TIoush, J.
This was an action of ejectment. Both parties claim title under John Cowgill, who, on March 25th, 1865, died seized .of the land sued for, leaving a will by which he devised the same to Rachel and Henry Cowgill, which will was duly admitted to'probate in the probate court of Livingston county on the 30th day of March, 1868. On the 29th day of- October, 1868, Jeremiah Tingley and others instituted proceedings, under the statute, in the Livingston county circuit court against Rachel Cow-gill and Henry Cowgill, and others, to set aside said will, and the process issued therein against Rachel and Henry Cowgill was duly served on them on the 80th day of October, 1868. This suit was removed by change of venue to Buchanan county, in the circuit court of which county, on the 25th day of May, 1875, it was adjudged by agreement that the paper writing admitted to probate in Livingston county on the 30th day of March, 1868, as the last [111]*111■ will and testament of John Cowgill, deceased, was the last will and testament of said John Cowgill; and it was further adjudged by agreement, that Henry and Rachel Cow-gill should pay all costs which had been incurred hy either party in the various courts in which said suit had been prosecuted, and the said judgment against them for costs should be a lien on the lands devised to them by said will, lying and being in Livingston county, which lands were described in the judgment. A copy of this judgment was filed for record with the clerk of. the circuit court of Livingston county on the 26th day of May, 1875, and was duly recorded. The costs adjudged against Rachel and Henry Cowgill amounted to $808.93, and to collect the same a special execution was issued on November 30th, 1875, from the Buchanan circuit court to the sheriff of Livingston county, under which the lands in controversy were sold to the defendant, Hearne, 'who received a deed therefor from the sheriff, dated January 25th, 1876, and acknowledged by him February 25th, 1876. The defendant, Hollander, was the tenant in possession. On the 30th , day of October, 1868, a notice of the suit of Tingley against Cowgill, stating where and when the same was .brought, also the names of the parties and a description of the property to be affected thereby,, was filed and recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of Livingston county. On the 11th day of September, 1874, Henry and Rachel Cowgill executed a deed of trust on the lands in controversy, to H. M. Pollard, trustee, to secure the payment of a certain promissory note therein described. Under this deed said premises were sold and conveyed to the plaintiffs on the 4th day of May, 1876, and they have instituted the present suit to recover possession of said lands from the purchaser at the sale under the execution before mentioned. It will be observed, from the foregoing statement of facts, that the rights of the parties to this suit depend upon the effect to be given to the deed of trust executed by Henry ' and Rachel Cowgill pending the suit contesting the va[112]*112lidity of the will of John Cowgill. This question involves a consideration of the doctrine of lis pendens and an examination into the validity of the judgment of the circuit court of Buchanan county creating a lien for costs upon lands in Livingston county.
1. i.is pendens in will.toset ASim
It is contended by the plaintiffs that the doctrine of lis pendens is purely a doctrine of equity, recognized and en-forced in equity alone, and cannot, therefore, be invoked by the defendants in this case. It is true, as claimed by the plaintiffs, that a suit, under the statute, to contest the validity of a will, is to be regarded as an action at law. This has been repeatedly decided by this court. Lyne v. Marcus, 1 Mo. 410; Swain v. Gilbert, 3 Mo. 347; Young v. Ridenbaugh, 67 Mo. 589; R. S., § 3980. But it is an error to suppose that the doctrine of Us pendens is applicable alone to suits in equity. We are aware that it has been so held in the case of King v. Bill, 28 Conn. 593, but, as was observed by this court in O’Reilley v. Nicholson, 45 Mo. 160, the rule is older in law than in equity, and was adopted from the common law courts by Lord Bacon as one < f his ordinances “ for the better and more regular administration of justice in the court of chancery.” Murray v. Ballou, 1 John. Ch. 577; 1 Hilliard on Vendors, 411, § 22; Turner v. Babb, 60 Mo. 342; Real Estate Savings Inst. v. Collonious, 63 Mo. 290; and it has been repeatedly applied in actions of ejectment and in other suits at law. Wade on Notice, § 343; Tilton v. Cofield, 93 U. S. 168. Under our statute in relation to equitable liens and notice thereof, this rule as formerly enforced by courts of chancery, is no longer recognized in suits in equity affecting real estate, but the plaintiff in any civil action, based on any equitable right, claim or lien, designed to affect real estate, is required to file for record with the recorder of deeds of the county in which such real estate is situated, a written notice of the pendency of the suit, giving names of parties, style of suit, term of court to which brought, and a description of the property to be [113]*113affected thereby; and there is no constructive notice to purchasers or incumbrancers until such notice is filed. R. S., § 3217. There is no such requirement as to actions at law, and as to such actions the rule remains as at common law. Such being the case, the written notice filed with the recorder by the plaintiffs in the suit of Tingley against Cowgill amounted to nothing.
