Id.
In August 2011, Mr. McKibben filed an application for a license to operate an adult cabaret at 10809 Mukilteo Speedway in unincorporated Snohomish County. (Lub-rin Deck ¶ 11, Application (Dkt. # 28-3).) The County denied Mr. McKibberis application because the proposed cabaret was located within 660 feet of two restaurants that served alcohol by the drink. (Denial (Dkt. # 28-4); see also Lubrin Deck ¶ 11.) Mr. McKibben was previously a part owner of the only live adult entertainment venue to operate in the unincorporated County within the last 30 years. (Lubrin Deck ¶ 8; Def. Mot. at 5.) This venue closed in 2012 amid allegations by the federal government that the dancers were engaging in acts of prostitution and illegal dancing. (Lubrin Deck- ¶ 8; Plea Agreement (Dkt. # 27-1) ¶ 4.)
To date, Mr. McKibberis 2011 application is only the second application for a live adult entertainment venue that the unincorporated County has received since 1994. (Lubrin Deck ¶¶ 9-10.) The County, which stretches from Puget Sound to the Cascade Mountains, comprises 68% forest land, 18% rural land, 5% agricultural land, and only 9% urban or city development. (2013 Annual Rep. (Dkt. #34-1).) The majority of the population lives in incorporated cities within the County. (Id.)
Upon denial of his application, Mr. McKibben filed this action, alleging that the County’s zoning restrictions regarding adult entertainment dance studios violate his First Amendment rights. (See generally Compl. (Dkt. # 1).) Both parties now move for summary judgment in their favor. (See Plf. Mot.; Def. Mot.)
III. ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 permits a court to grant summary judgment where the moving party demonstrates (1) the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and (2) entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Galen v. Cnty. of L.A., 477 F.3d 652, 658 (9th Cir.2007). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
If the moving party does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it can show the absence of an issue of material fact in two ways: (1) by producing evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case, or, (2) by showing that the nonmoving party lacks evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1106 (9th Cir.2000). If the moving party will bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it must establish a prima facie showing in support of its position on that issue. UA Local 343 v. Nor-Cal Plumbing, Inc., 48 F.3d 1465, 1471 (9th Cir.1994). That is, the moving party must present evidence that, if uncontroverted at trial, would entitle it to prevail on that issue. Id. at 1473.
If the moving party meets its burden of production, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to identify specific facts from which a factfinder could reasonably find in the nonmoving party’s favor. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 [1194]*1194(1986). In determining whether the fact-finder could reasonably find in the non-moving party’s favor, “the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000). When adjudicating cross-motions for summary judgment, a court “evaluate[s] each motion separately, giving the nonmoving party in each instance the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” A.C.L.U. of Nevada v. City of Las Vegas, 466 F.3d 784, 790-91 (9th Cir.2006).
B. First Amendment Law
Erotic dancing is protected expression under the First Amendment. Kev, Inc. v. Kitsap Cnty., 793 F.2d 1053, 1058 (9th Cir.1986). The constitutionality of the County’s zoning regulations is determined by a three-step framework. City of L.A. v. Alameda Books, Inc., 535 U.S. 425, 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728, 152 L.Ed.2d 670 (2002) (plurality) (citing City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 50, 106 S.Ct. 925, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986).) The first inquiry is whether the provision is a complete ban on protected expression or whether it can properly be analyzed as a time, place, and manner regulation of speech. Id.; see also Tollis, Inc. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 505 F.3d 935, 939 (9th Cir.2007). Here, the County’s ordinance does not ban adult entertainment altogether, but rather permits such venues as long as they are distanced from certain sensitive locations. See SSC § 30.22.100; SCC § 30.28.015. As such, the ordinance is a time, place, and manner restriction. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality).
The second inquiry is whether the provision is content-based, thus meriting strict scrutiny, or effectively content-neutral, thus meriting intermediate scrutiny. Id.; Tollis, 505 F.3d at 939. A provision is effectively content-neutral if it is aimed at controlling only the secondary effects of live adult entertainment businesses, rather than the content of expression practiced therein. Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality); World Wide Video of Wash., Inc. v. City of Spokane, 368 F.3d 1186, 1191 (9th Cir.2004). Here, as established by the Committee’s final report, the purpose of the County’s ordinance is to minimize the negative secondary community effects— such as increased crime rates, declining property values, neighborhood blight, and the exposure of minors to adult entertainment — associated with live adult entertainment businesses. (Comm. Rep. at 1012.) Accordingly, the County’s ordinance is content-neutral. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality).
Because the County’s ordinance is content-neutral, the third inquiry is whether the ordinance meets intermediate scrutiny. See id.; Tollis, 505 F.3d at 939. An ordinance satisfies intermediate scrutiny if it is designed to serve a substantial government interest, is narrowly tailored to serve that interest, and reasonable alternative avenues of communication remain available. Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 433-34, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality); World Wide Video of Wash., 368 F.3d at 1191 (quoting Center for Fair Pub. Policy v. Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d 1153, 1166 (9th Cir.2003)). Mr. McKibben raises two challenges to the County’s ordinance: (1) that the requirement that adult entertainment dance studios be dispersed 660 feet from establishments serving alcohol by the drink is not designed to serve a substantial government interest, and (2) that the zoning restrictions as a whole do not afford reasonable alternative avenues of communication for exotic dancing. (See Mot.) [1195]*1195The court addresses each argument in turn below.
