OPINION OP THE COURT.
ABBOTT, J.
In the brief for the appellant but two of the errors assigned in his behalf are discussed, 'and Only those need be considered; •
1 The fiist is the admission in evidence of certain entries in the ledger of H. J. Collins & Co., relating to the account between said firm and the defendant, the contention of th$ appellant being that it was in effect the admission'of the plaintiff’s books of account and that the statute- requirements for such admission had not been met. -'.Even 'if the contention of the appellee be sound, that- the- entries objected to were offered to corroborate the testimony of the book-keeper, Gaylord, that no interest had been paid on the note, and not for the purposes covered by the statute, and so were not subject to the conditions imposed by it, yet we prefer to deal with the question broadly and declare what seems to us to be the' rational and necessary meaning of the important statute in question, section-'3031-of the Compiled Laws of 1897. It provides- that “the books of account of any merchant, shop-keeper, etc., may be admitted in evidence as proof -of such- accounts upon the following conditions: First.' That he kept no clerk or else the clerk is dead or 'inaccessible. Second.- Upóh proof, the party’s oath being sufficient, that the book tendered is the book -of -original entries. Third. Upon proof, by his customers that he usually kept correct books. Fourth. Upon inspection by the- court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of fraud.” The contention for the appellant is that these four conditions must in all cases “be complied with before books- of account can b'e admitted, in evidence in this Territory”; that is, that the statute superseded whatever law heretofore existed on the subject.That there are expressions in opinions by this'cqurt which lend support to that claim cannot be denied, but we thinly so "far as they have come to our notice they were inádveftant and not essential to the eonelnsions reached in the decisions in which they occur. The argument for the appellant- as to the applicability of the first condition, in the case at bar, leads to a conclusion so manifestly against reason that we are forced to question the soundness of its premises. “There is no proof that H. J. Collins & Co., kept no clerk; in fact the proof is exactly to the contrary, that the firm did keep a clerk who was present and testified”, and there oy, the contention is, the book was rendered inadmissible. This is on the assumption that the statute contains the entire law of New Mexico on the subject. To so hold would be to say that the best kept and most reliable books of account in the Territory cannot be used in evidence solely because those who were employed to keep them because of their skill, who have no interest in the litigation in which it is sought to use the books, are present or obtainable as witnesses; while books unskillfully kept by the parties to the litigation themselves, may be introduced in evidence. ‘Such añ intention should not be imputed to the legislature unless it is clearly necessary. An examination of/ the statute itself and of the law on the subject as it was when' the statute was enacted, relieves us of that necessity. The statute is- not in terms exclusive. It provides that books of account 'may be admitted in evidence on certain conditions,-but not that they shall be admitted only on these conditions. That it was designed to supplement and not to abolish the rule -of law that already -existed is in accord with the principle of construction usually applied in such cases:' ■ Wigmore on Evidence, Sec. 1520; Lewis Suth. Stab.- -Con., Secs. 267, 487; And, as we have seen, the adoption of the opposite view of its meaning, would lead to a manifest absurdity. A[t the time the statute was enacted it had “long been the common law rule that entries made in the regular course of- business in shop-books, by the clerk or agent of. a -person, are, .with proper restrictions admissible 'in evidence after the death of such' clerk on proof of his hand-writing”, and this has besen extended by the genéral practice of the American courts to the admission of feuch entries during' the life of the person who made them when authenticated by his oath. This has been done sometimes on ihe ground of necessity, and sometimes on the view that the entries are a part of the acts .they purport to record; in other words, a part of the res gestae. Jones on Evidence, Sec. 582; Greenleaf on Evidence, 12th Ed. 1866, Vol. 1, Sec. 117 et seq. Wigmore, Sec. 1560, however declares that the modern and sound basis of the admission of such entries is that they are the records of past recollections. To be such they must, of course, have been made when the one who made them, did have .the knowledge on which they were based, not necessarily, for instance, of an actual sale made in a great mercantile establishment, but of the fact that such a sale was reported to him by one whose business it was to make and report such sales in the course of his employment there, and that he, the book-keeper, made the entry in the course of his employment at the time. Obviously it is impossible that any one. should remember for any great length of time more than an inconsiderable fraction of the transactions which occur in the immense business houses of today, an,d the doctrine advanced- by the learned author we have quoted commends itself to us as sound in theory and necessary in practice. The general removal in this country of the disqualification to testify in his own behalf, of a party to a suit, had the effect of allowing the introduction in evidence of his books kept by himself on the same ground on which those kept for him by his clerk were admitted. That proved to be open to serious objections. Such, then, having been the state of the law, the purpose of such statutes as that under consideration becomes obvious, For one who would produce books of account, kept in the regular course of his business by a clerk who was present to testify to the entries he had made, the law remained as it was. But if he offers in evidence merely the books without the testimony of a clerk who kept them, he must conform to the conditions prescribed by the statute, and prove that he had no clerk, or, if he kept one, that he cannot be produced as a witness. He must also prove by his customers that he usually kept correct books, and the court must be satisfied upon inspection of the books that they are free from any suspicion of fraud. The provision for proof that the book tendered is the book of original entry made ■ no substantial change in the law as it then was.