It.is further contended that the rule of lis pendens is not applicable to this case for the reason that the title to the land now in controversy was not the subject matter of the suit of Tingley against Cowgill; that the will was the res involved in that suit. In one sense it was, but it is quite clear that a will devising real property operates as a conveyance of such property, and it follows, therefore, that a suit contesting the validity of such will, directly assails the validity of such conveyance, and necessarily involves the title. No one would care to contest the validity .of a will, but for the fact that it is a muniment of title; and pending a contest involving the validity of a devise, the law will not permit either the heir or the devisee to alien the property'devised, so as to avoid the effect of the judgment which may be rendered in such suit. “ Suppose,’ ’ said Lord Hardwick, in the case of Garth v. Ward, 2 Atk. 174, “An heir at law to get into possession of the ancestor’s estate immediately upon his death, and that during a suit in this court for establishing the will of the ancestor in favor of the devisee, the heir conveys this estate to a stranger, and afterward the will is established in this court, can it be contended that the grantee of the heir is not bound, and that this suit will be looked upon as no lis pendens as to such grantee?” It may be remarked, in this connection, that Henry and Rachel Cowgill acquired no right to execute the deed in question, from the fact that the will of John Cowgill had been proved in common form in the probate court of Livingston county; for when the suit was instituted in the circuit court to contest the validity of said will, the action of the probate court was in effect annulled, [114]*114and they had no more'authority to convey as devisees, than if the will had never been presented to the probate court. Lamb v. Helm, 56 Mo. 420; Rogers v. Dively, 51 Mo. 193.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
TIoush, J.
This was an action of ejectment. Both parties claim title under John Cowgill, who, on March 25th, 1865, died seized .of the land sued for, leaving a will by which he devised the same to Rachel and Henry Cowgill, which will was duly admitted to'probate in the probate court of Livingston county on the 30th day of March, 1868. On the 29th day of- October, 1868, Jeremiah Tingley and others instituted proceedings, under the statute, in the Livingston county circuit court against Rachel Cow-gill and Henry Cowgill, and others, to set aside said will, and the process issued therein against Rachel and Henry Cowgill was duly served on them on the 80th day of October, 1868. This suit was removed by change of venue to Buchanan county, in the circuit court of which county, on the 25th day of May, 1875, it was adjudged by agreement that the paper writing admitted to probate in Livingston county on the 30th day of March, 1868, as the last [111]*111■ will and testament of John Cowgill, deceased, was the last will and testament of said John Cowgill; and it was further adjudged by agreement, that Henry and Rachel Cow-gill should pay all costs which had been incurred hy either party in the various courts in which said suit had been prosecuted, and the said judgment against them for costs should be a lien on the lands devised to them by said will, lying and being in Livingston county, which lands were described in the judgment. A copy of this judgment was filed for record with the clerk of. the circuit court of Livingston county on the 26th day of May, 1875, and was duly recorded. The costs adjudged against Rachel and Henry Cowgill amounted to $808.93, and to collect the same a special execution was issued on November 30th, 1875, from the Buchanan circuit court to the sheriff of Livingston county, under which the lands in controversy were sold to the defendant, Hearne, 'who received a deed therefor from the sheriff, dated January 25th, 1876, and acknowledged by him February 25th, 1876. The defendant, Hollander, was the tenant in possession. On the 30th , day of October, 1868, a notice of the suit of Tingley against Cowgill, stating where and when the same was .brought, also the names of the parties and a description of the property to be affected thereby,, was filed and recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of Livingston county. On the 11th day of September, 1874, Henry and Rachel Cowgill executed a deed of trust on the lands in controversy, to H. M. Pollard, trustee, to secure the payment of a certain promissory note therein described. Under this deed said premises were sold and conveyed to the plaintiffs on the 4th day of May, 1876, and they have instituted the present suit to recover possession of said lands from the purchaser at the sale under the execution before mentioned. It will be observed, from the foregoing statement of facts, that the rights of the parties to this suit depend upon the effect to be given to the deed of trust executed by Henry ' and Rachel Cowgill pending the suit contesting the va[112]*112lidity of the will of John Cowgill. This question involves a consideration of the doctrine of lis pendens and an examination into the validity of the judgment of the circuit court of Buchanan county creating a lien for costs upon lands in Livingston county.