1. Designed to serve a substantial government interest
When enacting a secondary effects ordinance, a municipality “must rely on evidence that demonstrates a connection between the speech regulated and the secondary effects that motivated adoption of the ordinance.” Fantasyland Video, Inc. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 505 F.3d 996, 1001 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 441, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality)) (internal punctuation omitted). The Supreme Court has “refused to set ... a high bar for municipalities that want to address merely the secondary ’effects of protected speech.” Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality). Accordingly, a municipality can rely on any evidence that is “reasonably believed to be relevant” for demonstrating a connection between the regulated speech and the asserted government interest. Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1001 (quoting Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality)). Moreover, “very little evidence is required.” Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 451, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (Kennedy, J., concurring).1
Under this standard, a municipality is not required to come forward with empirical data in support of its rationale. Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1168. The Supreme Court has found that a requirement for empirical evidence “would go too far in undermining [the] settled position that municipalities must be given a reasonable opportunity to experiment with solutions to address the secondary effects of protected speech.” Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 439, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality). As such, a municipality is entitled to rely on anecdotal or testimonial evidence. See World Wide Video of Wash., 368 F.3d at 1194-95, 1197-98; Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1168. Similarly, a municipality need not perform its own studies into secondary effects; rather, “[r]eliance on the experiences of other jurisdictions is sufficient to satisfy the [municipality’s] minimal burden at the legislative stage.” Id. at 1003 (citing City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 50-52, 106 S.Ct. 925); see also City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 296-97, 120 S.Ct. 1382, 146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000).
Of course, a municipality may not merely “assert that it will reduce secondary effects by reducing speech in the same proportion.” Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 449, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (Kennedy, J., concurring). And although the bar for showing a substantial government interest is low, that “is not to say that a municipality can get away with shoddy data or reasoning.” Id. at 438, 122 S.Ct. 1728. Rather, a “municipality’s evidence must fairly support its rationale for its ordinance.” Id.
If a municipality’s evidence “fairly supports” its rationale, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to “cast direct doubt on this rationale, either by demonstrating that the municipality’s evidence does not support its rationale, or by furnishing evidence that disputes the municipality’s factual findings.” Id. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728. Such evidence must be “actual and convincing.” Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1001 (quoting Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality)). If a plaintiff succeeds in casting doubt on a municipality’s rationale, the burden shifts back to [1196]*1196the municipality to supplement the record with evidence renewing support for a theory that justifies its ordinance. Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality); World Wide Video of Wash., 368 F.3d at 1195.
The County identified the following secondary effects that the ordinance was targeted to reduce: increased crime, decreased property values, neighborhood blight, and the exposure of minors to adult entertainment. (Comm. Rep. at 3, 9-11.) It is beyond dispute that a government’s interest in curbing such secondary effects is substantial. See Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1166 (“It is beyond peradventure at this point in the development of the doctrine that a state’s interest in curbing the secondary effects associated with adult entertainment establishments is substantial.”). Additionally, Mr. McKibben concedes that the County relied on sufficient evidence supporting the dispersal requirements as applied to residential zones and other areas where children are likely to congregate, namely “any public or private school, preschool, educational institution, church or other religious facility, public or private park, [or] youth oriented facility.” (See Mot. at 10 n. 26.) As such, the only question before the court is whether, at the legislative stage, the County met its initial burden to connect the dispersal requirement regarding “any establishment serving alcohol by the drink” to the identified secondary effects of increased crime, decreased property values, neighborhood blight, and exposure of minors to adult entertainment.
The court finds that the County met its burden. The County established the Adult Entertainment Zoning Committee to study the community effects of adult entertainment and to recommend proposed zoning ordinances seeking to reduce those effects while ensuring adequate opportunities to operate adult entertainment businesses. (See Lubrin Decl. ¶¶2-7; Comm. Rep.) The Committee held at least ten meetings; reviewed studies of the secondary effects of adult entertainment, sample ordinances from other jurisdictions, and federal and state court decisions; heard testimony from law enforcement officers and community members regarding the effects of adult entertainment büsinesses; held a public hearing; 'and authored a final report proposing certain regulations of adult businesses. (See Comm. Rep.; Meeting Minutes; 1996 Ordinance; Olson Decl. Ex. 17 (transcript of Council proceedings).)
In 1996, the Council adopted the Committee’s recommended regulations. (See 1996 Ordinance.) With respect to the dispersion requirement, the Committee’s report states:
In addition, the Committee heard testimony from law enforcement officers regarding the problems associated with the combination of adult entertainment uses and alcohol. Two primary issues were identified. The first was that alcohol and adult entertainment do not mix well. The potential for disruptive, dangerous, and/or illegal behavior is increased when alcohol is involved with adult entertainment. In Washington State adult entertainment facilities do not serve alcohol, and the Committee was concerned to keep separation between alcohol and adult entertainment uses. In particular the Committee was concerned regarding the movement of patrons between taverns, bars, and other establishments that sell alcohol and adult entertainment uses.
(Comm. Rep. at 13.)
The Committee’s report continues:
This movement was related to the second issue. Law enforcement officers indicated that problems had been experienced when patrons and employees of adult entertainment establishments went [1197]*1197to nearby places that served alcohol. Restaurants with a largely family orientation felt their business was hurt when this occurred, especially when solicitation for acts of prostitution took place. This concern matched the focus of the Committee on protecting families and children from exposure to adult entertainment. For these reasons the Committee recommended that buffers listed above also be applied to any establishment selling alcohol.
(Id.)
David Gossett, the legislative analyst who drafted the initial version of the report, testifies:
Businesses wanted to stop the flow of customers between the restaurants and the clubs in both directions. In other words, to stop people from getting drunk and going to the clubs, and to stop customers and employees (including exotic dancers) from leaving the clubs and going to the restaurants.
(Gossett Decl. (Dkt. #24) ¶ 4 (emphasis omitted).) He also testifies that “the [C]ommittee had been told, frankly, by representatives of law enforcement that alcohol tended to create additional legal problems with live adult entertainment.” (2d Olson Deck (Dkt. # 32) Ex. 6 (“Gossett Dep.”) at 45:5-9.)
