WalKeb,, J.,
after stating tbe case: . We find no error in the record.' Tbe court properly ordered or permitted Henry Hollo-man to be made a party. Tbe Code provides tbat any person may be made a party who has or claims an interest in tbe controversy adverse to tbe plaintiff, or whose presence is necessary to a complete determination or settlement of tbe questions involved therein, and any person claiming title or right of possession to real estate may be made a party, as the case may require, to any such action. Revisal, sec. 410. When a complete determination of tbe matter cannot be bad without tbe presence of other parties, tbe court
must
cause them to be brought in. Revisal, sec. 414. Tbe power to make an adverse claimant a party to proceedings for tbe sale of land for assets, as tbis is in part, is expressly recognized. Revisal, sec. 76. It would be strange if it were not so under our wise and liberal system of procedure, which seeks to settle all controverted matters in one action and without circumlocution; and further, it is better for all parties concerned tbat it should be so, in an action of tbis kind, in order tbat a good title to tbe land may be sold, as it will secure a better price. Tbe order being valid, tbe issue, submitted without objection, both in form and substance necessarily placed tbe burden of proof upon Henry Holloman, who asserted bis title and ownership to a one-tbird interest in tbe property, and tbe judge ruled correctly in- tbis respect. Holloman virtually admitted tbat plaintiffs bad tbe other two-thirds interest, and tbe whole, if be is not their cotenant; and tbe real question
was, whether they were entitled to the whole or to only two-thirds. Their proof tended to show and, at least, made out a
prima, facie
case that they were entitled to all of it. One test by which to determine where the burden of proof rests has been said to be, which party would be successful, in law, if no evidence or no more evidence were given.
Amos v. Hughes,
1 M. and Bob., 464. This Court has once adopted the rule laid down by Taylor, for it says in
Walker v. Carpenter,
144 N. C., at p. 676, quoting from Bailey’s Onus Probandi, p. 2: “In every mode of litigation an assertion of fact avails nothing without proof. Some party to it must commence by producing proof' to sustain his allegation. The first rule laid down in the books on evidence is to the effect that the issue must be proved by the party who states an affirmative, not by the party who states a negative. Of course, such affirmative must be one in substance and not merely in form. An eminent writer on the law of evidence says: ‘This rule of convenience, which in the- Eoman law is thus expressed,
Ei incnmbit probatio, qui elicit, non qui negat,
has been adopted in practice, not because it is impossible to prove a negative, but. because the negative does not admit of the direct and simple proof of which the affirmative is capable, and moreover, it is but reasonable and just that the party who relies upon the existence of a fact should be called upon to- prove his own case.’ ” See, also,
Cox v. Lumber Co.,
124 N. C., 78. Plaintiffs were owners of the property, according to the proof in the case, by reason of their continuous adverse possession for more than twenty years, unless Holloman was their cotenant. He alleged that he is the owner of one-third, and they denied it. It was, therefore, a claim by him to be let into possession of. his one-third, front which they had ousted him, and practically an action of ejectment for that purpose, plaintiffs denying that he ever had any interest in the land.
Whitfield v. Boyd,
158 N. C., 451;
Daniel v. Dixon, post,
137. In this case Hollo-man is substantially an intervenor, asserting his right to one-third of the' property, and has the affirmative of the issue as to the title.
Redmond v. Ray,
123 N. C., 502;
Maynard v. Insurance Co.,
132 N. C., 711;
Manufacturing Co. v. Tier-
ney,
133 N. C., 630. He asserts title to one-third as tenant in common, and tbe other parties deny bis right and plead sole seizin,
(non tement msimul),
and tbe case is thus brought within tbe principle of
Huneycutt v. Brooks,
116 N. C., 788. Tbe burden, according to tbe facts and circumstances as they appear and in any view of them, was upon Holloman.
As the burden was upon Holloman, be failed to show any title. He relied on tbe will of R. D. S. Dixon, but as tbe evidence by which be offered to show bis interest, under tbe will,' was properly excluded, there was nothing left upon which bis-claim could stand. There was no sufficient identification of tbe land described in tbe will. Some of tbe evidence rejected did not have sufficient probative force to show what land it was. There was no evidence that Dixon owned tbe land.
Tbe undisputed evidence of plaintiffs shows that they are tbe owners of tbe land. If Holloman ever bad any interest as tenant in common with them, be lost it by their adverse possession for more than twenty years, be admitting that be did not make any claim to be let into possession of bis share, nor any demand for bis share of tbe rents and profits within said time.
Dobbins, v. Dobbins,
141 N. C., 214,
It may be well to say before concluding, that tbe court bad a discretion to exclude leading questions, and we will not review tbe ruling for that reason.