1. i.is pendens in will.toset ASim
It is contended by the plaintiffs that the doctrine of lis pendens is purely a doctrine of equity, recognized and en-forced in equity alone, and cannot, therefore, be invoked by the defendants in this case. It is true, as claimed by the plaintiffs, that a suit, under the statute, to contest the validity of a will, is to be regarded as an action at law. This has been repeatedly decided by this court. Lyne v. Marcus, 1 Mo. 410; Swain v. Gilbert, 3 Mo. 347; Young v. Ridenbaugh, 67 Mo. 589; R. S., § 3980. But it is an error to suppose that the doctrine of Us pendens is applicable alone to suits in equity. We are aware that it has been so held in the case of King v. Bill, 28 Conn. 593, but, as was observed by this court in O’Reilley v. Nicholson, 45 Mo. 160, the rule is older in law than in equity, and was adopted from the common law courts by Lord Bacon as one < f his ordinances “ for the better and more regular administration of justice in the court of chancery.” Murray v. Ballou, 1 John. Ch. 577; 1 Hilliard on Vendors, 411, § 22; Turner v. Babb, 60 Mo. 342; Real Estate Savings Inst. v. Collonious, 63 Mo. 290; and it has been repeatedly applied in actions of ejectment and in other suits at law. Wade on Notice, § 343; Tilton v. Cofield, 93 U. S. 168. Under our statute in relation to equitable liens and notice thereof, this rule as formerly enforced by courts of chancery, is no longer recognized in suits in equity affecting real estate, but the plaintiff in any civil action, based on any equitable right, claim or lien, designed to affect real estate, is required to file for record with the recorder of deeds of the county in which such real estate is situated, a written notice of the pendency of the suit, giving names of parties, style of suit, term of court to which brought, and a description of the property to be [113]*113affected thereby; and there is no constructive notice to purchasers or incumbrancers until such notice is filed. R. S., § 3217. There is no such requirement as to actions at law, and as to such actions the rule remains as at common law. Such being the case, the written notice filed with the recorder by the plaintiffs in the suit of Tingley against Cowgill amounted to nothing.
It.is further contended that the rule of lis pendens is not applicable to this case for the reason that the title to the land now in controversy was not the subject matter of the suit of Tingley against Cowgill; that the will was the res involved in that suit. In one sense it was, but it is quite clear that a will devising real property operates as a conveyance of such property, and it follows, therefore, that a suit contesting the validity of such will, directly assails the validity of such conveyance, and necessarily involves the title. No one would care to contest the validity .of a will, but for the fact that it is a muniment of title; and pending a contest involving the validity of a devise, the law will not permit either the heir or the devisee to alien the property'devised, so as to avoid the effect of the judgment which may be rendered in such suit. “ Suppose,’ ’ said Lord Hardwick, in the case of Garth v. Ward, 2 Atk. 174, “An heir at law to get into possession of the ancestor’s estate immediately upon his death, and that during a suit in this court for establishing the will of the ancestor in favor of the devisee, the heir conveys this estate to a stranger, and afterward the will is established in this court, can it be contended that the grantee of the heir is not bound, and that this suit will be looked upon as no lis pendens as to such grantee?” It may be remarked, in this connection, that Henry and Rachel Cowgill acquired no right to execute the deed in question, from the fact that the will of John Cowgill had been proved in common form in the probate court of Livingston county; for when the suit was instituted in the circuit court to contest the validity of said will, the action of the probate court was in effect annulled, [114]*114and they had no more'authority to convey as devisees, than if the will had never been presented to the probate court. Lamb v. Helm, 56 Mo. 420; Rogers v. Dively, 51 Mo. 193.
2. change of venub: judgment: lien for costs.
As the conveyance -pendente lite was subject to any judgment which might be lawfully rendered in tbe ease of Tingley against Cowgill, by consent or other. s J . . „ , / wise, the only question remaining tor determination is, whether the judgment, which was rendered, is a nullity ; for even if the parties to the judgment could complain of it, and it could on appeal or writ of error be held to be erroneous, yet as it stands unreversed and unappealed from, it is, if not a nullity, conclusive of the rights of the parties thereto, and their privies, and the.execution sale made in pursuance thereof must be held to be valid and binding in the present proceeding. McNair v. Biddle, 8 Mo. 257; Jones v. Talbot, 9 Mo. 122; Chouteau v. Nuckolls, 20 Mo. 442; Landes v. Perkins, 12 Mo. 238; Gilman v. Hovey, 26 Mo. 280; Latrielle v. Dorleque, 35 Mo. 233. The circuit court of .Buchanan county having regularly acquired jurisdiction of the suit by change of venue, had precisely the same power to render judgment therein which the circuit court of Livingston county had, and for all the purposes of this case the judgment may be regarded as a judgment of the circuit court of Livingston county. Would such a judgment as that rendered by the Buchanan circuit court have been void if rendered by the Livingston circuit court? We think not. It is conceded that the judgment of a court which has no jurisdiction of the subject matter of the action, is void, and that consent cannot confer jurisdiction as to subject matter; but when a superior court of record has jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit, no judgment which it may render in reference thereto, will be void; it may be erroneous and voidable, but not void. Now the validity of the devise to Henry and Rachel Cowgill, of the land sued for in this action, together with other devises contained in the will of John Cowgill, constituted the subject matter of the suit of Tingley against [115]*115Cowgill. The -jurisdiction of the court over the subject is undoubted. The judgment of the court was, in effect, that the devise to Iienry aud Rachel Cowgill should stand, but the land so devised should be charged with a lien for all the costs in the ease. As was said in the case of Turner v. Babb, supra, the same judgment which established their title created the charge, and by consent of parties the title ¿vested subject to said charge. This judgment was most eertainly-not a void one, and all parties having consented to it, we' do not see how it could have been reversed on appeal.
It follows from the foregoing views that the title acquired by the defendants under the execution sale, is superior to that acquired by the plaintiffs under the trust deed, and the judgment must, therefore, be reversed and the cause remanded.
The other judges concur, except Ray, J., who, having been of counsel, did not sit.