In addition to testimonial evidence, the Committee relied on the regulations and report of the nearby City of Everett. (Gossett Deck ¶ 7; Olson Deck Ex. 10 (list of ordinances on which the Committee relied); Ex. 11 (“Everett Code”) at 45). The Everett zoning code requires adult use businesses to be set back 500 feet from “any existing establishment selling alcoholic beverages for consumption on premises.” (Everett Code at 45.) The Everett report summarized testimony by Sergeant John Stewart: “Most illegal activity related to live adult entertainment establishments .have [sic] involved persons who have been intoxicated.” (Everet Rep. Excerpts (Dkt. # 24-2).) The Everett report also summarized testimony by Sergeant Joe Beline: “Increased street prostitution occurs in the vicinity of live adult entertainment businesses.” (Id.)
Testimony by local law enforcement officers and business owners, as well as the report and ordinance of a nearby jurisdiction, all constitute evidence “reasonably believed to be relevant” to problem at hand. See Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1001; Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438, 122 S.Ct. 1728. This testimony adequately demonstrates a connection between the speech regulated (namely, live adult entertainment near establishments that serve alcohol) and the secondary effects of increased crime rates, decline of property value, and exposure of minors to adult entertainment. See Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1001; Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438, 122 S.Ct. 1728. Specifically, the testimony supports the County’s concern that service of alcohol at nearby establishments exacerbates the disruptive and illegal behavior associated with live adult entertainment, and, because alcohol cannot be served inside the adult entertainment facility, facilitates the intrusion of adult entertainment employees and customers into family-oriented businesses and otherwise encourages the mingling of adult entertainment employees and customers with vulnerable segments of the population. (See Comm. Rep. at 13.)
“The record here is hardly overwhelming, but it does not have to be.” Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1168 (citing Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 451, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (stating that “very little evidence is required” to justify a secondary effects ordinance)). Both the Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have upheld ordinances supported by similar evidence. See, e.g., World Wide Video of [1198]*1198Wash., 368 F.3d at 1196 (upholding ordinance because the plaintiff failed to rebut public testimony regarding the adverse effects of retail-only adult entertainment stores); Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1168 (upholding ordinance supported by citizen testimony at public hearings and documentary studies); Alameda Books, 536 U.S. at 452, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (upholding proposition “supported by a single study and common experience”) (Kennedy J., concurring). As such, the County has carried its initial burden to show that its rationale for the dispersion requirement from establishments that serve alcohol is “fairly supported.” See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality).
The burden then shifts to Mr. McKibben to “cast direct doubt on this rationale, either by demonstrating that the municipality’s evidence does not support its rationale, or by furnishing evidence that disputes the municipality’s factual findings.” See id. Mr. McKibben fails to carry this burden. First, Mr. McKibben’s reliance on out-of-circuit cases to argue that the County’s testimonial evidence is insufficient is misplaced. (See Plf. Mot. at 17-19.) The Supreme Court has explicitly rejected the contention that a municipality must come forward with empirical data in support of its rationale. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 439, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality). “To succeed in ‘casting doubt’ on a city’s evidence or rationale, a plaintiff must do more than point to a municipality’s lack of empirical evidence, or challenge the methodology of the municipality’s evidence.” Alameda Books, Inc. v. City of L.A., 631 F.3d 1031, 1042 (9th Cir.2011) (citing Gammoh v. City of La Habra, 395 F.3d 1114, 1126-27 (9th Cir.2005) and Maricopa Cnty., 336 F.3d at 1168).
Second, Mr. McKibben fails to provide any “actual and convincing” evidence in his favor. See Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1001 (quoting Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality)). Mr. McKibben contends that the County must not really have considered law enforcement officer testimony because the Committee’s meeting minutes do not describe an instance in which a law enforcement officer discussed alcohol in the context of adult entertainment. (See, e.g., Plf. Reply (Dkt. # 36) at 3.) Mr. McKibben’s attempt to cast doubt on the Committee’s report falls short. The meeting minutes describe at least two times that law enforcement officers addressed the Committee, as well as at least two times that the Committee discussed the alcohol disbursement requirement, and, as such, the minutes are consistent with the findings stated in the report. (See Meeting Minutes at 8, 10-12, 15, 21.) Moreover, there is no indication that the meeting minutes were intended to be exhaustive: each hour and a half meeting is summarized in approximately one to three pages of minutes. (See generally id.) Mr. McKibben provides no explanation or authority showing why the court should find that the informal meeting minutes trump the Committee’s official report.
Mr. McKibben’s argument that there is an inadequate connection between the dispersion requirement and the identified secondary effects because the ordinance does not also include establishments (such as liquor stores) that sell alcohol for private consumption is unavailing. Municipalities are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to experiment with solutions to address the secondary effects of protected speech. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 439, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality). Mr. McKibben’s belief that there is a more effective way to address certain identified secondary effects does not render the solution chosen by the County unconstitutional.
Finally, Mr. McKibben’s argument that there is an inadequate connection between [1199]*1199the dispersion requirement and secondary effects because the ordinance includes non-family establishments (such as pubs) falls short. This over-breadth critique implicates the narrow tailoring requirement. To meet the narrow tailoring requirement, a time, place, or manner regulation need not be the least restrictive means of serving a municipality’s content neutral interests. See Fantasyland Video, 505 F.3d at 1004. To the contrary, the narrow tailoring requirement “is satisfied so long as the regulation promotes a substantial government interest that would be achieved less effectively absent the regulation and the means chosen are not substantially broader than necessary to achieve the government’s interest.” Id. (quoting Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 799-800, 109 S.Ct. 2746, 105 L.Ed.2d 661 (1989)). Here, the County’s goals of decreasing illegal behavior and the diffusion of adult entertainment workers and clients into nearby community establishments would be achieved less effectively absent the dispersion requirement, and the dispersion requirement is not substantially broader than necessary to achieve these goals. See United States v. Albertini, 472 U.S. 675, 689, 105 S.Ct. 2897, 86 L.Ed.2d 536 (1985) (holding that restrictions will not violate the First Amendment “simply because there is some imaginable alternative that might be less burdensome on speech”). As such, the dispersion requirement meets the narrow tailoring requirement.