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WalKeb,, J.,
after stating tbe case: . We find no error in the record.' Tbe court properly ordered or permitted Henry Hollo-man to be made a party. Tbe Code provides tbat any person may be made a party who has or claims an interest in tbe controversy adverse to tbe plaintiff, or whose presence is necessary to a complete determination or settlement of tbe questions involved therein, and any person claiming title or right of possession to real estate may be made a party, as the case may require, to any such action. Revisal, sec. 410. When a complete determination of tbe matter cannot be bad without tbe presence of other parties, tbe court
must
cause them to be brought in. Revisal, sec. 414. Tbe power to make an adverse claimant a party to proceedings for tbe sale of land for assets, as tbis is in part, is expressly recognized. Revisal, sec. 76. It would be strange if it were not so under our wise and liberal system of procedure, which seeks to settle all controverted matters in one action and without circumlocution; and further, it is better for all parties concerned tbat it should be so, in an action of tbis kind, in order tbat a good title to tbe land may be sold, as it will secure a better price. Tbe order being valid, tbe issue, submitted without objection, both in form and substance necessarily placed tbe burden of proof upon Henry Holloman, who asserted bis title and ownership to a one-tbird interest in tbe property, and tbe judge ruled correctly in- tbis respect. Holloman virtually admitted tbat plaintiffs bad tbe other two-thirds interest, and tbe whole, if be is not their cotenant; and tbe real question
was, whether they were entitled to the whole or to only two-thirds. Their proof tended to show and, at least, made out a
prima, facie
case that they were entitled to all of it. One test by which to determine where the burden of proof rests has been said to be, which party would be successful, in law, if no evidence or no more evidence were given.
Amos v. Hughes,
1 M. and Bob., 464. This Court has once adopted the rule laid down by Taylor, for it says in
Walker v. Carpenter,
144 N. C., at p. 676, quoting from Bailey’s Onus Probandi, p. 2: “In every mode of litigation an assertion of fact avails nothing without proof. Some party to it must commence by producing proof' to sustain his allegation. The first rule laid down in the books on evidence is to the effect that the issue must be proved by the party who states an affirmative, not by the party who states a negative. Of course, such affirmative must be one in substance and not merely in form. An eminent writer on the law of evidence says: ‘This rule of convenience, which in the- Eoman law is thus expressed,
Ei incnmbit probatio, qui elicit, non qui negat,
has been adopted in practice, not because it is impossible to prove a negative, but. because the negative does not admit of the direct and simple proof of which the affirmative is capable, and moreover, it is but reasonable and just that the party who relies upon the existence of a fact should be called upon to- prove his own case.’ ” See, also,
Cox v. Lumber Co.,
124 N. C., 78. Plaintiffs were owners of the property, according to the proof in the case, by reason of their continuous adverse possession for more than twenty years, unless Holloman was their cotenant. He alleged that he is the owner of one-third, and they denied it. It was, therefore, a claim by him to be let into possession of. his one-third, front which they had ousted him, and practically an action of ejectment for that purpose, plaintiffs denying that he ever had any interest in the land.
Whitfield v. Boyd,
158 N. C., 451;
Daniel v. Dixon, post,
137. In this case Hollo-man is substantially an intervenor, asserting his right to one-third of the' property, and has the affirmative of the issue as to the title.
Redmond v. Ray,
123 N. C., 502;
Maynard v. Insurance Co.,
132 N. C., 711;
Manufacturing Co. v. Tier-
ney,
133 N. C., 630. He asserts title to one-third as tenant in common, and tbe other parties deny bis right and plead sole seizin,
(non tement msimul),
and tbe case is thus brought within tbe principle of
Huneycutt v. Brooks,
116 N. C., 788. Tbe burden, according to tbe facts and circumstances as they appear and in any view of them, was upon Holloman.
As the burden was upon Holloman, be failed to show any title. He relied on tbe will of R. D. S. Dixon, but as tbe evidence by which be offered to show bis interest, under tbe will,' was properly excluded, there was nothing left upon which bis-claim could stand. There was no sufficient identification of tbe land described in tbe will. Some of tbe evidence rejected did not have sufficient probative force to show what land it was. There was no evidence that Dixon owned tbe land.
Tbe undisputed evidence of plaintiffs shows that they are tbe owners of tbe land. If Holloman ever bad any interest as tenant in common with them, be lost it by their adverse possession for more than twenty years, be admitting that be did not make any claim to be let into possession of bis share, nor any demand for bis share of tbe rents and profits within said time.
Dobbins, v. Dobbins,
141 N. C., 214,
It may be well to say before concluding, that tbe court bad a discretion to exclude leading questions, and we will not review tbe ruling for that reason.
■ We may safely place our decision upon tbe single ground that tbe answer of Holloman shows that tbe title of bis adversaries is not denied unless be is owner of one-tbird as tenant in common, and it further appears in tbe case that they have held possession of tbe premises adversely, and have been in tbe pernancy of tbe rents and profits for more than twenty years, title being out of the State, and be has taken no steps to recover possession of bis alleged share, or bis share of tbe rents and profits, within that time, although be bad visited them occasionally. If they kept him out of possession of bis share of tbe land and the rents, be was put to bis action, and if not prosecuted within tbe twenty years, tbe law raised a legal presumption of title in those having tbe possession and barred bis entry.
Dobbins v. Dobbins, supra;
Bullin v. Hancock,
138 N. C., 198;
Whitaker v. Jenkins, ibid.,
476. “Tbe possession of one tenant in common is, in law, tbe possession of all tbe tenants in -common. One may, however, disseize or oust tbe others, and from tbe time of such ouster tbe possession of him who keeps out tbe rest is not their possession, but is adverse to their, claims of possession. The sole silent occupation by one of tbe entire property, without an account to or claim by tbe others, is not in law an ouster, nor furnishes evidence from which an ouster can be inferred, unless it has been continued for that- length of time, which furnishes a legal presumption' of the facts necessary to uphold an exclusive possession.” If there were any technical errors in the rulings upon the evidence, the facts so plainly appear, and the legal inference thereupon is so well settled by the cases, that a reversal, if there was am error in the respects indicated, would be vain and useless. The Court would again reach the same result.
We,
therefore, sustain the judgment.
No error.