In the case at bar the witness Gaylord,-testified that he kept the account which was admitted in evidence as bookkeeper for the firm of H. J. Collins & Co., and after its dissolution for the plaintiff.
The defendant offered in evidence two receipts from said firm which he claimed had a bearing on the issues between the parties. The entries which were admitted in evidence tended to explain those receipts and some of them related directly to the note in suit. We think there was no error in admitting the account.
It is objected in the brief for the appellant, although that question was not very clearly raised at the trial, that the ledger containing the account in question, was not a book of original entry. It appeared that the entries which were especially in point, were copied into the ledger from loose slips of paper on which they were originally made in duplicate, and that the slips retained by the plaintiff or his firm had been destroyed by fire.
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OPINION OP THE COURT.
ABBOTT, J.
In the brief for the appellant but two of the errors assigned in his behalf are discussed, 'and Only those need be considered; •
1 The fiist is the admission in evidence of certain entries in the ledger of H. J. Collins & Co., relating to the account between said firm and the defendant, the contention of th$ appellant being that it was in effect the admission'of the plaintiff’s books of account and that the statute- requirements for such admission had not been met. -'.Even 'if the contention of the appellee be sound, that- the- entries objected to were offered to corroborate the testimony of the book-keeper, Gaylord, that no interest had been paid on the note, and not for the purposes covered by the statute, and so were not subject to the conditions imposed by it, yet we prefer to deal with the question broadly and declare what seems to us to be the' rational and necessary meaning of the important statute in question, section-'3031-of the Compiled Laws of 1897. It provides- that “the books of account of any merchant, shop-keeper, etc., may be admitted in evidence as proof -of such- accounts upon the following conditions: First.' That he kept no clerk or else the clerk is dead or 'inaccessible. Second.- Upóh proof, the party’s oath being sufficient, that the book tendered is the book -of -original entries. Third. Upon proof, by his customers that he usually kept correct books. Fourth. Upon inspection by the- court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of fraud.” The contention for the appellant is that these four conditions must in all cases “be complied with before books- of account can b'e admitted, in evidence in this Territory”; that is, that the statute superseded whatever law heretofore existed on the subject.That there are expressions in opinions by this'cqurt which lend support to that claim cannot be denied, but we thinly so "far as they have come to our notice they were inádveftant and not essential to the eonelnsions reached in the decisions in which they occur. The argument for the appellant- as to the applicability of the first condition, in the case at bar, leads to a conclusion so manifestly against reason that we are forced to question the soundness of its premises. “There is no proof that H. J. Collins & Co., kept no clerk; in fact the proof is exactly to the contrary, that the firm did keep a clerk who was present and testified”, and there oy, the contention is, the book was rendered inadmissible. This is on the assumption that the statute contains the entire law of New Mexico on the subject. To so hold would be to say that the best kept and most reliable books of account in the Territory cannot be used in evidence solely because those who were employed to keep them because of their skill, who have no interest in the litigation in which it is sought to use the books, are present or obtainable as witnesses; while books unskillfully kept by the parties to the litigation themselves, may be introduced in evidence. ‘Such añ intention should not be imputed to the legislature unless it is clearly necessary. An examination of/ the statute itself and of the law on the subject as it was when' the statute was enacted, relieves us of that necessity. The statute is- not in terms exclusive. It provides that books of account 'may be admitted in evidence on certain conditions,-but not that they shall be admitted only on these conditions. That it was designed to supplement and not to abolish the rule -of law that already -existed is in accord with the principle of construction usually applied in such cases:' ■ Wigmore on Evidence, Sec. 1520; Lewis Suth. Stab.