In sum, the County originally relied on sufficient evidence to support its dispersion requirement and Mr. McKibben has failed to carry his burden to “cast direct doubt” on the County’s rationale. See Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. 1728 (plurality). As such, the County’s dispersion requirement adequately advances a substantial government interest.
2. Reasonable alternative avenues of communication
An ordinance satisfactorily allows alternative avenues of communication as long as “it offers adult businesses a ‘reasonable opportunity to open and operate within the city.’ ” Lim v. City of Long Beach, 217 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir.2000) (quoting City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 54, 106 S.Ct. 925). Courts apply a two-step approach to determining whether this condition is satisfied: (1) determine the number of sites reasonably available to adult businesses under the regulation at issue, and (2) determine whether that number affords a sufficient number of potential location sites for adult businesses. Id.; see also Topanga Press, Inc. v. City of L.A., 989 F.2d 1524, 1530 (9th Cir.1993). The burden of proving alternative avenues of communication rests on the municipality. Lim, 217 F.3d at 1054. “What constitutes a reasonable opportunity to open and operate an adult theater is a mixed question of fact and law.” Young v. City of Simi Valley, 216 F.3d 807, 817 (9th Cir.2000); see also Lim, 217 F.3d at 1054 (“A mixed question of law and fact exists when there is no dispute as to the facts, the rule of law is undisputed, and the question is whether the facts satisfy the legal rule.”)
a. Alternative sites available
With respect to the first step, the initial burden falls on the municipality to provide a good faith and reasonable list of potentially available property. See id.; Isbell v. City of San Diego, 258 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir.2001). Upon such a showing, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that particular sites would in fact not reasonably become available. Lim, 217 F.3d at 1054. For sites to be available, they must be in the “actual business real estate market.” Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1114 (quoting Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055). It is irrelevant, [1200]*1200however, whether a given site “will result in lost profits, higher overhead costs, or even prove to be commercially infeasible for an adult business.” Id. (citing Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531). Rather, “[t]he issue is whether any site is part of an actual market for commercial enterprises generally.” Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531; see also City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 54, 106 S.Ct. 925.
The following considerations are relevant to determining whether a site is part of the relevant market for commercial enterprises. First, available sites must satisfy the zoning restrictions at issue. Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1113. Beyond that, sites that are commercially zoned are automatically part of the relevant market. Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. The mere fact that a municipality has restricted adult entertainment venues to industrial zones does not render the sites unavailable under City of Renton. See Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942 (“If an industrial site is reasonably accessible and has sufficient infrastructure to be ‘available’ under Topanga, it remains available even if its use for other commercial purposes may be restricted by the zoning law.”) Sites located in industrial or manufacturing zones, however, must be “reasonably accessible to the general public,” have “proper infrastructure,” and must be suitable for “some generic commercial enterprise, although not [necessarily] every commercial enterprise.” Tollis, 505 F.3d at 941 (quoting Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531). Furthermore, sites for which it is “unreasonable to believe that [they] would ever become available to any commercial enterprise” are not part of the market. Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531.
Here, the parties agree that a total of 301 parcels in unincorporated Snohomish County meet the zoning requirements for an adult cabaret — namely, the parcels are zoned for light industrial, heavy industrial, or industrial park use, and some or all of each parcel is set outside the dispersion zone.2 {See Garrelts Rep. (Dkt. # 29-1) at 3; Fear Rep. (Dkt. # 25-1) at 2.) Of those 301 parcels, the County’s expert identifies 104 parcels that in his opinion are part of the actual business real estate market. (See Fear Rep. Ex. B (“Fear Sprdsht.”).) Because this list contains pertinent and specific information about each parcel and excludes obviously inappropriate parcels such as landfills, state parks, and United States Department of Navy government facilities, the court finds that this list is a good faith and reasonable list of potentially available property. See Lim, 217 F.3d at 1054; Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1114. As such, the burden shifts to Mr. McKibben to show that particular sites are in fact not reasonably available. Id.
Mr. McKibben’s expert concedes for the purposes of this motion that 16 parcels are reasonably available, but identifies 88 parcels that in his opinion are not reasonably available. (See Garrelts Rep.; Garrelts Sprdsht.3) The expert groups these parcels according to the reasons he believes they are unavailable. The court addresses each group of parcels in turn. See Fantasyland Video, Inc. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 373 F.Supp.2d 1094, 1143 (S.D.Cal.2005) (addressing disputed parcels one by one) aff'd in part, rev’d in unrelated part and remanded sub nom. Tollis, Inc. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 505 F.3d 935 (9th Cir:2007) and aff'd, 505 F.3d 996 (9th Cir.2007).
[1201]*1201i. Parcels with only a portion of property outside the dispersal area
Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ## 1, 3-6, 8, 10-16, and 22-24 are not part of the relevant commercial real estate market because the portion of the property located outside the dispersal area consists of inadequate space to locate a cabaret while meeting requirements for setback, parking, and landscaping. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 1; 2d Garrelts Decl. (Dkt. #31) ¶4.) Mr. Garrelts testifies that, in his experience, the “minimum size” for an adult cabaret is 2400 square feet. (2d. Garrelts Decl. ¶ 3.) Be that as it may, the relevant inquiry is not whether a location suits the particular needs of adult cabarets, but rather whether the location is suitable for some commercial business. See Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531 (“While it is constitutionally irrelevant whether relocation sites located in industrial or manufacturing zones suit the particular needs of an adult business, potential sites must be reasonable relocation sites for some commercial enterprise before they can be considered part of the relevant market.”); see also Tollis, 505 F.3d at 941 (stating that available property must be suitable for “some generic commercial enterprise, although not [necessarily] every commercial enterprise”). The County’s expert demonstrates how a sizea-ble building can be erected on each of parcels 1 and 3-6. (See Fear Rep. at 4-5, Exs. B, C (maps showing possible placement of buildings on parcels)). Mr. McKibben does not argue that such buildings are inadequate for other commercial enterprises besides a cabaret, such as, for example, a coffee shop. Consequently, he has failed to carry his burden to show that these parcels are not a part of the relevant market.
With respect to the remaining parcels, Mr. McKibben contends that, due to existing structures, only a “sliver of land” for a new cabaret building is available. (Plf. Resp. (Dkt. # 30) at 5.) The County points out that the existing structures can be removed and that as a result the parcels would then contain ample room for parking and a commercial business. (Fear Sprdsht at 1.) Mr. McKibben provides no authority to support the position that property is excluded from the commercial market if it contains existing structures that are unsuitable for use as a cabaret. (See Plf. Resp. at 5-6.) There may be a cost associated with removing existing structures, but it is well-established that “possible economic impact upon a business is not a factor to be considered by the courts when determining whether a city has provided a business with a reasonable alternate location.” Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1529. When determining whether a site is part of the relevant market, “it is not relevant whether [the] site will result in lost profits, higher overhead costs, or even prove to be commercially infeasible for an adult business.” Id. at 1531. The only issue “is whether any site is part of an actual market for commercial enterprises generally.” Id.
Mr. McKibben has provided no evidence that the properties are unsuitable for commercial enterprises generally. See Tollis, 505 F.3d at 941. As such, he has not carried his burden to show that the majority of these properties are hot a part of the relevant real estate market. The sole exception is parcel # 15: there is at least a question of fact as to whether the County’s proffered solution of adjusting the property line would transform that property into a reasonable alternative. See Levi v. City of Ontario, 44 F.Supp.2d 1042, 1050 (C.D.Cal.1999) (holding that the possibility of subdivision to satisfy zoning requirements did not render a site part of the relevant market).
[1202]*1202ii.Parcels with restrictions on commercial use
Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ## 9 and 18 should be excluded from the market because they are encumbered with contractual restrictions on commercial use. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 1.) First, there is evidence that parcel # 18 is only accessible via an easement that is limited to residential use. (2d. Garrelts Decl. Ex. 4 (easement).) Second, parcel # 9 is subject to an open space taxation agreement that limits the commercial development of the land. (Garrelts Decl. Ex. 3 (open space agreement).) The agreement remains in force for at least 3 more years and can last indefinitely if the owner does not withdraw. (Id.) The court finds that Mr. McKibben has raised a question of fact regarding the commercial availability of all these two parcels.
iii.Parcels lacking infrastructure
Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ## 26-28 are not á part of the relevant commercial market because they lack appropriate infrastructure and because parcel # 28 is landlocked. The Ninth Circuit has explained that examples of necessary infrastructure may include “sidewalks, roads and lighting.” Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. Additionally, landlocked sites are generally not considered available because they are not reasonably accessible to the general public. See Fantasyland Video, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1138 (citing Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1113; Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055). Merely asserting that sites lack proper infrastructure, however, is insufficient; a plaintiff must show that such sites are unusable for any generic commercial enterprise. Diamond v. City of Taft, 215 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir.2000). Here, Mr. McKibben states that the parcels lack access to water, sewer, lighting, and sidewalks, and are located over 1000 feet from power and roads. (Garrelts Rep. at 11; Garrelts Sprdsht at 1.) The County admits that the parcels are designated as “forestland,” see generally RCW ch. 84.33, and are not in the vicinity of sidewalks or streetlights. (Def. Resp. (Dkt. #23) at 16.) The County nonetheless maintains that the “rural character” of Snohomish County often requires business ventures to install new infrastructure. Id. The County’s expert recalls one business owner, in particular, “who was undeterred by the lack of a sewer and arranged for sewage to be stored on site and removed regularly.” (Fears Rep. at 5.)
The County presents no other evidence regarding the feasibility of such endeavors, and its position that business ventures are “often” required to install new infrastructure is belied by the fact that only 3 of the 301 industrial parcels identified for this case lack infrastructure. (See Fears Sprdsht.) Moreover, in arguing that parcel #28 is not landlocked, the County mistakes an abandoned railroad converted into a trail for a road. (See 2d. Garrelts Deck ¶ 6, Ex. 5.) The court finds Mr. McKibben has at least raised a question of fact regarding the suitability of these parcels for the general commercial real estate market. See Fanstasyland Video, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1136 (“While neither side presented sufficient evidence to prevail on their respective cross-motions, the Court finds each side presented sufficient evidence to successfully oppose the other’s summary judgment motion. Accordingly, a disputed issue of fact remains whether one site in Area 2 ... could be developed.”).