- -Con., Secs. 267, 487; And, as we have seen, the adoption of the opposite view of its meaning, would lead to a manifest absurdity. A[t the time the statute was enacted it had “long been the common law rule that entries made in the regular course of- business in shop-books, by the clerk or agent of. a -person, are, .with proper restrictions admissible 'in evidence after the death of such' clerk on proof of his hand-writing”, and this has besen extended by the genéral practice of the American courts to the admission of feuch entries during' the life of the person who made them when authenticated by his oath. This has been done sometimes on ihe ground of necessity, and sometimes on the view that the entries are a part of the acts .they purport to record; in other words, a part of the res gestae. Jones on Evidence, Sec. 582; Greenleaf on Evidence, 12th Ed. 1866, Vol. 1, Sec. 117 et seq. Wigmore, Sec. 1560, however declares that the modern and sound basis of the admission of such entries is that they are the records of past recollections. To be such they must, of course, have been made when the one who made them, did have .the knowledge on which they were based, not necessarily, for instance, of an actual sale made in a great mercantile establishment, but of the fact that such a sale was reported to him by one whose business it was to make and report such sales in the course of his employment there, and that he, the book-keeper, made the entry in the course of his employment at the time. Obviously it is impossible that any one. should remember for any great length of time more than an inconsiderable fraction of the transactions which occur in the immense business houses of today, an,d the doctrine advanced- by the learned author we have quoted commends itself to us as sound in theory and necessary in practice. The general removal in this country of the disqualification to testify in his own behalf, of a party to a suit, had the effect of allowing the introduction in evidence of his books kept by himself on the same ground on which those kept for him by his clerk were admitted. That proved to be open to serious objections. Such, then, having been the state of the law, the purpose of such statutes as that under consideration becomes obvious, For one who would produce books of account, kept in the regular course of his business by a clerk who was present to testify to the entries he had made, the law remained as it was. But if he offers in evidence merely the books without the testimony of a clerk who kept them, he must conform to the conditions prescribed by the statute, and prove that he had no clerk, or, if he kept one, that he cannot be produced as a witness. He must also prove by his customers that he usually kept correct books, and the court must be satisfied upon inspection of the books that they are free from any suspicion of fraud. The provision for proof that the book tendered is the book of original entry made ■ no substantial change in the law as it then was.
In the case at bar the witness Gaylord,-testified that he kept the account which was admitted in evidence as bookkeeper for the firm of H. J. Collins & Co., and after its dissolution for the plaintiff.
The defendant offered in evidence two receipts from said firm which he claimed had a bearing on the issues between the parties. The entries which were admitted in evidence tended to explain those receipts and some of them related directly to the note in suit. We think there was no error in admitting the account.
It is objected in the brief for the appellant, although that question was not very clearly raised at the trial, that the ledger containing the account in question, was not a book of original entry. It appeared that the entries which were especially in point, were copied into the ledger from loose slips of paper on which they were originally made in duplicate, and that the slips retained by the plaintiff or his firm had been destroyed by fire. As to those entries, the ledger was a book of original entry within the meaning of the law. Jones on Evidence, Sec. 584.
2 The appellant further claims that the Trial Court erred in refusing to strike out as hearsay the testimony of witness for the plaintiff, O: T. Toombs, who acted as attorney in the matter of the dissolution of the firm of Collins & Co., that he saw the note in question on the list of the property of the firm which had been prepared for the purpose of enabling the partners to make a “give-or-take” offer. The objection made to the admission of the evidence at the time it was offered was that it was not “material”, and the appellant cannot now be allowed to substitute a different objection. Coleman v. Bell, 4 N. M. 21, 27; Lamy v. Catron, 5 N. M. 373, 380; Coler v. Board of County Commissioners, 6 N. M. 88, 115; Pearce v. Strickler, 9 N. M. 467, 471.
Under the pleadings in the case it was incumbent on the plaintiff to prove that the note had been transferred to him by Collins & Co., and that he was the sole owner of it at the time suit was brought. He testified that when he took over tbe property of Collins & Co., Not. 23, 1901, tbe note was- there, and was examined as a part of tbe property, and was then delivered to him either by Collins, or byToombs, as bis attorneys. If tbe note was listed, as Toombs testified it was, that certainly tended to corroborate the plaintiff on a material question.
The .judgment of the District Court is affirmed.