iv.Parcels near or under water
Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ##30-32 are unsuited for any generic commercial' enterprise because they are swamps or tidelands. (See Fears Sprdsht. at 2.) The County responds that these parcels are “very usable” because they not in a flood plain. (Id.) Mr. McKibben’s [1203]*1203rejoinder is that these parcels are unsuita^ ble because they have been developed as pulp mills, used for logging, or contain sloughs for the transport of logs. {Id.) The Ninth Circuit has stated that examples of sites unsuited for any generic commercial enterprise include swamps and land under the ocean. See Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. Accordingly, the court finds that Mr. McKibben has raised an issue of fact regarding the reasonable availability of these three parcels,
v. Parcels on airport land
Mr. McKibben argues that every parcel located at Paine Field, also known as Snohomish County Airport, should be excluded from the market. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 38; Plf. Resp. at 7.) The County agrees that runways, taxiways, and locations immediately adjacent thereto should be excluded because they are reserved by the Federal Aviation Administration for aviation uses only.4 (Def. Resp. at 9; Fear Rep. at 6.) The property at Paine Field, however, also includes office parks and buildings that are available for lease by non-aviation businesses. (Fear Rep. at 6.) For example, the current airport tenant list includes non-aviation businesses such as a mini-blind store, a lighting design company, a hotel, a machine shop, and a rental management company. (Fears Rep. at 6, Ex. D (airport tenant list).) Additionally, the property at Paine Field includes vacant parcels that the “Airport Master Plan” designates for “airport compatible industrial development.” {See, e.g., Fears Sprdsht. at 5.)
In general, any commercial venture must obtain permission from the airport director in order to locate in Paine Field.5 (2d. Olson Deck (Dkt. # 35) Ex. 2 (“Dolan Dep.”) at 19:1-20:11.) The airport director, who is a County employee, has the discretion and authority to decide whether to allow a business to site in the airport. (Id.) The airport director usually collaborates with airport staff members when making siting decisions; they consider the Airport Master Plan and the County’s “vision for how areas will develop.” (Id. at 8:10-9:3.) In general, the Snohomish County Code provides that the airport may deny lease applications for the following reasons: (1) proposed uses that are incompatible with the airport master plan, area zoning or federal restrictions incurred with grants; (2) airport safety concerns; (3) unavailability of space; (4) budget constraints; or (5) ecological con-' siderations. See SCC § 15.08.420-25. The deputy airport director testified that he does not “have a strong feeling ... one way or the other” as to whether a cabaret would ultimately be permitted at Paine Field, but noted that a restaurant and lounge had operated at the airport for many years. (Dolan Dep. at 20:12-21:22.) As an example of a lease application that might be rejected, the airport deputy director referenced an application for a marijuana growing operation that would conflict with federal law and Federal Aviation Agency regulations. (Id. at 18:16-25.)
Mr.. McKibben does not dispute that some Paine Field property is available for lease by general commercial businesses. (See Plf. Resp. at 7.) Instead, he contends that even these areas must be excluded from the market because the airport di[1204]*1204rector is vested with discretion to decide which lease applications to grant and, as such, “you cannot locate an adult cabaret there as a matter of right.” (Id.) This argument is not viable.
The relevant marketplace is not limited to property in which an adult cabaret is guaranteed location “as a matter of right.” After all, most if not all property owners maintain some amount of discretion regarding which businesses they choose to lease to. Here, there is no indication that the airport director would categorically exclude adult entertainment businesses. But even if there were, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that parcels that prohibit leases to adult entertainment venues are considered part of the relevant market so long as they are available to commercial businesses generally. See Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055. Consequently, the mere fact that every commercial business seeking to operate at Paine Field does so subject to the airport manager’s discretion does not, without more, remove Paine Field property from the general business real estate market.6 See City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 54, 106 S.Ct. 925 (“That respondents must fend for themselves in the real estate market, on an equal footing with other prospective purchasers and lessees, does not give rise to a First Amendment violation.”).
To the extent that parcels at Paine Field are not limited to aviation use or aviation-related businesses, the court finds that Mr. McKibben fails to show that these parcels are not a part of the relevant real estate market. The one exception is parcel # 191, which is apparently slated for “avia[1205]*1205tion use development w/ taxi access.” (See Fears Sprdsht. at 6.) Due to testimony that parcels with access to taxiways are typically reserved for aviation businesses, as well as the fact that the County concedes that all other parcels labeled “aviation use development w/ taxi access” are outside the relevant real estate market, the court finds that a question of fact exists as to the status of this parcel. (See id.; Fears Rep. at 6.)
vi. Parcels unsuitable for generic commercial enterprises
Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ##240, 241, 247-251, 254, and 264-266 have been developed in a way that is incompatible with any generic commercial enterprise. (Garrelts Sprdsht at 9-10.) These parcels include gravel pits, recycling sites, and large warehouses, and some of the parcels are landlocked. (Id.) The County argues that these sites are not “totally incompatible” with a generic commercial business because they could be renovated by demolishing existing buildings or subdividing the property. (Def. Resp. at 10.) The Ninth Circuit, however, has stated that examples of sites unsuited for generic commercial enterprise include warehouses, sewage treatment plants, and sports stadiums. Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. Additionally, the possibility of subdividing does not necessarily transform an unacceptable site into a reasonable alternative. See Levi, 44 F.Supp.2d at 1050. The problem with the County’s argument is that, although it is of course theoretically possible to demolish a sport stadium or a large warehouse in order to develop a cabaret, the cost of doing so may be so prohibitive as to make the proposition unrealistic. See Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1530; see also Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055 (“[S]ingle-use buildings, like warehouses and factories, may arguably be outside commercial real estate market.”) (quoting Woodall v. City of El Paso, 49 F.3d 1120, 1125-26 (5th Cir.1995)). Mr. McKibben has at least raised an issue of fact as to whether it is reasonable to believe these 11 parcels “would ever become available to any commercial enterprise.” See id. at 1531.
vii. Parcels with long-term commitments
Finally, Mr. McKibben argues that parcels ## 267, 268, and 270-281 are not part of the relevant commercial market because they are' subject to long term leases, in receivership, or not currently for sale by their owner. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 9.) City of Renton only requires a site to be potentially — rather than actually — available. See City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 53, 106 S.Ct. 925. As such, the mere fact that a site is currently occupied or not currently for sale or lease does not render it unavailable. See id. at 53-54, 106 S.Ct. 925; Diamond, 215 F.3d at 1056 (“Despite the current unavailability of these sites, [the plaintiff] did not offer sufficient evidence to show that these sites would not reasonably become available to any commercial enterprise.”). Nonetheless, the requirement of potentiality connotes “genuine possibility.” See Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. Accordingly, long term leases may exclude sites from the commercial market. Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055. A plaintiff must, however, provide evidence regarding the length of an allegedly “long term” lease. Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1113 (rejecting expert opinion that did not specify the length of the leases in question).
Here, Mr. McKibben presents evidence showing that .the leases on parcels ## 268, 270, and 272 run for the next 14, 7, and 11 years, respectively. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 9; 2d. Garrelts Deel. ¶ 8.) As such, these properties are not available within the meaning of Cityc of Renton. See Lim, 217 F.3d at 1055. With respect to parcels ## 271, 273, 277-279, Mr. McKibben avers that there is a “long-term lease” in place for each but provides no evidence as to the [1206]*1206length of those leases. (See Garrelts Sprdsht. at 9.) As such, under Isbell, Mr. McKibben fails to show these parcels are unavailable. See Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1113. The same holds true for parcels ##267 and 281, because although the owners informed Mr. McKibben’s expert that the property was currently not for sale, there is no indication regarding how far into the future their intentions not to sell extend, and current occupancy alone is not grounds for unavailability under City of Renton. See City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 53-54, 106 S.Ct. 925; Diamond, 215 F.3d at 1056; (see also Garrelts Sprdsht. at 9; 2d. Garrelts Decl. ¶ 8.) Last, Mr. McKib-ben excludes parcels ## 274 through 276 because they are in receivership and a sale is pending. (Garrelts Sprdsht. at 9.) These properties contain multiple commercial spaces, and Mr. McKibben provides no reason to believe those spaces will not be available for lease or purchase from the new owners. For these reasons, the court finds that Mr. McKibben has' shown only that parcels ## 268, 270, and 272 are unavailable due to long-term leases.
viii. Summary
In sum, Mr. McKibben has shown that 3 of the County’s identified 104 properties are not part of the relevant commercial market and has raised questions of fact for 21 other properties.7 For the purposes of evaluating the sufficiency of the available sites, the court will take all inferences in Mr. McKibben’s favor. See A.C.L.U. of Nevada, 466 F.3d at 790-91. Accordingly, the court will judge the sufficiency of the sites on the assumption that the County’s ordinance provides only 80 locations for adult cabarets.
b. Sufficiency of available sites
“There is no constitutional requirement that a city make available a certain number of sites.” Diamond v. City of Taft, 215 F.3d at 1056-57. Instead, to determine whether the potentially available sites provide an adult business a “reasonable opportunity to open and operate” in a particular municipality, a court must “perform a fact-specific inquiry” that takes into account the “particular characteristics of [the municipality], including its size and make-up.” Young, 216 F.3d at 821. Supply and demand is one factor that a court should consider. Id.; Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942. Other factors include “the percentage of available acreage theoretically available to adult businesses, the number of sites potentially available in relation to the population, community needs, the incidence of adult businesses in other comparable communities, and the goals of the city plan.” Young, 216 F.3d at 821. No one factor is dispositive. Id. at 822.
i. Percentage of available acreage
Starting with the percentage of available acreage, the total acreage of the 80 available locations is 336 acres.8 The parties disagree, however, whether the relevant comparison is between the avail[1207]*1207able sites and the total acreage of the unincorporated area, or the total acreage that would potentially be available to adult entertainment businesses if it were not for the zoning ordinance. Specifically, Mr. McKibben maintains that the relevant comparison is to the “total usable land” area in unincorporated Snohomish County, which he calculates as the total land area minus incorporated cities, county and federal forest lands, and the Tulalip Indian Reservation. (Garrelts Rep. at 9.) The “total usable land” is therefore 307,528.6 acres. (Id.) For its part, the County maintains that the denominator should be the “total commercial land” area in unincorporated Snohomish County, which it calculates as the sum of the properties with “Urban Industrial” and “Urban Commercial” designations under the Snoho-mish County 2025 Comprehensive Plan. (Fear Rep. at 5.) These designations include land zoned for a variety of uses, such as neighborhood business, general commercial, business park, and light and heavy industry, but exclude residential, rural, and agricultural land, among others. (See County Plan (Dkt. # 34-3).) The “total commercial land” is 4,787 acres. (Fear Rep. at 5.)
Whereas Young states the pertinent factor is “the percentage of available acreage theoretically available to adult businesses,” it does not specify what areas of land the percentage should compare. See 216 F.3d at 822. In Walnut Properties and City of Renton, the courts relied on the acreage of the entire municipality. See Walnut Properties, Inc. v. City of Whittier, 861 F.2d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir.1988); City of Renton, 475 U.S. at 53, 106 S.Ct. 925. Neither court, however, discussed its choice of denominator or addressed the issue currently before the court. Ultimately, the purpose of the comparison is to determine whether adult entertainment stores have a “reasonable opportunity to open and operate” in a given municipality. See Young, 216 F.3d at 821. The focal point of this inquiry is the effect that the municipality’s ordinance has on the “actual business real estate market” in which generic commercial enterprises actually operate. See. Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1112-13; Topanga Press, 989 F.2d at 1531. It seems to the court that, in order to accurately gauge this effect, the comparison should not include areas which would ordinarily not be available to a generic business enterprise regardless of the municipality’s adult entertainment ordinance. See Fantasyland Video, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1142 (using only the total industrially and commercially zoned acreage to calculate the percentage of available property in an unincorporated county). This exclusion is especially apt in the context of a largely undeveloped and rural unincorporated county such as Snohomish. Accordingly, in this case, the relevant comparison is between the acreage of the available adult entertainment sites and the total industrial and commercial districts. Based on this comparison, adult entertainment businesses have access to 7% of the total industrial and commercial acreage. This percentage is greater than the availability of 4.46% of commercial and industrial acreage that was held constitutional in Fantasyland Video, and was upheld by the Ninth Circuit in Tollis,9 See Fantasy[1208]*1208land Video, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1142-3; Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942.
ii. Population needs
Next, the court considers “the number of sites potentially available in relation to the population [and] the incidence of adult businesses in other comparable communities.” Young, 216 F.3d at 821. Unincorporated Snohomish County had a population of 304,435 in 2013, which results in one adult entertainment location for every 3,805 persons. (See 2013 Annual Rep.) In Fantasyland, the court upheld a zoning ordinance in an unincorporated county that resulted in one potential adult entertainment location for every 6911 persons — a ratio twice as high.10 See Fantasyland, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1142-43. In review, the Ninth Circuit noted: “The unincorporated portions of the county take up the substantial majority of the land area but only a small fraction of the population of the county as a whole. It may fairly be presumed that most of the commercial property in the county, including property suitable for adult businesses, is located within municipal boundaries and thus outside the territory governed by the ordinance in question.” Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942. As such, “at least where we are dealing with ‘unincorporated’ areas, it is appropriate to recognize the likely availability of other locations within the same economic market in neighboring municipalities.” Id. Here, as in Tollis, unincorporated Snohomish County comprises over 90% of the land area but less than half the population of Snohomish County. (See Garrelts Rep. at 9 (incorporated land statistics); 2013 Annual Rep. (population statistics).) As such, when considering the number of sites available in relation to the population, it is appropriate to recognize the likely availability of other locations within the same economic market in neighboring municipalities. See Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942.
iii. Supply and demand
“[Measuring whether the number of proposed sites is sufficient to meet existing demand for sexual or pornographic speech is one of several tools to assess whether a municipality has afforded an adult business a reasonable opportunity to conduct their trade.” Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942. After all, “data regarding the number of sites available for adult use is meaningless without a contextual basis for determining whether that number is sufficient for that particular locale.” Young, 216 F.3d at 822.
Here, it is undisputed that only one adult entertainment dance studio has operated in unincorporated Snohomish County within the past 30 years. (Lubrin Deck [1209]*1209¶ 8.) Namely, the venue “Honey’s” operated from 1994 until it was closed in 2012. (Id.) It is also undisputed that, since the zoning ordinances were enacted in 1994, Snohomish County has received only two applications for adult cabarets, both of which occurred in 2011. (Id. ¶ 8, Ex. B, Ex. C.) Drawing all inferences' in Mr. McKibben’s favor, it appears that there has been demand to operate at most three adult cabarets in the County at one time.11
In Young, the Ninth Circuit found that a city ordinance that provided four possible simultaneous sites for adult entertainment businesses was constitutional because only one person had ever applied for an adult business permit and “there was no evidence that more than four adult businesses would be opened ... even in the absence of any adult use zoning regulations.” Young, 216 F.3d at 822. Similarly, in Diamond, the Ninth Circuit held that a town ordinance that provided the sole entity seeking to open an adult entertainment business with seven possible location sites was constitutional. See Diamond, 215 F.3d at 1058. Finally, in Tollis, two adult entertainment businesses were currently operation when the Ninth Circuit upheld an ordinance that permitted only eight adult entertainment businesses to operate simultaneously on 68 parcels available in unincorporated San Diego County. See Tollis, 505 F.3d at 942 (affirming in relevant part Fantasyland Video, 373 F.Supp.2d at 1141).
Here, the 80 sites available in unincorporated Snohomish County exceed the maximum potential demand for 3 adult entertainment businesses by at least three times the margins approved by the Ninth Circuit in Young and Diamond. Although Young and Diamond involved smaller municipalities than the County, Tollis affirms the applicability of the supply and demand test to large, undeveloped unincorporated counties such as Snohomish County.
The Ninth Circuit has cautioned that it must not be assumed that an ordinance “will be automatically constitutional if demand does not exceed the supply of sites, because such a conclusion is insufficient to account for the chilling effect that an adult use zoning ordinance may have on prospective business owners.” Isbell, 258 F.3d at 1114 (quoting Young, at 822.) Here, however, the excess supply of 80 sites could lawfully absorb the theoretical demand associated with chilling effects of even a substantial magnitude. Moreover, there is no evidence that substantially more than three adult businesses would be opened in the absence of any adult use zoning regulations. See Young, 216 F.3d at 822. To the contrary, the fact that during the 12 years preceding the zoning ordinance the demand for adult cabarets was for only zero to one venue suggests that the magnitude of any chilling effect is low. (Lubrin Decl. ¶¶8-9 (“Honey[’s] is the only strip club that has operated in [1210]*1210unincorporated Snohomish County within the past 30 years.”)) As such, the supply of sites available under the zoning regulations more than satisfies the maximum demonstrated demand for adult entertainment venues. See Young, 216 F.3d at 822; Diamond, 215 F.3d at 1058.
iv. Summary
Taking into consideration the history of scant demand for adult entertainment licenses relative to the number of available sites and their acreage, as well as the population and character of the unincorporated area, the court finds the County has met its burden on summary judgment to show that the number of sites available to adult entertainment dance studios under the zoning regulations is sufficient to provide reasonable alternative avenues of communication. See Young, 216 F.3d at 821.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court DENIES Mr. McKibben’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 20) and GRANTS the County’s motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 23).
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